Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 1: 148 - 156

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.016

RESEARCH PAPER

Evaluation of Relative Bioavailability of Copper Sources Based on Slope Ratio Method for Weanling Piglets

  • YAN Jiayou , 1, 2 ,
  • LUO Zonggang 3 ,
  • LI Shuwei 4, 5 ,
  • TANG Wenjie 4, 5 ,
  • KUANG Shengyao 4, 5
Expand
  • 1 Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 2 Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and technology, Southwest University, Rongchang 402460, China
  • 4 Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
  • 5 Livestock Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Shuangliu 616200, China

YAN Jiayou, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-06-09

  Online published: 2023-01-11

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different copper (Cu) sources [copper sulfate (CuSO4), tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) and cupric citrate (CuCit)] and Cu supplemental levels (20 and 30 mg/kg) on growth performance, serum Cu content and Cu-containing enzyme activities, and tissue Cu content of weanling piglets, and to determine the relative bioavailability of different Cu sources. A total of 112 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred weanling piglets, with the initial body weight of (8.98±0.48) kg, were randomly assigned to seven groups with four replicates per group and four piglets per replicate, according to the randomized block 3×2 two factorial design. The piglets in control group were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (7.8 mg/kg Cu) and the diets of experimental groups included the basal diet supplemented with 20 or 30 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4, TBCC or CuCit, respectively. The piglets were raised for 28 days after 3 days adaptation. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio among control group and experimental groups (P>0.05). 2) Dietary Cu source and Cu supplemental level significantly affected the serum Cu content (P<0.05), but did not significantly affect the activities of ceruloplasmin (CP) and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum (P>0.05). 3)The liver Cu content was significantly affected by dietary Cu source and Cu supplemental level (P<0.05), but Cu content in heart, kidney, pancreas and metatarsal bone was not significantly affected by dietary Cu source and Cu supplemental level (P>0.05). 4)According to slope ratio method from multiple linear regression, the bioavailability values of TBCC and CuCit relative to CuSO4 (100%) were 110.39% and 120.78%, respectively, based on the serum Cu content as evaluating indicator. Moreover, the bioavailability values of TBCC and CuCit relative to CuSO4(100%) were 119.39% and 136.09%, respectively, based on the liver Cu content as evaluating indicator. In summary, under this experimental condition, the relative bioavailability of three Cu sources in low-copper diets (Cu supplemental level is 20 or 30 mg/kg) for weanling piglets is CuCit>TBCC>CuSO4.

Key words： copper source; weanling piglets; relative bioavailability; slope ratio method

Cite this article

YAN Jiayou , LUO Zonggang , LI Shuwei , TANG Wenjie , KUANG Shengyao . Evaluation of Relative Bioavailability of Copper Sources Based on Slope Ratio Method for Weanling Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(1) : 148 -156 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.016

铜是动物机体必需的微量元素之一,它在动物的生长发育及免疫调节等方面都发挥着重要的营养生理作用,可以作为酶的组成成分或激活剂,参与体内物质代谢;可以维持铁的代谢,促进血红蛋白合成和红细胞成熟;可以参与骨细胞、胶原和弹性蛋白的形成,促进骨骼发育[1-2]。目前,无机铜(如硫酸铜和碱式氯化铜)是饲粮中铜源的主要添加形式,但是其存在吸收率低、排放量高,吸湿性、易结块等负面问题,还会对饲粮中的维生素和油脂产生破坏作用[3-4]。因而,研发和应用更加安全、有效和环保的新铜源来满足动物对铜的营养需要,已成为当今饲料行业的必然趋势。2019年4月,我国农业农村部发布第162号公告,批准柠檬酸铜作为新型有机铜源在断奶仔猪饲粮中使用。研究表明,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加低剂量(20或30 mg/kg)柠檬酸铜形式的铜,不但可以促进仔猪生长,而且可以提高免疫力,进而降低腹泻率和死亡率[5-6]。进一步研究发现,在仔猪饲粮中,与硫酸铜或碱式氯化铜相比,柠檬酸铜更能发挥营养性和功能性的作用,这可能与其生物学利用率有关[7]。然而,关于断奶仔猪对柠檬酸铜的生物学利用率研究尚未见相关报道。生物学利用率又称之为生物学效价,评定微量元素生物学利用率的方法主要有平衡试验法、放射性同位素法和斜率比法,其中前2种方法因成本高、设备贵等原因没有得到广泛应用,而斜率比法操作比较简单,对试验器材要求不高,是目前评定微量元素生物学利用率的常用方法[8-9]。因此,本试验通过研究不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜的相对生物学利用率,为新型铜源在仔猪生产中的科学选择和合理应用提供试验依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验铜源

试验采用的3种铜源——硫酸铜(五水硫酸铜,饲料级,Cu2+含量实测值为25.0%)、碱式氯化铜(饲料级,Cu2+含量实测值为58.0%)和柠檬酸铜(饲料级,Cu2+含量实测值为35.0%),均由四川省某饲料有限公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

采用3×2双因子随机区组试验设计(铜源分别为硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜;铜添加水平分别为20和30 mg/kg),另设1个不额外添加铜源的对照组。

1.3 试验动物与管理

试验在西南大学科教实训基地进行。选取平均体重(8.98±0.48) kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪,以重复为单位分栏。试验前,对猪舍进行彻底清扫和消毒。试验期间,人工喂料和清粪,每天06:00、11:00和17:00各饲喂1次,仔猪自由采食、饮水。试验猪舍执行常规免疫程序,严格控制温湿度,保持舍内通风换气。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。

1.4 试验饲粮

参照NRC(2012)和《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》配制玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 66.00
麦麸Wheat bran 4.00
豆粕Soybean meal 14.00
膨化大豆Extruded soybean 7.50
鱼粉Fish meal 2.50
大豆浓缩蛋白Soybean protein concentrate 2.50
碳酸钙Limestone 0.90
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.70
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.10
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.30
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.10
L-苏氨酸L-Thr 0.10
食盐NaCl 0.30
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 14.08
粗蛋白质CP 18.70
钙Ca 0.60
总磷TP 0.48
有效磷AP 0.25
赖氨酸Lys 1.13
蛋氨酸Met 0.40
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.71
苏氨酸Thr 0.79
铜Cu/(mg/kg) 7.80

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供Premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 2 200 IU,VD3 250 IU,VE 50 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 4 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 20 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 100 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 20 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.5 mg。

2)粗蛋白质和铜为实测值,其余均为计算值。CP and Cu were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.5 样品采集与处理

1.5.1 血样采集与处理

试验第28天,从每个组随机选取8头猪,前腔静脉采血10 mL,在室温下静置0.5 h,2 000 r/min离心10 min,制备血清,于-20 ℃冷冻保存,待测。

1.5.2 组织采集与处理

试验结束当天,从每个重复随机选取2头健康仔猪,放血屠宰后立即分离出心脏、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏和跖骨。取心脏、肝脏、胰脏和肾脏样品各2~3 g,在65 ℃烘至恒重,经室温回潮24 h后用研钵碾碎,备测。先用去离子水加热煮沸跖骨,然后剔除跖骨外层附着的肌肉和结缔组织,再用去离子水冲洗干净,于550 ℃灰化至恒重,最后取样约1 g,备测。

1.6 测定指标与方法

1.6.1 生长性能

试验开始和结束时,分别对每头仔猪进行空腹称重,计算每头仔猪的平均日增重(ADG)。试验期内,以重复为单位,记录总投料量和总余料量,计算每头仔猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)。根据每头仔猪的ADG和ADFI计算料重比(F/G)。

1.6.2 血清含铜酶活性

利用紫外-可见光分光光度计(Uvikon XS,Secomen,法国),采用比色法测定血清中铜蓝蛋白(CP)和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)活性。测定所用试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所,严格按照试剂盒说明书操作。

1.6.3 血清和组织铜含量

利用原子吸收光谱仪(240FS,安捷伦,美国),按照《食品安全国家标准 食品中铜的测定》(GB 5009.13—2017)中第二法火焰原子吸收光谱法,测定血清、心脏、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏和跖骨中铜含量。

1.7 数据统计与分析

试验数据经Excel 2010处理后,利用SAS 9.4软件中的GLM程序进行双因素方差分析,差异显著时采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,试验结果均用“平均值±标准差”表示,且以P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准。建立多元线性回归方程:Y=a0+a1X1+a2X2+a3X3(Y为所测指标,a0为截距,X1、X2和X3分别为硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜形式的铜添加水平),以硫酸铜的生物学利用率为100%,根据斜率比法计算碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜相对于硫酸铜的生物学利用率,计算方法分别为(a2/a1)×100和(a3/a1)×100[10]。

2 结 果

2.1 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮铜源、铜添加水平及其交互作用对断奶仔猪ADG、ADFI和F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。柠檬酸铜组断奶仔猪末重、ADG和ADFI最高,料重比最低;30 mg/kg铜添加水平组断奶仔猪末重、ADG和ADFI最高,料重比最低,但与其他组差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different Cu sources and Cu supplemental levels on growth performance of weanling piglets

铜源或铜添加水平
Cu source or Cu
supplemental level		 始重
Initial
weight/kg		 末重
Final
weight/kg		 平均日增重
ADG/kg		 平均日
采食量
ADFI/kg		 料重比
F/G
对照Control/(mg/kg) 0 8.972±0.010 20.284±4.015 0.404±0.081 0.752±0.024 1.861±0.114
硫酸铜
CuSO4/(mg/kg)		 20 8.963±0.012 20.387±3.923 0.408±0.085 0.757±0.065 1.855±0.079
30 8.981±0.009 21.385±2.737 0.443±0.064 0.771±0.022 1.740±0.050
碱式氯化铜
TBCC/(mg/kg)		 20 8.960±0.015 20.580±3.500 0.415±0.076 0.761±0.044 1.834±0.063
30 8.992±0.012 21.592±2.447 0.450±0.060 0.777±0.071 1.727±0.051
柠檬酸铜
CuCit/(mg/kg)		 20 8.985±0.013 20.967±2.165 0.428±0.088 0.766±0.039 1.790±0.031
30 8.972±0.015 21.740±3.750 0.456±0.077 0.785±0.050 1.721±0.082
铜源
Cu source		 对照Control 8.972±0.010 20.284±4.015 0.404±0.081 0.752±0.024 1.861±0.114
硫酸铜CuSO4 8.972±0.011 20.886±2.932 0.426±0.076 0.764±0.045 1.793±0.063
碱式氯化铜TBCC 8.976±0.013 21.086±2.233 0.433±0.070 0.769±0.052 1.776±0.059
柠檬酸铜CuCit 8.979±0.014 21.354±3.150 0.442±0.081 0.776±0.043 1.756±0.070
铜源或铜添加水平
Cu source or Cu
supplemental level		 始重
Initial
weight/kg		 末重
Final
weight/kg		 平均日增重
ADG/kg		 平均日
采食量
ADFI/kg		 料重比
F/G
铜添加水平
Cu supplemental level/(mg/kg)		 0 8.972±0.010 20.284±4.015 0.404±0.081 0.752±0.024 1.861±0.114
20 8.969±0.013 20.645±3.010 0.417±0.079 0.761±0.053 1.825±0.066
30 8.982±0.012 21.572±2.917 0.450±0.069 0.778±0.060 1.729±0.059
P值P-value
铜源Cu source 0.996 0.423 0.371 0.543 0.552
铜添加水平Cu supplemental level 0.990 0.365 0.366 0.542 0.833
铜源×铜添加水平
Cu source×Cu supplemental level		 0.972 0.946 0.593 0.863 0.954

同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference(P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量与含铜酶活性的影响

由表3可知,饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响(P<0.05),而对血清CP和Cu/Zn-SOD活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮铜源和铜添加水平的交互作用对断奶仔猪血清铜含量与含铜酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。根据血清铜含量与饲粮铜添加水平建立的多元线性回归方程为:Y=0.215+0.077X1+0.085X2+0.093X3(R2=0.326,P=0.016)。式中,Y为血清铜含量;X1、X2和X3分别为饲粮中硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜形式的铜添加水平。以断奶仔猪对硫酸铜的生物学利用率为100%,则断奶仔猪对碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜的相对生物学利用率分别为110.39%和120.78%。
表3 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量与含铜酶活性的影响

Table 3 Effects of different Cu sources and Cu supplemental levels on serum Cu content and Cu-containing enzyme activities of weanling piglets

铜源或铜添加水平
Cu source or Cu
supplemental level		 铜
Cu/(mg/L)		 铜蓝蛋白
CP/(U/L)		 铜锌超氧化物歧化酶
Cu/Zn-SOD/(U/mL)
对照Control/(mg/kg) 0 0.215±0.081 202.877±35.302 3.297±0.578
硫酸铜
CuSO4/(mg/kg)		 20 0.294±0.031 211.420±37.510 3.404±0.518
30 0.898±0.161 238.342±59.082 3.690±0.238
碱式氯化铜
TBCC/(mg/kg)		 20 0.466±0.123 218.594±32.301 3.510±0.419
30 0.971±0.134 246.160±24.483 3.879±0.303
柠檬酸铜
CuCit/(mg/kg)		 20 0.639±0.116 234.312±38.273 3.574±0.286
30 1.011±0.216 262.119±52.974 4.082±0.438
铜源Cu source 对照Control 0.215±0.081c 202.877±35.302 3.297±0.578
硫酸铜CuSO4 0.596±0.052b 224.881±50.210 3.547±0.364
碱式氯化铜TBCC 0.719±0.108ab 232.377±25.047 3.695±0.398
柠檬酸铜CuCit 0.825±0.162a 248.216±49.354 3.828±0.382
铜添加水平
Cu supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 0 0.215±0.081c 202.877±35.302 3.297±0.578
20 0.466±0.102b 221.442±35.285 3.496±0.362
30 0.960±0.125a 248.874±46.448 3.884±0.317
铜源或铜添加水平
Cu source or Cu
supplemental level		 铜
Cu/(mg/L)		 铜蓝蛋白
CP/(U/L)		 铜锌超氧化物歧化酶
Cu/Zn-SOD/(U/mL)
P值P-value
铜源Cu source 0.035 0.887 0.142
铜添加水平Cu supplemental level 0.016 0.365 0.500
铜源×铜添加水平Cu source×Cu supplemental level 0.760 0.810 0.566

2.3 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪组织铜含量的影响

由表4可知,饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响(P<0.05),而对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮铜源和铜添加水平的交互作用对断奶仔猪组织铜含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。根据肝脏铜含量与饲粮铜添加水平建立的多元线性回归方程为:Y=5.415+0.593X1+0.708X2+0.807X3(R2=0.465,P=0.013)。式中,Y为肝脏铜含量;X1、X2和X3分别为饲粮中硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜形式的铜添加水平。以断奶仔猪对硫酸铜的生物学利用率为100%,则断奶仔猪对碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜的相对生物学利用率分别为119.39%和136.09%。
表4 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪组织铜含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of different Cu sources and Cu supplemental levels on tissue Cu content of weanling pigletsmg/kg

铜源或铜添加水平
Cu source or Cu
supplemental level		 心脏
Heart		 肝脏
Liver		 胰脏
Pancreas		 肾脏
Kidney		 跖骨
Metatarsal
bone
对照Control/(mg/kg) 0 2.055±0.220 5.415±0.381 0.342±0.273 7.436±2.063 0.492±0.102
硫酸铜
CuSO4/(mg/kg)		 20 2.830±0.212 7.366±1.073 0.385±0.218 7.840±2.295 0.537±0.141
30 4.015±0.479 10.088±2.179 0.633±0.199 10.727±1.571 0.773±0.254
碱式氯化铜
TBCC/(mg/kg)		 20 2.855±0.110 9.258±2.938 0.496±0.213 8.193±1.857 0.557±0.093
30 5.670±0.309 13.911±2.273 0.778±0.246 11.565±2.511 0.803±0.171
柠檬酸铜
CuCit/(mg/kg)		 20 3.219±0.210 9.697±1.585 0.568±0.178 10.376±2.821 0.597±0.131
30 6.459±0.353 16.889±1.912 0.936±0.420 12.019±1.087 0.820±0.154
铜源Cu source 对照Control 2.055±0.220 5.415±0.381c 0.342±0.273 7.436±2.063 0.492±0.102
硫酸铜CuSO4 3.423±0.312 8.727±1.754b 0.509±0.208 9.284±2.183 0.655±0.196
碱式氯化铜TBCC 4.263±0.219 11.585±2.626ab 0.637±0.238 9.879±2.500 0.680±0.101
柠檬酸铜CuCit 4.839±0.272 13.293±1.714a 0.752±0.130 11.198±1.866 0.709±0.136
铜添加水平
Cu supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 0 2.055±0.220 5.415±0.381c 0.342±0.273 7.436±2.063 0.492±0.102
20 2.968±0.190 8.774±2.114b 0.483±0.197 8.803±2.161 0.564±0.127
30 5.381±0.380 13.629±2.152a 0.782±0.227 11.437±2.228 0.799±0.229
P值P-value
铜源Cu source 0.250 0.026 0.210 0.776 0.167
铜添加水平Cu supplemental level 0.228 0.013 0.139 0.212 0.104
铜源×铜添加水平
Cu source×Cu supplemental level		 0.221 0.663 0.574 0.800 0.320

3 讨论

3.1 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

铜作为动物机体必需的微量元素之一,对保证断奶仔猪健康生长具有极其重要的作用。实际生产中,缺铜容易导致仔猪产生共济失调、关节肿胀、骨质脆弱以及营养性贫血等症状,进而影响其生长速度[11-12]。研究证明,饲粮中额外添加125~250 mg/kg硫酸铜(以铜计,后同)能显著提高仔猪的生长性能[13-14]。然而,高铜的使用虽然对促进仔猪生长和提高饲料利用率有效,但长期添加会危害机体健康、降低动物产品品质,还会造成铜源浪费,以及带来养殖环境污染等安全隐患[15⇓-17]。我国农业农村部发布的第2625号公告《饲料添加剂安全使用规范》规定,仔猪(体重≤25 kg)配合饲料中铜的最高限量(包含饲料原料本底值)为125 mg/kg。因而,在实现满足仔猪营养需要、改善饲料品质等预期目标的前提下,要减少饲粮中铜的用量。研究证实,低水平的有机铜完全可以满足仔猪对铜的营养需要,并且不会影响其生长性能[18-19]。Armstrong等[20]研究结果表明,仔猪饲粮中添加33、66或100 mg/kg柠檬酸铜与添加225 mg/kg硫酸铜具有同等促生长效果。Peng等[5]研究发现,饲粮中只需添加30 mg/kg柠檬酸铜就可以促进断奶仔猪生长。Yan等[6]进一步研究发现,饲粮中添加20 mg/kg柠檬酸铜与添加180 mg/kg硫酸铜相比,断奶仔猪的生长性能无显著差异。上述研究结果提示,以柠檬酸铜为铜源,饲粮中补充较低水平的铜即可满足仔猪的生长需要。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜,仔猪的ADG、ADFI和F/G均无显著差异,分析其原因可能是受铜的化学结构、饲粮中铜含量和猪的生长阶段等因素影响所致。因此,本试验中生长性能指标不适用于评价断奶仔猪对不同铜源的生物学利用率。

3.2 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量与含铜酶活性的影响

3.2.1 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量的影响

铜经过小肠吸收后进入血液,而血清中的铜含量可以反映其吸收率和利用率[21-22]。Pastorelli等[23]研究发现,饲粮中添加150 mg/kg硫酸铜可以提高断奶仔猪血清中的铜含量。Armstrong等[24]研究指出,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加15~125 mg/kg柠檬酸铜与添加250 mg/kg硫酸铜相比,血清铜含量差异并不显著。本试验结果显示,饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响;通过多元线性回归方程计算得出:以血清铜含量为评价指标,碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜相对于硫酸铜(100%)的生物学利用率分别为119.39%和136.09%,说明断奶仔猪对柠檬酸铜的生物学利用率高于硫酸铜和碱式氯化铜。

3.2.2 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清含铜酶活性的影响

CP和Cu/Zn-SOD是动物体内主要的含铜酶,对调节机体的氧化与抗氧化平衡起着至关重要的作用[25]。血液中的铜主要分布于血浆和红细胞中,结合成CP的形式存在[26]。CP具有氧化酶的活性,能催化氧化多酚及多胺;同时CP还具有抗氧化的作用,可以防止组织中脂质过氧化物和自由基的生成[27-28]。Cu/Zn-SOD是一种抗氧化金属酶,能清除超氧阴离子自由基,防止自由基破坏细胞的组成、结构和功能,保护细胞免受氧化损伤[29-30]。本研究发现,饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜对断奶仔猪血清CP和Cu/Zn-SOD活性均没有显著影响。本试验结果与Peng等[5]的研究结果一致,这可能是由于血清中作为CP和Cu/Zn-SOD活性中心的铜离子已经接近饱和,因而在不同铜源和铜添加水平组没有表现出明显差异。

3.3 不同铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪组织铜含量的影响

铜在动物体内的分布十分广泛,血液中的铜经循环系统运输后到达机体各组织器官。本研究表明,仔猪体内肝脏中铜的含量最高,其次为肾脏和心脏,而胰脏和跖骨中铜的含量较低。研究发现,动物吸收的铜大部分贮存于肝脏,并且肝脏中的铜含量与饲粮中铜的添加形式和添加水平密切相关[31-32]。因此,肝脏铜含量常作为评价动物对不同铜源生物学利用率的敏感指标。目前,关于仔猪对不同铜源生物学利用率方面的研究较少。VanValin等[33]在牛上的研究结果表明,以肝脏铜含量为评价指标时,碱式氯化铜和赖氨酸铜相对于硫酸铜(100%)的生物学利用率分别为112%和103%。吴学壮等[34]以肝脏铜含量为敏感指标评价肉鸡对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率,结果发现,碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜相对于硫酸铜(100%)的生物学利用率分别为127.61%和137.64%。本试验结果表明,断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量与饲粮铜添加水平之间存在显著的线性回归关系,采用肝脏铜含量为评价指标,碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜相对于硫酸铜(100%)的生物学利用率分别为119.39%和136.09%。本试验结果与VanValin等[33]和吴学壮等[34]的研究结果相似,提示断奶仔猪对柠檬酸铜和碱式氯化铜的生物学利用率高于硫酸铜。但是,Liu等[35]以肝脏铜含量和胆汁铜含量为评价指标时,却发现肉鸡对有机铜和无机铜的生物学利用率没有显著差异,究其原因可能是因为机体对有机铜和无机铜的吸收方式存在差异。动物消化道对铜的吸收是机体利用铜的前提,因此,有必要进一步研究不同铜源在动物消化道中的吸收规律及其作用机制。

4 结论

本试验条件下,断奶仔猪对低铜饲粮(铜添加水平为20或30 mg/kg)中3种铜源的相对生物学利用率表现为柠檬酸铜>碱式氯化铜>硫酸铜。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
KIM M, HOSSEINDOUST A, CHOI Y, et al. Effects of hot-melt extruded nano-copper as an alternative for the pharmacological dose of copper sulfate in weanling pigs[J]. Biological Trace Element Research, 2021, 199(8):2925-2935.

DOI PMID

[2]
ZHA A D, CUI Z J, QI M, et al. Baicalin-copper complex modulates gut microbiota,inflammatory responses,and hormone secretion in DON-challenged piglets[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(9):1535.

DOI

[3]
朱晓萍, 庄智威, 刘孝春, 等. 不同铜源对存储期间大豆油脂氧化酸败的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(2):152-155.

ZHU X P, ZHUANG Z W, LIU X C, et al. Effects of different copper ions on oxidation rancidity of soybean oil during storage[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(2):152-155. (in Chinese)

[4]
孔凡科, 郭吉原, 杨青, 等. 储存时间、铜源及其添加水平对脂溶性维生素稳定性的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2020, 56(12):129-132.

KONG F K, GUO J Y, YANG Q, et al. Effects of storage time and copper sources and levels on stability of lipid-soluble vitamins[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 56(12):129-132. (in Chinese)

[5]
PENG C C, YAN J Y, DONG B, et al. Effects of graded levels of cupric citrate on growth performance,antioxidant status,serum lipid metabolites and immunity,and tissue residues of trace elements in weaned pigs[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2017, 30(4):538-545.

DOI

[6]
YAN J Y, ZHANG C, TANG L, et al. Effect of dietary copper sources and concentrations on serum lysozyme concentration and protegrin-1 gene expression in weaning piglets[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 14(3):3709.

DOI

[7]
晏家友, 张纯, 李书伟, 等. 不同铜源对仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及血清免疫和抗氧化功能的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2018, 54(11):93-95,100.

YAN J Y, ZHANG C, LI S W, et al. Effects of different copper sources on growth performance,diarrhea,and serum immunity and antioxidant function in piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 54(11):93-95,100. (in Chinese)

[8]
DETERS E L, VANDERWAL A J, VANVALIN K R, et al. Relative bioavailability of organic bis-glycinate bound copper relative to inorganic copper sulfate in beef steers fed a high antagonist growing diet[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(6):skab111.

DOI

[9]
MA X, QIAN M Q, YANG Z R, et al. Effects of zinc sources and levels on growth performance,zinc status,expressions of zinc transporters,and zinc bioavailability in weaned piglets[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(9):2515.

DOI

[10]
LIN G, GUO Y, LIU B, et al. Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2020, 11(1):54.

DOI

[11]
HA J H, DOGUER C, WANG X Y, et al. High-iron consumption impairs growth and causes copper-deficiency anemia in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8):e0161033.

DOI

[12]
MCDOWELL L R. Chapter 8-copper and molybdenum[M]// MCDOWELL L R.Minerals in animal and human nutrition.2nd ed.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2003:235-276.

[13]
COBLE K F, DEROUCHEY J M, TOKACH M D, et al. The effects of copper source and concentration on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and pen cleanliness in finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(9):4052-4059.

[14]
ZHAO J, ALLEE G, GERLEMANN G, et al. Effects of a chelated copper as growth promoter on performance and carcass traits in pigs[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014, 27(7):965-973.

DOI PMID

[15]
于晴晴, 钟高龙, 万方, 等. 高铜对大鼠肾细胞炎性因子和细胞增殖的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(11):2849-2857.

YU Q Q, ZHONG G L, WAN F, et al. Effects of high copper on inflammatory factors and cell proliferation in rat kidney cells[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2020, 51(11):2849-2857. (in Chinese)

[16]
DING H X, ZHANG Q, XU H G, et al. Selection of copper and zinc dosages in pig diets based on the mutual benefit of animal growth and environmental protection[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 216:112177.

DOI

[17]
YANG S, WEN Q X, CHEN Z Q. Impacts of Cu and Zn on the performance,microbial community dynamics and resistance genes variations during mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 312:123554.

DOI

[18]
JANG Y D, CHANG J, ALMEIDA F N, et al. 186 Effect of organic Cu supplementation on growth performance,apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD),and tissue mineral composition in nursery pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017,95 (Suppl.2):89.

[19]
LEBEL A, MATTE J J, GUAY F. Effect of mineral source and mannan oligosaccharide supplements on zinc and copper digestibility in growing pigs[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2014, 68(5):370-384.

DOI PMID

[20]
ARMSTRONG T A, SPEARS J W, VAN HEUGTEN E, et al. Effect of copper source (cupric citrate vs cupric sulfate) and level on growth performance and copper metabolism in pigs[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2000, 13(8):1154-1161.

DOI

[21]
PROHASKA J R. Role of copper transporters in copper homeostasis[J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008, 88(3):826S-829 S.

PMID

[22]
HILL G M, SPEARS J W. Trace and ultratrace elements in swine nutrition[M]// LEWISA J, SOUTHERNL L. Swine nutrition. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000:230-262.

[23]
PASTORELLI G, ROSSI R, ZANARDI E, et al. Two different forms and levels of CuSO4 in piglet feeding:liver,plasma and faeces copper status[J]. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2014, 23(1):52-57.

DOI

[24]
ARMSTRONG T A, COOK D R, WARD M M, et al. Effect of dietary copper source (cupric citrate and cupric sulfate) and concentration on growth performance and fecal copper excretion in weanling pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2004, 82(4):1234-1240.

PMID

[25]
MONTES S, RIVERA-MANCIA S, DIAZ-RUIZ A, et al. Copper and copper proteins in Parkinson’s disease[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014, 2014:147251.

[26]
INESI G. Molecular features of copper binding proteins involved in copper homeostasis[J]. IUBMB Life, 2017, 69(4):211-217.

DOI PMID

[27]
LINDER M C. Ceruloplasmin and other copper binding components of blood plasma and their functions:an update[J]. Metallomics, 2016, 8(9):887-905.

DOI

[28]
HEALY J, TIPTON K. Ceruloplasmin and what it might do[J]. Journal of Neural Transmission, 2007, 114(6):777.

DOI PMID

[29]
LEWANDOWSKI Ł, KEPINSKA M, MILNEROWICZ H. Inhibition of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity by selected environmental xenobiotics[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2018, 58:105-113.

DOI PMID

[30]
FETHEROLF M M, BOYD S D, WINKLER D D, et al. Oxygen-dependent activation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-1[J]. Metallomics, 2017, 9(8):1047-1059.

DOI PMID

[31]
ZATULOVSKAIA Y A, ILYECHOVA E Y, PUCHKOVA L V. The features of copper metabolism in the rat liver during development[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(10):e0140797.

DOI

[32]
ROBERTS E A, SARKAR B. Liver as a key organ in the supply,storage,and excretion of copper[J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008, 88(3):851S-854 S.

[33]
VANVALIN K R, GENTHER-SCHROEDER O N, LAUDERT S B, et al. Relative bioavailability of organic and hydroxy copper sources in growing steers fed a high antagonist diet[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2019, 97(3):1375-1383.

DOI

[34]
吴学壮, 闻治国, 胡洪, 等. 斜率比法评定肉仔鸡对铜源的相对生物学利用率[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(4):1596-1603.

WU X Z, WEN Z G, HU H, et al. Evaluation of relative bioavailability of copper source with slope ratio method for broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(4):1596-1603. (in Chinese)

[35]
LIU S B, LU L, LI S F, et al. Copper in organic proteinate or inorganic sulfate form is equally bioavailable for broiler chicks fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet[J]. Biological Trace Element Research, 2012, 147(1):142-148.

DOI

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.