Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 1: 230 - 239

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.024

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides and Chinese Herbal Medicine Additives on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

  • ZHENG Xueyue , 1, 2 ,
  • HUANG Yi 2 ,
  • HE Haiqiao 1 ,
  • DENG Yongjun 1 ,
  • DENG Chenxi 1, 3 ,
  • WEN Liufa , 1, 2, **
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  • 1 Guangzhou Bestide Bio-Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510405, China
  • 2 South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 3 Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
** associate professor, E-mail:

* Contributed equally

Received date: 2022-06-30

  Online published: 2023-01-11

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on growth performance, serum biochemical indices and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 600 Mahuang broilers of 10-day-old with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 25 chickens in each replicate. They were control group (fed the basal diet), antimicrobial peptide group (fed the basal diet+200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide), Chinese herbal medicine group (fed the basal diet+200 mg/kg Chinese herbal medicine additive) and antimicrobial peptide+Chinese herbal medicine group (fed the basal diet+200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide and 200 mg/kg Chinese herbal medicine additive), respectively. The experiment lasted for 47 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, from 10 to 21 days of age, the average daily feed intake of broilers in antimicrobial peptide group and antimicrobial peptide+Chinese herbal medicine group was significantly increased (P<0.05); from 22 to 43 days of age, the average daily gain of broilers in antimicrobial peptide group and Chinese herbal medicine group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the average daily feed intake and the ratio of feed to gain in experimental groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), but the mortality in antimicrobial peptide+Chinese herbal medicine group was significantly increased (P<0.05); from 44 to 56 days of age, the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of broilers in antimicrobial peptide group and Chinese herbal medicine group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the average daily feed intake of broilers in antimicrobial peptide+Chinese herbal medicine group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the mortality was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the serum globulin content of broilers in antimicrobial peptide group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum contents of malondialdehyde and D-lactic acid of broilers in experimental groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth in duodenum of broilers in antimicrobial peptide group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the villus height in duodenum in Chinese herbal medicine group and antimicrobial peptide+Chinese herbal medicine group were significantly increased (P<0.05); the villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth in jejunum in antimicrobial peptide+Chinese herbal medicine group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), the villus height and crypt depth in ileum were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in ileum was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide or Chinese herbal medicine additive can significantly improve the growth performance, reduce the serum D-lactic acid content, and improve the small intestinal morphology of Mahuang broilers from 22 to 56 days of age, but they should not be used together.

Key words： broilers; antimicrobial peptide; Chinese herbal medicine additive; growth performance; serum biochemical indices; intestinal morphology

Cite this article

ZHENG Xueyue , HUANG Yi , HE Haiqiao , DENG Yongjun , DENG Chenxi , WEN Liufa . Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides and Chinese Herbal Medicine Additives on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(1) : 230 -239 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.024

在畜禽集约化和规模化养殖过程中,环境中的许多因素,如病原微生物、饲粮中的抗营养因子以及温度和湿度等均会影响畜禽的生长发育。饲料添加剂是饲料生产、加工和使用过程中添加的少量物质,能够有效减少动物应激,增强机体免疫力和抗病能力,提高饲料利用效率[1]。因此,关于饲料添加剂的研究也越来越受到人们的广泛关注[2⇓-4]。抗菌肽是一类由生物体在受到生存胁迫下为反抗胁迫因子而外泌的一种小分子多肽,具有抗菌谱广、不易产生耐药性和稳定性好等优点,被认为是具有广泛应用价值的饲料添加剂[5-6]。抗菌肽种类繁多,目前在肉鸡方面已经报道的有菌丝霉素、cLF chimera和抗菌肽Api-PR19等[7],这些不同种类的抗菌肽在提高肉鸡生长性能、改善肠道损伤、维持肠道微生态平衡和降低病死率等方面具有明显的作用效果[8⇓⇓-11]。中草药添加剂是一种新兴的绿色添加剂,因具有天然性、抗菌性和无抗药性等优点受到越来越多的关注[11-12]。韩金恒[13]发现,由黄芪、白术等组成的复方中草药添加剂可以显著提高肉鸡末重、平均日增重和成活率,降低料重比,从而改善肉鸡生长性能。
在前期工作中,研究人员主要集中在抗菌肽或中草药添加剂在畜禽饲粮中的单一应用研究,缺乏关于两者联合使用的报道。因此,本试验以10日龄麻黄肉鸡为研究对象,研究饲粮添加抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对其生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道形态等方面的影响,为抗菌肽和中草药添加剂在麻黄肉鸡养殖中的广泛应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用抗菌肽是来源于原生态鸡肠道菌的一种外泌肽,属于环状多肽类物质,分子量约为6 ku,抗菌活性≥25 000 AU/g;其生产工艺为经三级发酵后灭菌储存、浓缩和喷雾干燥后预混制得,由广州某生物科技有限公司提供。中草药添加剂中包含的药材是从广州市清平药材市场进行购买,然后65 ℃烘干、粉碎,并且过40目筛,密封备用,其主要组成及含量见表1。
表1 中草药添加剂主要组成及含量

Table 1 Composition and content of Chinese herbal medicine

组成
Composition		 含量
Content/%		 主要成分含量
Content of main ingredients
白术Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. 50 白术多糖15.3%,白术总黄酮1.33%,挥发油1.31%
黄芪Astragalus propinquus Schischkin 25 黄芪多糖6.33%,黄芪总苷0.75%,黄芪总黄酮0.25%
防风Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk. 25 防风多糖2.41%,防风总黄酮1.87%

1.2 试验设计

选择600只初始体重相近且健康状况良好的10日龄麻黄肉仔鸡,随机分成4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复25只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗菌肽组在基础饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽,中草药组在基础饲粮中添加200 mg/kg中草药添加剂,抗菌肽+中草药组在基础饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽和200 mg/kg中草药添加剂。试验期47 d,分10~21日龄、22~43日龄和44~56日龄3个阶段饲养。

1.3 试验饲粮

基础饲粮参照中华人民共和国农业行业标准《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)进行设计,不同日龄阶段肉鸡的基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis)g/kg

项目
Items		 10~21日龄
10 to 21 days of age		 22~43日龄
22 to 43 days of age		 44~56日龄
44 to 56 days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 623 700 736
豆粕Soybean meal 157 118 90
麦麸Wheat bran 53 21 35
鱼粉Fish meal 131 122 100
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1 2 2
贝壳粉Shell powder 2 4 4
蛋氨酸Met 2 2 2
氯化钠NaCl 1 1 1
预混料Premix1) 30 30 30
项目
Items		 10~21日龄
10 to 21 days of age		 22~43日龄
22 to 43 days of age		 44~56日龄
44 to 56 days of age
合计Total 1 000 1 000 1 000
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
粗蛋白质CP 210.0 191.0 170.1
粗纤维CF 26.0 23.1 23.1
钙Ca 9.3 9.4 8.1
总磷TP 7.6 7.1 6.5
赖氨酸Lys 12.8 11.3 9.6
蛋氨酸Met 6.0 5.7 5.4
苏氨酸Thr 8.5 7.6 6.7
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.20 12.53 12.57

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 5 000 IU,VD 1 000 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 1.3 mg,VB1 1.8 mg,VB2 3.60 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 g,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30.5 g,生物素 biotin 0.5 g,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 5 g,VB12 1.01 mg,胆碱 choline l 000 mg,Zn 60 mg,Se 0.4 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 80 mg,Cu 8 mg。

2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验在深圳市神农庄家禽育种有限公司惠州博罗县肉鸡繁育场进行,所有试验鸡均在同一栋鸡舍内饲养,鸡舍内保持良好的通风,确保温度和湿度适宜。在整个试验期内,肉鸡自由采食和饮水,并且按照常规管理和免疫接种程序进行饲养。

1.5 样品采集与制备

试验结束时,每个重复选取接近平均体重的1只肉鸡,翅静脉采血于促凝管中,在2 000×g、4 ℃条件下离心15 min,制备血清,并存于-20 ℃冰柜,待测。鸡只采血后,采用颈部放血致死,剖取十二指肠、空肠和回肠,各个肠段从中间部位取2~3 cm,用生理盐水冲掉内容物,然后至于4%多聚甲醛溶液中进行固定,用于肠道形态指标观察。

1.6 测定指标及方法

1.6.1 生长性能

分别于肉鸡21、43和56日龄时,禁食12 h,然后对每只试验鸡进行称重,以重复(栏位)为单位统计采食量,分别计算10~21日龄、22~43日龄、44~56日龄肉鸡平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比和死亡率。

1.6.2 血清生化指标

取分装血清样品,采用试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)的方法测定血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮、丙二醛和D-乳酸含量以及谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性。

1.6.3 肠道形态

从4%多聚甲醛固定液中取出样品后,通过乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋、苏木精-伊红染色和中性树胶封片后,在显微镜下观察并拍照,并且使用Case Viewer软件分析测量小肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度,最后计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度值[14]。

1.7 数据统计和分析

利用SPSS 21.0软件的一般线性模型对数据进行分析,以分组作为固定影响因素,采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)检验组间差异显著性,并使用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果用平均值和均值标准误表示,P≤0.05表示差异显著,0.05<P≤0.10表示差异有显著趋势,P>0.10表示差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮添加抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对10~21日龄肉鸡平均日采食量和料重比存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中抗菌肽组和抗菌肽+中草药组肉鸡平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05),且抗菌肽+中草药组肉鸡料重比显著提高(P<0.05)。
表3 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对10~21日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on growth performance of broilers from 10 to 21 days of age

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 抗菌肽组
AP group		 中草药组
CHM group		 抗菌肽+中草药组
AP+CHM group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 19.04a 19.98b 19.71ab 19.98b 0.27 0.04
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 8.60 8.50 8.69 8.32 0.23 0.70
料重比F/G 2.22a 2.35ab 2.27ab 2.42b 0.05 0.04
死亡率Mortality/% 1.33 0.67 0.67 1.33 0.43 0.52

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

由表4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮添加抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对22~43日龄肉鸡平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比和死亡率均存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中抗菌肽组和中草药组肉鸡平均日增重均显著提高(P<0.05),试验组平均日采食量和料重比均显著降低(P<0.05),且抗菌肽+中草药组死亡率显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对22~43日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on growth performance of broilers from 22 to 43 days of age

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 抗菌肽组
AP group		 中草药组
CHM group		 抗菌肽+中草药组
AP+CHM group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 52.03d 46.83b 50.15c 44.78a 0.50 <0.001
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 16.44a 19.69b 20.11b 16.71a 0.24 <0.001
料重比F/G 3.17d 2.38a 2.50b 2.68c 0.03 <0.001
死亡率Mortality/% 2.67a 2.02a 2.29a 8.05b 0.54 <0.001
由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮添加抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对44~56日龄肉鸡平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比和死亡率均存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中抗菌肽组和中草药组肉鸡平均日采食量和平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);而抗菌肽+中草药组肉鸡平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),死亡率显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对44~56日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on growth performance of broilers from 44 to 56 days of age

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 抗菌肽组
AP group		 中草药组
CHM group		 抗菌肽+中草药组
AP+CHM group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 85.03b 90.13d 87.37c 81.65a 0.40 <0.001
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 25.87a 33.53b 33.25b 25.67a 0.47 <0.001
料重比F/G 3.29b 2.69a 2.63a 3.19b 0.04 <0.001
死亡率Mortality/% 0.71a 0.67a 1.37a 5.83b 0.38 <0.001

2.2 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮添加抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡血清球蛋白、丙二醛和D-乳酸含量存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中抗菌肽组肉鸡血清球蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05),试验组血清丙二醛和D-乳酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表6 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on serum biochemical indices of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 抗菌肽组
AP group		 中草药组
CHM group		 抗菌肽+中草药组
AP+CHM group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 33.68 34.28 33.55 35.05 0.54 0.22
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 9.59 9.08 9.63 9.75 0.37 0.61
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 23.89a 25.33b 23.95a 23.75a 0.45 0.04
白蛋白/球蛋白ALB/GLB 0.40 0.36 0.40 0.41 0.02 0.16
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 0.47 0.59 0.45 0.43 0.05 0.16
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 3.55 3.75 3.75 4.09 0.27 0.56
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 252.50 267.50 262.17 286.50 14.52 0.42
丙二醛MDA/(μmol/L) 3.75c 2.58a 2.78ab 2.87b 0.09 <0.001
D-乳酸D-LA/(mmol/L) 1.73d 1.18b 0.92a 1.61c 0.04 <0.001

2.3 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,饲粮添加抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值以及回肠隐窝深度均存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中抗菌肽组十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P<0.05),中草药组和抗菌肽+中草药组十二指肠绒毛高度显著提高(P<0.05);抗菌肽+中草药组空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著降低(P<0.05),回肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05),回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P<0.05)。
表7 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

Table 7 Effects of antimicrobial peptides and Chinese herbal medicine additives on intestinal morphology of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 抗菌肽组
AP group		 中草药组
CHM group		 抗菌肽+中草药组
AP+CHM group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
十二指肠Duodenum
绒毛高度Villus height/μm 719.50a 978.67c 811.33b 920.50c 25.12 <0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm 179.50 198.67 190.67 205.17 12.04 0.48
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C 4.21a 5.36b 4.74ab 4.73ab 0.30 0.05
空肠Jejunum
绒毛高度Villus height/μm 967.50b 918.50b 925.50b 695.50a 38.83 <0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm 188.67 226.67 189.33 183.33 16.41 0.25
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C 5.28b 4.26ab 4.98ab 3.83a 0.39 0.04
回肠Ileum
绒毛高度Villus height/μm 948.50b 957.50b 909.50b 839.50a 16.71 <0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm 263.33b 226.67b 243.33b 188.50a 12.72 <0.001
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C 3.67a 4.32ab 3.74a 4.53b 0.23 0.04

3 讨论

3.1 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡生长性能的影响

抗菌肽和中草药添加剂作为抗菌活性强、不易产生耐药性和无污染的添加剂,已经在畜禽养殖业中开展了相关研究[15⇓-17]。本研究中,饲粮添加抗菌肽显著提高22~43日龄和44~56日龄肉鸡平均日增重,显著降低料重比,这可能与抗菌肽能够改善肉鸡免疫功能和肠道健康密切相关。肉鸡生长周期短,营养物质的消化吸收和肠道的健康水平直接影响着肉鸡的生长性能。Zhang等[8]在肉鸡饲粮中添加菌丝霉素,使肉鸡平均日增重提高了17%。Xie等[18]在1日龄健康818肉仔鸡饲粮中添加100 g/t菌丝霉素+100 g/t天蚕素抗菌肽,结果发现,抗菌肽可促进鸡的法氏囊和胸腺等免疫器官的发育。此外,本试验中,饲粮添加中草药添加剂同样有助于提高肉鸡平均日增重和降低料重比,这可能与其含有的活性成分有关。黄芪多糖和白术多糖可以增强禽类免疫功能,促进机体吸收营养物质,进而提高生产性能[19-20]。但是,当抗菌肽与中草药添加剂联合使用时却提高了肉鸡的死亡率。我们推测中草药添加剂中存在与抗菌肽活性成分产生拮抗作用的物质,当2种或3种以上添加剂联合使用时,可能会增加潜在的健康风险[21]。除此之外,抗菌肽与中草药添加剂联合使用可以提高10~21日龄肉鸡的平均日采食量,但是降低了22~43日龄和44~56日龄肉鸡的平均日采食量。我们推测,随着肉鸡日龄的增加,自身免疫系统日益完善,继续联合使用抗菌肽和中草药可能会对自身的免疫功能产生负面影响,从而影响肉鸡采食量,但是具体的作用机制还需进一步研究。

3.2 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

动物血清生化指标变化与机体代谢密切相关,是反映机体生理功能和健康的重要依据[18]。研究发现,抗菌肽可以显著提高青脚麻鸡血清球蛋白含量,降低血清丙二醛和D-乳酸含量。球蛋白是反映机体免疫功能的主要指标[22],丙二醛是机体活性氧与抗氧化防御系统相互作用的最终产物,与过氧化程度有关[23]。D-乳酸是细菌的发酵产物,通常反映肠黏膜损伤程度和通透性的变化,是肠道屏障功能的主要参考指标[24]。研究表明,天蚕素抗菌肽可以显著降低肉仔鸡血清丙二醛含量[23]。也有研究表明,抗菌肽Microcin J25可以增强肠道机械屏障和免疫屏障[25]。本试验中,饲粮添加抗菌肽能够显著提高肉鸡血清球蛋白含量,显著降低血清丙二醛和D-乳酸含量,与上述研究结果一致。另外,中草药添加剂及其与抗菌肽联合使用也能显著降低血清丙二醛和D-乳酸含量。霍勤等[26]研究发现,含有黄芪、白术和防风的中草药添加剂可以提高肉鸡免疫器官指数,提高新城疫血凝抑制(HI)抗体效价,促进T、B淋巴细胞增殖。黄芪多糖可以降低核因子-κB(NF-κB)表达,促进超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶表达,提高机体应对氧化应激能力,减轻急性放射性肠炎组织内炎症反应,从而保护肠黏膜功能[27]。目前,现代药理研究结果已经证实,黄芪注射液可以降低血清中二胺氧化酶活性以及D-乳酸和内毒素含量,改善肠道屏障功能和微炎性反应状态[28]。

3.3 抗菌肽和中草药添加剂对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

小肠是机体吸收营养物质的主要器官之一,其结构和功能的完整性与营养物质消化、吸收和转运密切相关,并且肠道内绒毛高度与隐窝深度也是衡量肠道功能的主要指标[29-30]。小肠绒毛高度增加有利于肠黏膜与食糜充分接触,这有助于对营养物质的吸收,而隐窝深度主要与细胞增殖速率有关,隐窝深度变深表明肠道上皮细胞成熟度降低,吸收能力降低,反之则增强[31]。Hu等[32]在给肉鸡口服猪源抗菌肽后发现,十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度均显著提高。Ma等[33]研究表明,饲粮添加100和200 mg/kg菌丝霉素能改善肉鸡肠道形态,促进营养物质吸收和肠道健康。Sholikin等[4]系统分析了29项抗菌肽在肉鸡上的应用试验,发现抗菌肽添加水平对肉鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值呈线性提高,隐窝深度呈线性降低;空肠黏膜厚度呈二次曲线变化,隐窝深度呈线性降低。本研究结果表明,饲粮添加抗菌肽可以显著提高肉鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值,这与张凯瑛[31]的研究结果一致。这说明在饲粮中添加适量的抗菌肽有利于改善肉鸡肠道组织形态,这也解释了抗菌肽提高肉鸡生长性能的原因。黄芪多糖可以提高雏鸡空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值,增强雏鸡的肠黏膜免疫功能[34]。在本试验中,饲粮添加中草药添加剂能够显著提高肉鸡十二指肠绒毛高度,这可能与中草药添加剂含有的活性成分能够改善机体氧化应激状态和提高免疫功能有关。但是,当抗菌肽和中草药添加剂联合使用时,肉鸡空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值以及回肠绒毛高度显著降低,这说明两者混合对小肠形态结构造成了负面影响,可能会抑制肉鸡对饲粮营养物质的消化吸收,这也侧面解释了肉鸡生长性能降低的原因。因此,抗菌肽与中草药添加剂的组合使用及其影响机制仍需进一步进行试验研究。

4 结论

饲粮单独添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽或中草药添加剂可以显著提高22~56日龄麻黄肉鸡平均日增重,显著降低料重比和血清D-乳酸含量,同时改善小肠形态结构。在本试验条件下,推荐在22~56日龄肉鸡饲粮中单独添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽或中草药添加剂(白术∶黄芪∶防风=50∶25∶25)。

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