1 材料与方法
1.1 植物提取物制备
表1 4种植物提取物的活性成分含量Table 1 Contents of active components in four kinks of plant extracts |
| 项目 Items | 金银花 Honeysuckle | 连翘 Forsythia | 蒲公英 Dandelion | 益母草 Leonurus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黄酮类Flavonoids | 39.51 | 14.80 | 27.16 | 25.48 |
| 酚酸类Phenolic acids | 17.79 | 21.95 | 22.03 | 17.25 |
| 核苷酸类Nucleotides | 10.04 | 11.06 | 8.43 | |
| 有机酸类Organic acids | 6.27 | 10.54 | 10.11 | 11.74 |
| 脂质类Lipids | 5.95 | 17.86 | 9.13 | 18.68 |
| 木质素和香豆素Lignin and coumarin | 20.08 | |||
| 其他Others | 20.44 | 14.77 | 20.51 | 18.42 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 基础饲粮和饲养管理
表2 TMR组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the TMR (DM basis)% |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 28.57 | ||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 14.29 | ||
| 全棉籽Whole cottonseed | 7.14 | ||
| 玉米Corn | 21.43 | ||
| 大豆皮Soybean hull | 7.14 | ||
| 大豆Soybean | 3.15 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 5.25 | ||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 4.00 | ||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 2.10 | ||
| 酒糟Distiller’s grains | 4.20 | ||
| 酵母Yeast | 0.42 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.31 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 3.02 | ||
| 干物质DM | 53.73 | ||
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 18.62 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 7.30 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 36.52 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 15.63 | ||
| 粗灰分Ash | 6.05 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.74 | ||
| 磷P | 0.23 |
1)每千克预混料含 One kg premix contained the following: VA 460 000 IU,VE 6 000 IU,VD3 180 000 IU,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 28 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 1.1 g,Co (as cobalt chloride) 1.1 g,Ca (as calcium iodate) 0.3 g,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 5.6 g,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 4.6 g,I (as potassium iodide) 200 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 25 mg,P (as calcium hydrogen phosphate) 75 g。 2)泌乳净能为计算值,其余均为实测值。NEL was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 样品采集和指标测定
1.4.1 营养物质表观消化率的测定
1.4.2 产奶量与乳成分的测定
1.4.3 血样的采集与测定
1.4.4 瘤胃液样品的采集与测定
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛产奶量、乳中SCC、乳成分和营养物质表观消化率的影响
表3 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛产奶量的影响Table 3 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on milk yield of cows with high SCC in milkkg/d |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | |||
| 第1天Day 1 | 23.92 | 22.16 | 4.73 | 0.685 |
| 第7天Day 7 | 21.40 | 19.01 | 2.97 | 0.147 |
| 第14天Day 14 | 16.35 | 18.72 | 4.14 | 0.651 |
| 第21天Day 21 | 18.01 | 20.50 | 4.19 | 0.471 |
| 第28天Day 28 | 16.57 | 18.33 | 4.57 | 0.365 |
表4 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on milk SCC of cows with high SCC in milk万个/mLTable 4 |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | |||
| 第1天Day 1 | 97.48 | 98.78 | 22.30 | 0.979 |
| 第7天Day 7 | 200.00 | 83.92 | 31.58 | 0.068 |
| 第14天Day 14 | 172.45 | 42.48 | 26.02 | 0.002 |
| 第21天Day 21 | 153.90 | 37.75 | 31.78 | 0.058 |
| 第28天Day 28 | 151.00 | 30.23 | 30.84 | 0.034 |
表5 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛乳成分的影响Table 5 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on milk component of cows with high SCC in milk% |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | |||
| 乳脂率Milk fat | 3.67 | 3.28 | 0.31 | 0.567 |
| 乳蛋白率Milk protein | 3.88 | 3.75 | 0.12 | 0.603 |
| 乳糖率Lactose | 4.53 | 4.97 | 0.14 | 0.128 |
| 总固形物Total solids | 13.12 | 13.12 | 0.32 | 1.000 |
| 非脂乳固体Nonfat milk solids | 9.18 | 9.44 | 0.13 | 0.354 |
表6 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 6 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on nutrient apparent digestibility of cows with high SCC in milk% |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 96.14 | 94.74 | 0.68 | 0.338 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 99.16 | 99.09 | 0.12 | 0.789 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 90.74 | 87.18 | 1.74 | 0.254 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维NDF | 90.16 | 87.45 | 1.53 | 0.416 |
| 中性洗涤纤维ADF | 92.31 | 90.36 | 1.21 | 0.459 |
| 钙Ca | 84.39 | 80.13 | 2.69 | 0.469 |
| 磷P | 82.22 | 73.18 | 3.45 | 0.212 |
2.2 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响
表7 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛血清免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on serum immune indexes of cows with high SCC in milk |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | |||
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 1 372.98 | 1 731.35 | 80.35 | 0.012 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) | 4.84 | 5.16 | 0.18 | 0.406 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 1 355.22 | 2 273.63 | 167.64 | <0.001 |
| 细胞白介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 900.47 | 741.04 | 56.88 | 0.178 |
| 细胞白介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 182.20 | 158.29 | 7.70 | 0.129 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 145.13 | 96.98 | 10.85 | 0.013 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(pg/mL) | 939.80 | 1 129.09 | 49.55 | 0.048 |
表8 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on serum antioxidant indexes of cows with high SCC in milk |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | |||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.447 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) | 169.39 | 174.83 | 2.33 | 0.274 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 2.18 | 2.79 | 0.24 | 0.236 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.58 | 3.30 | 0.40 | 0.750 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 144.20 | 140.55 | 21.42 | 0.939 |
2.3 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛瘤胃细菌区系的影响
表9 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛瘤胃细菌多样性指数的影响Table 9 Effects of compound preparation of Chinese herbal extract on of rumen bacterial diversity indexes of cows with high SCC in milk |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CON | TEST | ||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 5.74±0.21 | 5.72±0.08 | 0.82 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.84 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 1 421.00±60.54 | 1 364.00±23.80 | 0.13 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 481.30±65.95 | 1 395.60±20.61 | 0.54 |
| 覆盖率Coverage | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.96 |
图3 门水平上瘤胃主要菌群分布Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Patescibacteria:髌骨细菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Distribution of rumen main flora at phylum level |
图5 属水平上瘤胃主要菌群分布Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科_RC9肠道群;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group:毛螺菌科_NK3A20群;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001:琥珀酸弧菌科_UCG-001;norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:未排位的梭状芽胞杆菌属_UCG-014;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科_R-7群;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-001;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002:琥珀酸菌科_UCG-002;norank_f_Prevotellaceae:未排位的普雷沃氏菌科;Prevotellaceae_UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-003;norank_f_Bacteroidales_RF16_group:未排位的拟杆菌目RF16群;Ruminococcus_gauvreaull_group:高氏瘤胃球菌属群;Others:其他。 Fig.5 Distribution of rumen main flora at genus level |
3 讨论
3.1 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛生产性能的影响
3.2 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛乳中SCC的影响
3.3 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛免疫和抗氧化能力的影响
图6 属水平t检验条形图Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001:琥珀酸弧菌科_UCG-001;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-001;Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group:高氏瘤胃球菌属群;Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group:普雷沃氏菌科_YAB2003群;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科_NK3B31群;norank_f_Selenomonadaceae:未排位的硒单胞菌科;Pseudoscardovia:假诺卡氏菌属;Blautia:经黏液真杆菌属;unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae:未分类的颤螺菌科;norank_f_norank_o_Rhodospirillales:未排位的红螺菌目;unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:未分类的拟杆菌目。 Fig.6 t-test bar plot at genus level |
3.4 中草药提取物复合制剂对乳中高SCC奶牛瘤胃细菌区系的影响
图7 属水平奶牛瘤胃细菌相对丰度与乳中SCC和血清免疫指标的Pearson相关热图norank_f_Bacteroidales_RF16_group:未排位的拟杆菌目_RF16群;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group:普雷沃氏菌科_YAB2003群;Olsenella:欧鲁森氏菌属;unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类的毛螺菌科;Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group:高氏瘤胃球菌属群;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001:琥珀酸弧菌科_UCG_001;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;norank_f_norank_o_Bacteroidales:未排位的拟杆菌目;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002:琥珀酸弧菌科_UCG-002;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科_RC9肠道群;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科_R-7群;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-001;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Colidextribacter:大肠埃希菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-003;norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group:未排位的产粪甾醇真杆菌属群;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG_004:普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-004;norank_f_Lachnospiraceae:未排位的毛螺菌科UCG-014;norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:未排位的梭状芽胞杆菌属_UCG-014;Lanchnospiraceae_NKA20_group:毛螺旋菌科_NKA20群;Candidatus_Saccharimonas:白念珠菌属;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Eubacterium_ruminantium_group:反刍动物真杆菌属群;Pseudobutyrivibrio:假丁酸弧菌属;Acetitomaculum:聚乙酸菌属;Anaeroplasma:厌氧支原体属。 相关系数(r)以不同颜色表示,图例位于右侧;*表示0.01<P≤0.05,**表示0.001<P≤0.010。 Fig.7 Pearson correlation heatmap between rumen bacteria relative abundance at genus level with milk SCC and serum immune indexes of dairy cows Correlation coefficient (r) was indicated by different colors, and the legend was located on the right side; * indicated 0.01<P≤0.05, ** indicated 0.001<P≤0.01. |
