Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 1: 403 - 413

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.040

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Marigold Meal on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Serum Biochemical Indices of Sheep

  • CHEN Yanxu , 1, 2 ,
  • GUO Tongjun , 2, * ,
  • AMAT Guzalnur 2 ,
  • HOU Liangzhong 2 ,
  • GUO Xuefeng 1
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
  • 2 Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830011, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-06-09

  Online published: 2023-01-11

Fold

Abstract

In order to explore the effects of different levels of marigold meal on the growth performance,rumen fermentation parameters and serum biochemical indices of sheep, this research adopted a single factor completely randomized trial design. Fifty hybrid F1 male lambs of Dorper sheep×Hu sheep were randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 2 lambs per replicate, and each group was fed in small groups, and each group was fed equal energy and equal nitrogen diets. The full-mixed pellet diet supplemented with 0 (control), 5%, 15%, 25% and 35% marigold meal (dry matter basis). The pre-trial period lasted for 10 days and the experimental period lasted for 30 days. The growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters and serum biochemical indices were analyzed. The results showed as follows: 1) the dry matter intake (DMI) of 15% and 25% groups was significantly higher than that of the control group and 35% group (P<0.01), and 5% group was significantly higher than control group (P<0.01). Except for 35% group, the average daily gain (ADG) of marigold chrysanthemum meal group was significantly higher than that of control group, and 15% group was significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). The feed to gain ratio (F/G) of 15% group was the lowest and there was no significant difference with 5% group (P>0.05), but it was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.01). 2) Among the rumen fermentation parameters, the content of acetic acid of 25% group was significantly higher than that of 35% group (P<0.05), and the content of butyric acid of 35% group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). 3) In terms of serum biochemical indices, the content of glucose (GLU) of 5% group was significantly higher than that of 25% group (P<0.05). The activity of creatine kinase (CK) of 15% group was significantly higher than that of 25% group (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). The total protein (TP) content of 35% group was significantly higher than that of 5% group (P<0.01). The content of albumin (ALB) of 25% group was significantly higher than that of control group and 5% group (P<0.05), and that of 35% group was significantly higher than that of 5% group (P<0.05). The content of globulin (GLOB) of 35% group was significantly higher than that of 5% group (P<0.01). The content of triglyceride (TG) of 35% group was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05). The content of high density lipoprotein (HDL) of 35% group was significantly higher than that of 5% group (P<0.05). The content of low density lipoprotein (LDL) of 35% group was significantly higher than that of control group and 5% group (P<0.01). The content of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) of 35% group was significantly higher than that of 5% group (P<0.05). The content of total cholesterol (TC) of 35% group was significantly higher than that of control group and 5% group (P<0.01). In this experiment, adding 5% to 25% marigold meal in the diet can improve the growth performance of sheep and affect rumen fermentation parameters and serum biochemical indices. The effects is the best when the amount of marigold meal is 15%, adding 35% marigold meal to sheep diet is not conducive to the growth performance of sheep.

Key words： marigold meal; sheep; growth performance; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

CHEN Yanxu , GUO Tongjun , AMAT Guzalnur , HOU Liangzhong , GUO Xuefeng . Effects of Dietary Marigold Meal on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Serum Biochemical Indices of Sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(1) : 403 -413 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.040

万寿菊(Tageteserecta L.)为菊科万寿菊属1年生草本植物,因含有丰富的活性成分,广泛在药用、食用和化妆品等领域应用[1-2]。万寿菊粕也叫万寿菊粉、万寿菊渣,是万寿菊的花经过提取挥发油和叶黄素后的工业副产品,呈绿色或淡黄色,有酸味和特殊气味。集中连片的万寿菊在东北、华北、西北、西南均有种植,2021年新疆南疆地区万寿菊种植面积约16万亩(1亩≈0.066 7 hm2)[1],经计算年产万寿菊鲜花约40万t,万寿菊粕约4万t。有研究表明,万寿菊粕作为粗饲料其干物质(DM)含量为90.87%~93.50%,粗蛋白质(CP)含量为8.51%~13.06%、粗脂肪(EE)含量为0.50%~4.82%、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量为41.62%~55.75%、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量为29.21%~44.57%、钙(Ca)含量为0.30%~1.14%、磷(P)含量为0.13%~0.61%和总能为15.09~18.91 MJ/kg[3⇓-5]。目前,万寿菊粕在养殖行业有一定应用,但需要控制在动物饲粮中的添加剂量。王秀[6]研究表明,在兔饲粮中当添加量超过25%会出现轻度腹泻,适宜添加比例在5%~20%。赵舰[3]发现,3%用万寿菊粕替代玉米对蛋鸡的影响效果最佳,能够改善蛋黄总胆固醇(TC)含量,增强机体抗氧化能力。马宁等[7]对比了柠条和菊花粕对滩羊的影响,结果显示6%柠条替代菊花粕后采食量显著降低,但对日增重没有显著影响。当前饲料工业中,万寿菊粕也作为颗粒饲料的着色剂。目前尚未有文献明确万寿菊粕在绵羊饲粮中的适宜添加量和最大添加量,较高剂量的万寿菊粕是否会引起腹泻和其他机体异常情况还未知。因此,本试验旨在研究不同添加水平的万寿菊粕对绵羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标的影响,以期为万寿菊粕在绵羊生产应用中提供一定的理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

万寿菊粕由新疆喀什某生物科技有限公司提供,为万寿菊花经过提取叶黄素后干燥的残渣,一般作为粗饲料用于动物生产中。万寿菊粕样品送至北京百迈克生物有限公司利用LC-MS进行植物广靶代谢物检测。

1.2 试验设计及试验动物

在新疆喀什地区巴楚县丰泰农牧科技有限公司羊场选取体重为(28.30±3.95) kg的杜泊羊×湖羊杂交F1代公羔50只,经驱虫后,依据体重采用单因素完全随机试验设计,分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复2只,每组小群饲养。参照饲粮配方设计的比例,分别添加0(对照)、5%、15%、25%和35%万寿菊粕(干物质基础)。试验期为40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。

1.3 饲粮组成与饲养管理

试验饲粮参考NRC(2007)[8]绵羊饲养标准,基于等能等氮原则配制体重30 kg、日增重300 g的饲粮。玉米秸秆过2 cm筛网粉碎与其他饲料混合均匀后,用颗粒饲料加工设备制成8 mm全饲粮颗粒饲料,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验羊处于相同环境的饲养圈舍,每日于09:00和19:30分2次饲喂,自由采食,自由饮水,每天每组保持15%的剩料量。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group
原料Ingredients
万寿菊粕Marigold meal 5.02 15.00 25.00 35.01
玉米秸秆Corn stalk 55.54 50.48 41.45 28.62 11.21
玉米Corn 18.79 20.39 21.72 24.22 28.94
麸皮Wheat bran 4.04 3.54 3.54 7.08 14.16
豆粕Soybean meal 17.44 16.38 14.10 10.89 6.41
石粉Limestone 0.08
食盐NaCl 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
预混料Premix1) 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.78 12.62 12.26 12.03 11.94
项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group
粗蛋白质CP 13.54 13.53 13.48 13.13 13.10
粗纤维CF 15.90 11.40 12.90 13.80 14.40
钙Ca 0.87 1.00 0.59 0.68 2.00
磷P 0.29 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.37

1)每千克预混料含有 One kg of premix contented the following: VA 1 000 000 IU, VD3 650 00 IU, VE 5 000 mg, Fe 2 000 mg, Cu 1 750 mg, Zn 5 500 mg, Mn 2 550 mg, Se 75 mg, I 70 mg, Co 40 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生长性能指标

在试验开始和结束时分别于晨饲前对所有试验羊进行空腹称重,计算平均日增重(ADG),试验期间每日精确记录饲喂量和剩料量,计算干物质采食量(DMI)。

1.4.2 腹泻率

腹泻率(%)=100×[腹泻只数×腹泻天数/(试验只数×试验天数)]。

1.4.3 血清生化指标

在正试期第30天晨饲前,通过颈静脉采血。在4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清分装于1.5 mL离心管,-20 ℃保存。血清样品送至新疆维吾尔自治区中医医院检验科,检测血清生化指标。

1.4.4 瘤胃发酵参数

在正试期第30天晨饲前,用脚踏式瘤胃液采集装置从口腔采集,瘤胃液经过4层纱布过滤后立即用雷磁PHB-4便携式pH计进行pH测定,剩余瘤胃液分装,液氮冻存运至实验室,采用岛津GC-2010 Plus气相色谱仪测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量[9];氨态氮(NH3-N)含量参考冯宗慈等[10]方法测定。

1.5 统计分析

用Excel 2016进行数据整理,统计分析采用SPSS 26.0单因素方差分析,多重比较采用Duncan氏法。P>0.05表示差异不显著,P≤0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 万寿菊粕中活性物质

图1为万寿菊粕中活性物质多峰检测图,不同颜色的每个峰代表1种被检测出的活性物质;共检测出1 242种活性物质,分为46个不同类型;峰值前5类不同类型活性物质中含170种脂质类、221种酚酸类、98种生物碱、118种氨基酸及其衍生物和263种黄酮类。
图1 万寿菊粕中活性物质多峰检测图

Fig.1 Multi-peak detection of active substances in marigold meal

2.2 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮添加万寿菊粕可提高绵羊DMI,15%组与25%组的DMI极显著高于对照组和35%组(P<0.01),5%组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。15%组ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。15%组F/G最低且与5%组差异不显著(P>0.05),与其他各组差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验期间对照组、5%组和15%组绵羊的腹泻率为0,而25%组的绵羊腹泻率为8.33%,35%组的绵羊腹泻率为25.00%。
表2 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different marigold meal levels on growth performance of sheep

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group		 SEM P值
P-value
干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) 1.62Cc 1.77ABab 1.82Aa 1.82Aa 1.67BCbc 0.016 0.001
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 295.57bc 334.98ab 369.95a 327.16ab 265.51c 10.794 0.018
料重比F/G 5.49Bbc 5.28BCc 4.92Cd 5.57Bb 6.35Aa 0.068 0.001
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 0 0 0 8.33 25.00

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.3 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表3可知,饲粮添加万寿菊粕对瘤胃pH和NH3-N含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。VFA中25%组的乙酸含量显著高于35%组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P<0.05),丁酸含量随着万寿菊粕添加水平的增加而升高,35%组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量和乙酸/丙酸(A/P)在各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 3 Effects of different marigold meal levels on rumen fermentation parameters of sheep

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group		 SEM P值
P-value
pH 6.37 6.41 6.38 6.49 6.48 0.022 0.268
氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) 17.26 16.92 16.48 16.90 15.54 0.820 0.981
乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) 59.06ab 69.70ab 57.13ab 70.63a 53.79b 2.528 0.035
丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) 9.82 14.87 12.25 13.43 8.85 0.887 0.053
异丁酸Isobutyrate/(mmol/L) 0.76 0.81 0.68 0.74 0.57 0.049 0.281
丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) 10.25b 14.80ab 13.18ab 14.62ab 16.64a 0.835 0.034
异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) 1.28 1.12 1.00 1.03 0.88 0.108 0.363
戊酸Pentanoate/(mmol/L) 0.40 0.45 0.37 0.51 0.46 0.028 0.189
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate 5.14 5.31 5.37 5.42 5.95 0.183 0.258
总挥发性脂肪酸
TVFA/(mmol/L)		 83.06 101.60 86.79 99.70 81.00 3.862 0.134

2.4 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,在血清能量代谢指标中,5%组葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于25%组(P<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);15%组肌酸激酶(CK)活性极显著高于25%组(P<0.01),显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);各组间皮质醇(COR)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清能量代谢指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of different marigold meal levels on serum energy metabolism indices of sheep

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group		 SEM P值
P-value
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 0.89ab 1.25a 1.13ab 0.57b 0.87ab 0.096 0.050
肌酸激酶CK/(U/L) 229.60ABb 227.80ABb 332.80Aa 197.00Bb 218.25ABb 15.401 0.004
皮质醇COR/(μg/dL) 0.52 0.75 0.61 0.70 1.38 0.241 0.396
由表5可知,血清蛋白质代谢指标中,35%组总蛋白(TP)含量极显著高于5%组(P<0.01),其余各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);25%组白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组和5%组(P<0.05),35%组显著高于5%组(P<0.05),其余各试验组间无显著差异(P>0.05);35%组球蛋白(GLOB)含量极显著高于5%组(P<0.01),各组间血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of different marigold meal levels on serum protein metabolism indices of sheep

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group		 SEM P值
P-value
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 32.40bc 31.80c 33.24abc 34.68a 34.12ab 0.363 0.044
球蛋白GLOB/(g/L) 36.88ABab 33.38Bb 36.04ABab 35.13ABab 40.08Aa 0.832 0.010
白球比A/G 0.89 0.96 0.93 0.99 0.87 0.021 0.372
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 15.52 14.15 16.75 15.15 18.02 0.193 0.737
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶
AST/(U/L)		 128.02 127.24 132.90 121.70 142.74 3.395 0.377
丙氨酸氨基转移酶/
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶
ALT/AST		 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.007 0.865
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 7.44 7.82 7.73 6.20 6.26 0.281 0.168
由表6可知,在血清脂代谢指标中,各组间碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05); 35%组甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),显著低于15%组(P<0.05);35%组高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量显著高于5%组(P<0.05);35%组低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量显著高于对照组和5%组(P<0.05);35%组极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)含量显著高于5%组(P<0.05);35%组TC含量极显著高于对照组和5%组(P<0.01)。
表6 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清脂代谢指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of different marigold meal levels on serum lipid metabolism indices of sheep

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 5%组
5% group		 15%组
15% group		 25%组
25% group		 35%组
35% group		 SEM P值
P-value
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 385.00 416.67 439.25 488.33 447.50 21.148 0.694
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.38Aa 0.30ABab 0.32ABa 0.28ABab 0.22Bb 0.017 0.003
高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) 0.74ab 0.69b 0.77ab 0.80ab 0.84a 0.018 0.015
低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) 0.44b 0.45b 0.58ab 0.53ab 0.61a 0.023 0.019
极低密度脂蛋白VLDL/(mmol/L) 0.26ab 0.24b 0.32ab 0.29ab 0.35a 0.014 0.024
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 1.44Bb 1.37Bb 1.66ABab 1.65ABab 1.96Aa 0.060 0.002

3 讨论

3.1 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊生长性能的影响

采食量、日增重和F/G是直观反映动物的生长性能的指标,影响动物采食量的因素诸多,如精粗比、适口性、气味等。高俊峰[11]给黑山羊饲粮中添加20%的发酵木薯渣,采食量和日增重提高显著,可能与发酵木薯渣的浓郁芳香味刺激了山羊食欲有关。马宁等[7]利用6%柠条替代万寿菊粕饲喂滩羊,柠条组采食量显著下降,可能是柠条富含单宁且木质化程度较高,影响适口性和消化吸收所致。王秀[6]报导在兔饲料中添加5%~20%万寿菊粕不影响兔的生长,但添加量超过8%会因为万寿菊粕气味降低采食量,超过25%则出现轻度腹泻。Kour等[12]研究了万寿菊干花粉在山羊饲粮中的效果,添加15%万寿菊干花粉对山羊采食量、日增重均无显著影响。辛清武等[13]在海兰灰蛋鸡饲粮中添加万寿菊干花粉能够显著提高生产性能和蛋黄中的叶黄素含量。本试验中,15%组的DMI和ADG均显著高于对照组,并且F/G显著降低。这表明适宜添加水平万寿菊粕可影响绵羊采食量和生长性能。Huo等[14]研究认为,气味是万寿菊粕中的萜类物质导致,并且有机挥发性化合物会让牛等反刍动物厌恶从而降低采食量。本试验中,绵羊采食量改变可能与饲粮中万寿菊粕气味相关,低添加量时酸香味和芳香气味合适绵羊喜食,高剂量添加时气味浓郁、适口性下降而影响采食。另外,万寿菊粕含有的部分活性成分如脂类、总酚、生物碱等成分[15⇓-17]也可能影响了消化吸收从而导致日增重降低。有文献显示,伸筋草生物碱具有抗炎抗病毒的活性,给小鼠饲喂了伸筋草总生物碱提取物后,部分小鼠出现食欲减弱、腹泻等轻微毒性反应[18]。本试验中,25%组绵羊腹泻率为8.33%,35%组中绵羊腹泻率为25.00%。本试验中绵羊腹泻可能与万寿菊粕中的生物碱有关,当万寿菊粕添加水平较大时,其中的生物碱等活性成分较多,从而影响绵羊的肠道功能;也可能是35%组中饲粮精粗比大于其他各组,长期饲喂下绵羊瘤胃菌群结构改变从而导致腹泻,具体还需进一步研究证实。因此,万寿菊粕作为粗饲料在绵羊饲粮中添加时要控制添加剂量。

3.2 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

瘤胃是反刍动物采食后的发酵场所,纤维素在其中被降解为短链的VFAs,主要是乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,这些短链脂肪酸能满足机体70%的能量需求。而瘤胃pH则影响到机体健康以及微生物活性,正常情况下瘤胃内pH在6.0~7.5[19-20]。而本试验中,pH在6.37~6.48,并且随着万寿菊粕添加水平的增加pH逐渐增大,但均在正常范围内,pH受唾液、饲粮纤维含量等因素有关,还可能与饲料在瘤胃中停留时间短,微生物未及时分解从而致pH升高有关[21]。瘤胃中NH3-N含量反映出瘤胃微生物对饲粮中蛋白质和碳水化合物的分解利用情况[22];本试验中血清尿素氮(UN)含量也逐渐降低,这表明机体的氮沉积增加,因此,NH3-N含量降低可能和机体氮利用率增加有关。丙酸可通过糖异生作用生成GLU,本试验中5%~25%组中丙酸含量逐渐增加。乙酸/丙酸与能量利用率相关,该比值越低说明能量利用率越高,而本研究中,各组乙酸/丙酸无显著差异,但该比值均大于3,这表明瘤胃发酵以乙酸型发酵为主,研究表明甜叶菊中黄酮类或皂苷等成分可以调控瘤胃微生物环境,减少原虫数量,调控瘤胃纤维分解菌数量从而调节瘤胃中VFA含量[23-24]。25%组乙酸含量与35%组差异显著,丁酸含量随着万寿菊粕添加水平的增加有显著差异,乙酸和丁酸可以互相转化影响反刍动物的能量代谢,研究表明棉秆替代玉米秸秆能够改变绵羊瘤胃发酵模式,可能与饲粮纤维中NDF和ADF含量随粗饲料增加相关[25]。本研究中,万寿菊粕中含有黄酮和绿原酸等成分,可能对瘤胃菌群起到调控作用从而影响瘤胃内环境。综上所述,不同万寿菊粕水平饲粮能够影响绵羊瘤胃发酵。

3.3 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清能量代谢指标的影响

血清中GLU是动物机体生长发育的重要成分之一,反刍动物的血清GLU主要由2个部分产生,其中最主要的是瘤胃微生物分解代谢产生短链脂肪酸的糖异生途径以及小肠的直接吸收方式[26-27]。CK主要存在于线粒体中对心脏和肌肉中的能量代谢起重要作用[27]。CRO参与炎症反应和机体免疫功能,也与应激有关,也可通过增加脂肪分解来调控糖异生,还可提高肝脏中的蛋白合成[28]。Bühler等[29]认为高产牛的血清GLU含量显著高于低产牛。有研究显示,随着饲粮能量水平的升高,雌性湖羊羔羊的血清GLU和TP含量均显著增加,有明显的线性关系[30]。王典等[31]研究表明,添加45%马铃薯淀粉渣—玉米秸秆混合青贮于肉羊饲粮中能显著提高肉羊的血清GLU含量并且改善生产性能。孟梅娟等[32]研究表明,给育肥羊补饲混合非常规饲料(大豆皮、喷浆玉米皮、橘子皮、醋糟)时能够显著提高血糖水平,认为该混合饲料配比更适于育肥羊的营养需求。本试验中,25%组血清GLU含量较低但未达到显著差异。有研究显示,金鸡菊和芙蓉菊含有的黄酮类化合物能够降低大鼠的血清GLU含量,其机理是通过促进胰岛素分泌从而加快GLU的利用,同时抑制其生成,从而降低GLU含量[33-34]。本试验中,25%组血清GLU含量较低可能与黄酮类化合物影响胰岛素分泌相关,具体原因待进一步研究。高静雯等[35]研究表明,强冷应激下的阿勒泰羔羊血清CRO含量显著上升,影响机体的免疫调控。也有报道称,母马体重和血清CRO含量呈正相关性,在肥胖个体中更明显,CRO的增加会影响肥胖个体的心血管系统的健康[36]。本研究中,各组间血清CRO含量差异未达到显著水平,但35%组中血清CRO含量较高,这一现象也许与绵羊腹泻应激以及一些炎症反应和免疫调控有关。

3.4 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

血清中TP、ALB、GLOB、AST、ALT、UN与肝脏生理功能和机体蛋白质代谢相关,ALB和GLOB共同构成了TP,对血浆渗透压和免疫起到调节的作用。血清UN是蛋白质代谢后的产物,其含量与饲粮中含氮物水平、机体蛋白质利用率相关,还与能量代谢等有相关性[27,37]。本试验中,35%组的血清TP、GLOB含量极显著高于5%组,TP含量受GLOB含量升高的影响,该组中CRO含量也高于其他组,可能是免疫调控或能量代谢影响了CRO和GLOB含量,从而影响TP含量。孟梅娟等[32]研究显示,育肥羊中添加非常规饲料(大豆皮、橘子皮、醋糟、喷浆玉米皮)会显著降低育肥羊的血清UN含量,可能是饲粮营养配比更适应育肥羊生长需求,而使蛋白质利用率提高导致血清UN含量降低。徐相亭等[38]研究也揭示了血清UN、TP、ALB含量的变化与饲粮精料水平的增加有关,在公羊中表现明显,精料的增加使饲粮营养水平上升进而导致血清UN含量下降,TP含量上升。Zhang等[39]报道,乳酸菌发酵豆粕及乳酸菌发酵麦麸可在120 d内显著降低羔羊血清UN含量,继续饲喂170 d时各组血清UN含量差异不显著,由此表明,饲喂前期发酵饲料可提高机体对饲粮中蛋白质利用效率。另有研究揭示了妊娠母猪饲粮中添加甜叶菊渣能够显著降低血清UN含量,提高机体蛋白质沉积[40]。本研究中也有类似表现,25%组和35%组血清UN含量逐渐降低,这可能是TP和GLOB含量升高,提高了氨基酸和蛋白质利用率,导致血清UN含量降低,也可能是各试验组中蛋白质利用较为适宜,机体氮沉积能力上升,饲粮中氮利用率较高而导致这一现象。李继超等[41]研究表明,不同粗饲料对断奶荷斯坦公犊牛血清的AST和ALT活性无显著影响,这表明不同粗饲料在饲粮中的安全性且不影响犊牛的肝脏代谢。在本试验中,各组血清AST和ALT活性均无显著差异,这说明本试验中万寿菊粕各个添加水平都较安全,未损伤绵羊的肝脏。

3.5 不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊血清脂代谢指标的影响

动物机体中TC、TG、HDL、VLDL、LDL、ALP均与脂代谢相关,ALP能够促进钙磷沉积及骨骼发育,并且与小肠的营养物质吸收相关。机体各个组织都能合成TC,大部分是由肝脏合成,TG则是在肝脏、脂肪细胞、小肠黏膜合成。HDL可将TC转运回肝脏进行代谢,从而降低血清TC含量,LDL是VLDL代谢产生,VLDL能将肝脏内合成的TG、TC等运送到骨骼肌、脂肪组织中储存或利用[27]。研究显示,血清中高水平HDL还能降低心血管疾病的发病率[42]。元娜[43]研究表明,给海兰灰蛋鸡饲粮中添加120 mg/kg万寿菊叶黄素酯时,能显著降低血清TG含量并显著增加HDL含量,这表明万寿菊叶黄素脂能够影响蛋鸡的血清脂代谢。占今舜等[44]研究发现,给湖羊饲粮中添加一定量芦丁能降低血清HDL和LDL含量,表明芦丁能够清除机体TC,调控绵羊脂代谢。研究表明,荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加60 g/(d·头)沙棘黄酮能够显著提高血清TC含量,增加机体对脂肪的吸收同时提升乳脂率[45]。刘艳丰等[46]研究报道,沙棘叶黄酮能够提高阿勒泰羔羊血清TC含量,该指标的提升与机体动态调节血清TP、GLU含量相关,也可能是不同品种间血清生化指标差异产生的影响。另有研究显示,绿原酸能够降低小鼠血清TG和TC含量,其原理是能显著抑制脂肪酸合酶、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶和酰基辅酶A胆固醇酰基转移酶活性,从而调控血清脂代谢[47]。本试验中,35%组血清TG含量极显著降低,HDL含量有增加的趋势,35%组的血清VLDL、LDL的含量显著增加,这可能与HDL含量增加,输送TC能力增强,一定程度抑制LDL与其他组织细胞的受体结合,从而减少组织细胞的TC摄取,使血清TG含量下降,血清TC含量上升,以进一步维持血浆TC与其他组织细胞的TC平衡有关,还可能与万寿菊粕中的黄酮、绿原酸对机体脂代谢调控产生影响有关,具体原因有待进一步研究。

4 结论

① 万寿菊粕作为粗饲料适宜添加水平在5%~25%,本试验中万寿菊粕添加水平达到15%时绵羊的DMI极显著增加,F/G降低。
② 本试验条件下,各添加水平万寿菊粕未对绵羊肝脏产生损伤,能够影响瘤胃发酵参数、改善血清生化指标。综合考虑,在绵羊实际生产中添加15%万寿菊粕为宜。

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