1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 试验设计Table 1 Experimental design |
| 项目 Items | 生理盐水 Normal saline | LPS应激 LPS challenge | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 表观可消化苏氨酸水平 AFDT level/% | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.65 | ||
| 重复Repeat | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | ||
| 数量Number | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
1.3 试验饲粮
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 表观可消化苏氨酸水平AFDT level/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.64 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 苜蓿草粉Alfalfa meal (CP 14%) | 25.65 | 25.65 | 25.65 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (CP 44%) | 7.26 | 7.26 | 7.26 |
| 玉米Corn | 11.50 | 11.47 | 11.44 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 13.86 | 13.86 | 13.86 |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 16.14 | 16.14 | 16.14 |
| 甜菜粕Beet pulp | 14.50 | 14.50 | 14.50 |
| 统糠Rice bran and hulls | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.18 |
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| 二水磷酸氢钙CaHPO4·2H2O | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl(≥98.5%) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| L-蛋氨酸L-Met(≥99%) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| L-丙氨酸L-Ala(≥99%) | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr(≥98.5%) | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.32 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 10.20(10.66) | 10.20(10.53) | 10.20(10.60) |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.41(16.05) | 15.41(16.48) | 15.41(16.22) |
| 粗纤维CF | 15.55(21.67) | 15.55(21.54) | 15.55(22.09) |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 35.08(44.78) | 35.08(45.85) | 35.07(45.43) |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 19.34(23.90) | 19.34(25.20) | 19.34(24.93) |
| 酸性木质素ADL | 4.32(4.61) | 4.32(4.61) | 4.32(4.18) |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.41(2.98) | 2.41(2.95) | 2.41(2.91) |
| 粗灰分Ash | 6.42(5.79) | 6.42(6.44) | 6.42(6.15) |
| 钙Ca | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 总磷TP | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 可消化赖氨酸Digestible Lys | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
| 可消化苏氨酸Digestible Thr | 0.43(0.43) | 0.54(0.54) | 0.65(0.64) |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Zn(ZnSO4·H2O)35 mg,Fe(FeSO4·7H2O)30 mg,Mn(MnSO4·H2O)8 mg,Cu(CuSO4·5H2O)6 mg,I(KI)0.4 mg,Se(Na2SeO3)0.05 mg,Co(CoCl2·6H2O)0.3 mg,胆碱 choline 100 mg,烟酸 niacin 20 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12.5 mg,VB1 1 mg,VB2 3.6 mg,VB6 1.8 mg,VB12 0.125 mg,生物素 biotin 2.4 mg,VA 6 000 IU,VD 1 200 IU,VE 50 IU,VK3 2.4 mg。 2)营养水平为计算值,括号内为实测值。Nutrient levels were calculated values, the measured values were shown in parentheses. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品的采集
1.6 指标的测定及方法
1.6.1 生长性能的测定
1.6.2 健康状况的测定
1.6.3 血清生化指标和游离氨基酸含量的测定
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 AFDT对LPS应激肉兔生长性能的影响
表3 饲粮添加不同水平AFDT对肉兔试验第1~17天生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different levels of dietary AFDT on growth performance of meat rabbits on days 1 to 17 of test (n=60) |
| 项目 Items | 表观可消化苏氨酸水平AFDT level/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.64 | |||
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 29.97 | 29.90 | 30.66 | 0.61 | 0.61 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 74.20 | 75.82 | 76.02 | 0.61 | 0.06 |
| 饲料转化率FCR | 2.52 | 2.56 | 2.53 | 0.05 | 0.82 |
同行数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as |
表4 LPS应激和饲粮不同AFDT水平对肉兔生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of LPS challenge and different levels of dietary AFDT on growth performance of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 饲料转化率FCR | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第17~22天 Days 17 to 22 | 第23~35天 Days 23 to 35 | 第1~35天 Days 1 to 35 | 第17~22天 Days 17 to 22 | 第23~35天 Days 23 to 35 | 第1~35天 Days 1 to 35 | 第17~22天 Days 17 to 22 | 第23~35天 Days 23 to 35 | 第1~35天 Days 1 to 35 | |||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | LPS应激 LPS challenge | ||||||||||||
| 0.43 | - | 22.01 | 33.02 | 30.32 | 93.73 | 112.82 | 91.95 | 5.08 | 3.50 | 3.05 | |||
| 0.54 | - | 27.52 | 32.62 | 30.03 | 96.48 | 115.84 | 93.07 | 3.85 | 3.64 | 3.12 | |||
| 0.64 | - | 26.98 | 34.23 | 31.58 | 93.49 | 118.45 | 95.57 | 3.85 | 3.51 | 3.04 | |||
| 0.43 | + | 13.29 | 31.12 | 27.88 | 80.58 | 107.04 | 88.33 | 10.28 | 3.50 | 3.20 | |||
| 0.54 | + | 14.63 | 33.15 | 29.48 | 79.54 | 112.43 | 91.56 | 6.41 | 3.51 | 3.13 | |||
| 0.64 | + | 16.73 | 36.99 | 30.11 | 82.80 | 120.58 | 93.98 | 6.40 | 3.19 | 3.16 | |||
| SEM | 1.58 | 1.37 | 0.70 | 1.99 | 2.34 | 1.08 | 1.15 | 0.13 | 0.06 | ||||
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | 0.43 | 17.89b | 32.16b | 29.10b | 87.51 | 110.20b | 90.14c | 7.54a | 3.50 | 3.13 | |||
| 0.54 | 21.31a | 32.88b | 29.76ab | 88.32 | 114.18b | 92.35b | 5.08b | 3.58 | 3.12 | ||||
| 0.64 | 22.45a | 35.46a | 30.85a | 88.76 | 119.40a | 94.77a | 4.98b | 3.36 | 3.10 | ||||
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | - | 25.48a | 33.28 | 30.63a | 94.55a | 115.61 | 93.50a | 4.26b | 3.58 | 3.09b | |||
| + | 14.81b | 33.63 | 29.13b | 80.90b | 113.08 | 91.24b | 7.75a | 3.41 | 3.17a | ||||
| P值 P-value | AFDT水平 AFDT level | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.84 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.89 | |||
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | <0.01 | 0.66 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.18 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.13 | 0.05 | ||||
| AFDT水平×LPS应激 AFDT level×LPS challenge | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.49 | ||||
-表示生理盐水处理;+表示LPS处理。同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。试验第17~22天 n=30,试验第23~35天和第1~35天 n=24。 | |
- indicates saline treatment; + indicates LPS treatment. In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). n=30 on days 17 to 22, and n=24 on days 23 to 35 and days 1 to 35. The same as |
2.2 AFDT对LPS应激肉兔健康状况的影响
表5 饲粮添加不同水平AFDT对肉兔试验1~17天健康状况的影响Table 5 Effects of different levels of dietary AFDT on health status of meat rabbits on days 1 to 17 of test (n=60)% |
| 项目 Items | AFDT水平AFDT level/% | 卡方值 χ2-value | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.64 | |||
| 发病率Morbidity | 1.67 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.08 |
| 死亡率Mortality | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 健康风险指数Health risk index | 1.67 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.08 |
表6 LPS应激和饲粮不同水平AFDT对肉兔健康状况的影响Table 6 Effects of LPS challenge and different levels of dietary AFDT on health status of meat rabbits% |
| 项目 Items | 发病率Morbidity | 死亡率Mortality | 健康风险指数Health risk index | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第17~22天 Days 17 to 22 | 第23~35天 Days 23 to 35 | 第1~35天 Days 1 to 35 | 第17~22天 Days 17 to 22 | 第23~35天 Days 23 to 35 | 第1~35天 Days 1 to 35 | 第17~22天 Days 17 to 22 | 第23~35天 Days 23 to 35 | 第1~35天 Days 1 to 35 | ||||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | LPS应激 LPS challenge | |||||||||||||
| 0.43 | - | 0.00 | 3.33 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 6.67 | ||||
| 0.54 | - | 3.33 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 10.00 | ||||
| 0.64 | - | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | ||||
| 0.43 | + | 3.33 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | ||||
| 0.54 | + | 3.33 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 13.33 | ||||
| 0.64 | + | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | ||||
| SEM | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||||||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | 0.43 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 5.00 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.67 | 3.33 | 1.67 | 6.67 | ||||
| 0.54 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 11.67 | |||||
| 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 1.67 | 6.67 | 8.34 | 3.33 | 6.67 | |||||
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | - | 1.11 | 1.11 | 4.44 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 3.33 | 2.22 | 0.15 | 7.78 | ||||
| + | 2.22 | 0.00 | 2.22 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 8.89 | 0.00 | 8.89 | |||||
| P值 P-value | AFDT水平 AFDT level | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.53 | ||||
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | 0.56 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.79 | |||||
| AFDT水平×LPS应激 AFDT level×LPS challenge | 0.72 | 0.37 | 0.84 | 0.55 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.89 | 0.36 | 0.93 | |||||
2.3 AFDT对LPS应激肉兔血清生化指标的影响
表7 LPS应激和饲粮不同水平AFDT对肉兔血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of LPS challenge and different levels of dietary AFDT on serum biochemical indices of meat rabbits (n=4) |
| 项目 Items | 谷丙转 氨酶 ALT/ (U/L) | 谷草转 氨酶 AST/ (U/L) | 碱性磷 酸酶 ALP/ (U/L) | 总蛋白 TP/ (g/L) | 白蛋白 ALB/ (g/L) | 球蛋白 GLB/ (g/L) | 葡萄糖 GLU/ (mmol/L) | 尿素氮 UN/ (mmol/L) | 总胆固醇 TC/ (mmol/L) | 低密度 脂蛋白 LDL/ (mmol/L) | 高密度 脂蛋白 HDL/ (mmol/L) | 甘油三酯 TG/ (mmol/L) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | LPS应激 LPS challenge | |||||||||||||
| 0.43 | - | 44.46 | 8.81 | 192.38 | 50.91 | 34.29 | 16.62 | 7.94 | 3.93 | 1.55 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 1.28 | |
| 0.54 | - | 32.08 | 6.94 | 192.38 | 47.78 | 34.26 | 13.51 | 8.06 | 3.73 | 1.36 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 1.17 | |
| 0.64 | - | 29.94 | 9.63 | 179.88 | 53.38 | 34.54 | 18.80 | 7.78 | 3.30 | 1.48 | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.92 | |
| 0.43 | + | 24.11 | 11.80 | 110.00 | 49.51 | 32.24 | 17.28 | 8.04 | 3.33 | 2.32 | 1.24 | 0.77 | 1.19 | |
| 0.54 | + | 23.75 | 7.96 | 141.38 | 50.63 | 33.09 | 17.54 | 8.68 | 3.51 | 1.62 | 0.87 | 0.47 | 1.33 | |
| 0.64 | + | 29.92 | 10.17 | 136.50 | 54.79 | 33.38 | 21.41 | 8.46 | 4.08 | 2.18 | 1.16 | 0.73 | 1.53 | |
| SEM | 4.49 | 1.72 | 14.58 | 1.90 | 0.80 | 1.68 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.23 | ||
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||||||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | 0.43 | 37.74 | 10.09 | 151.19 | 50.21 | 33.26 | 16.95ab | 7.99 | 3.63 | 1.93 | 0.98 | 0.70a | 1.24 | |
| 0.54 | 27.92 | 9.90 | 150.79 | 49.20 | 33.68 | 15.53b | 8.37 | 3.62 | 1.49 | 0.73 | 0.56b | 1.25 | ||
| 0.64 | 29.93 | 7.45 | 158.19 | 53.06 | 33.96 | 20.11a | 8.12 | 3.69 | 1.83 | 0.90 | 0.74a | 1.23 | ||
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | - | 35.49a | 8.46 | 179.91a | 50.68 | 34.36a | 16.31 | 7.92 | 3.65 | 1.46b | 0.65b | 0.68 | 1.13 | |
| + | 26.09b | 9.81 | 129.29b | 51.64 | 32.90b | 18.73 | 8.39 | 3.64 | 2.04a | 1.09a | 0.66 | 1.25 | ||
| P值 P-value | AFDT水平 AFDT level | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.66 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.98 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.99 | |
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | <0.01 | 0.24 | <0.01 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.97 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.70 | 0.25 | ||
| AFDT水平×LPS应激 AFDT level×LPS challenge | 0.07 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.82 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.08 | 0.33 | ||
2.4 AFDT对LPS应激肉兔血清游离氨基酸含量的影响
表8 LPS应激和饲粮不同水平AFDT对肉兔血清游离必需氨基酸含量的影响Table 8 Effects of LPS challenge and different levels of dietary AFDT on serum free essential amino acids contents of meat rabbits (n=4)ng/mL |
| 项目 Items | 赖氨酸 Lys | 蛋氨酸 Met | 苏氨酸 Thr | 缬氨酸 Val | 异亮氨酸 Ile | 亮氨酸 Leu | 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 组氨酸 His | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | LPS应激 LPS challenge | |||||||||
| 0.43 | - | 23.56 | 3.37 | 13.00 | 24.02 | 76.27 | 114.73 | 10.51 | 14.66 | |
| 0.54 | - | 24.71 | 3.54 | 19.21 | 24.22 | 78.09 | 108.80 | 10.94 | 13.77 | |
| 0.64 | - | 25.13 | 3.65 | 19.71 | 25.44 | 85.55 | 108.93 | 10.11 | 14.28 | |
| 0.43 | + | 27.12 | 3.47 | 20.52 | 26.72 | 80.96 | 114.67 | 11.48 | 14.89 | |
| 0.54 | + | 28.31 | 4.76 | 22.02 | 28.91 | 86.41 | 113.55 | 11.17 | 15.66 | |
| 0.64 | + | 27.97 | 3.58 | 22.14 | 26.68 | 80.65 | 119.32 | 12.29 | 15.70 | |
| SEM | 2.75 | 0.40 | 2.21 | 1.79 | 5.47 | 10.04 | 0.59 | 2.29 | ||
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | 0.43 | 25.34 | 3.42 | 16.76 | 25.37 | 78.61 | 114.70 | 10.99 | 14.77 | |
| 0.54 | 26.51 | 4.15 | 20.61 | 26.56 | 82.24 | 111.17 | 11.06 | 14.72 | ||
| 0.64 | 26.55 | 3.62 | 20.43 | 26.06 | 87.60 | 114.13 | 11.20 | 14.99 | ||
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | - | 24.47 | 3.52 | 17.30b | 24.56 | 79.96 | 110.82 | 10.52b | 14.24 | |
| + | 27.80 | 3.94 | 21.23a | 27.44 | 85.67 | 115.85 | 11.65a | 15.42 | ||
| P值 P-value | AFDT水平 AFDT level | 0.86 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.80 | 0.28 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.99 | |
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.53 | ||
| AFDT水平×LPS应激 AFDT level×LPS challenge | 0.98 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.63 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.27 | 0.93 | ||
表9 LPS应激和饲粮不同水平AFDT对肉兔血清游离非必需氨基酸含量的影响Table 9 Effects of LPS challenge and different levels of dietary AFDT on serum free non-essential amino acids contents of meat rabbits (n=4)ng/mL |
| 项目 Items | 天冬氨酸 Asp | 丝氨酸 Ser | 谷氨酸 Glu | 甘氨酸 Gly | 丙氨酸 Ala | 半胱氨酸 Cys | 酪氨酸 Tyr | 精氨酸 Arg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | LPS应激 LPS challenge | ||||||||
| 0.43 | - | 8.95 | 26.61 | 19.89 | 107.17 | 40.58 | 0.12 | 12.15 | 41.38 |
| 0.54 | - | 6.67 | 29.98 | 19.59 | 127.93 | 42.30 | 0.17 | 12.64 | 37.16 |
| 0.64 | - | 4.56 | 34.28 | 20.08 | 154.53 | 33.70 | 0.17 | 12.10 | 34.49 |
| 0.43 | + | 10.27 | 38.99 | 21.22 | 129.57 | 38.27 | 0.38 | 12.49 | 79.19 |
| 0.54 | + | 7.32 | 36.24 | 22.89 | 130.54 | 53.87 | 0.08 | 14.09 | 45.80 |
| 0.64 | + | 8.72 | 31.86 | 20.62 | 126.34 | 39.61 | 0.47 | 12.79 | 98.00 |
| SEM | 2.00 | 4.09 | 1.38 | 17.03 | 4.41 | 0.10 | 1.08 | 14.96 | |
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||
| AFDT水平 AFDT level/% | 0.43 | 9.61 | 32.80 | 20.55 | 118.37 | 39.43 | 0.25 | 12.32 | 60.29 |
| 0.54 | 6.99 | 33.11 | 21.24 | 129.26 | 48.08 | 0.23 | 13.36 | 41.48 | |
| 0.64 | 6.64 | 33.07 | 20.35 | 140.44 | 36.65 | 0.32 | 12.45 | 66.24 | |
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | - | 6.73 | 30.29 | 19.85 | 129.87 | 38.86 | 0.15 | 12.39 | 37.68b |
| + | 8.77 | 35.70 | 21.57 | 128.83 | 43.92 | 0.31 | 13.12 | 74.33a | |
| P值 P-value | AFDT水平 AFDT level | 0.29 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.59 | 0.25 |
| LPS应激 LPS challenge | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.94 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.36 | <0.01 | |
| AFDT水平×LPS应激 AFDT level×LPS challenge | 0.65 | 0.22 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.21 | |
