1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 开食料组成、营养水平
表1 开食料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of starters (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 蒸汽压片 玉米组 SFC group | 粉碎 玉米组 GC group |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn | 65.00 | |
| 玉米 Corn | 65.00 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 16.50 | 16.50 |
| 膨化大豆 Extruded soybean | 6.00 | 6.00 |
| 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 甜味剂 Sweetening agent | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.18 | 1.18 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 干物质 DM | 88.50 | 89.24 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.64 | 21.46 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 2.79 | 2.72 |
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.82 | 13.75 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 12.88 | 12.80 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.71 | 0.75 |
| 磷 P | 0.45 | 0.45 |
1)预混料为每千克开食料提供The premix provided the following per kg of starters: Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 10 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 30 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 12 mg,I (as calcium iodate) 0.25mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.5 mg,Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.1 mg,VA 2 000 IU,VD3 275 IU,VE 19 IU。 2)干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、钙和磷为实测值,消化能为计算值。DM, CP, EE, NDF, Ca and P were measured values, while the DE was a calculated value. |
1.4 样品采集
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 血清生化指标
1.5.2 瘤胃代谢组
1.6 数据统计及分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 血清生化指标
表2 开食料中玉米不同加工方式对羔羊血清生化指标的影响Table 2 Effects of starters with different processed corn on serum biochemical parameters of lambs |
| 项目 Items | 粉碎玉米组 GC group | 蒸汽压片玉米组 SFC group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 断奶前 Pre-weaning | |||
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 8.59±1.23 | 10.40±2.78 | 0.176 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 45.83±10.63 | 50.60±8.30 | 0.407 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 82.73±5.59 | 79.02±9.80 | 0.440 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mg/L) | 114.80±31.00 | 163.98±38.97 | 0.036 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.82±0.16 | 0.80±0.27 | 0.878 |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 2.99±1.07 | 1.76±1.56 | 0.143 |
| β-羟丁酸 BHBA/(mmol/L) | 6.83±0.59 | 8.52±1.21 | 0.012 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(U/L) | 689.24±301.03 | 697.59±333.26 | 0.967 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(金氏单位/dL) | 62.01±9.78 | 72.21±22.53 | 0.333 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 12.38±5.29 | 11.80±5.41 | 0.855 |
| 断奶后 Post-weaning | |||
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 8.81±3.05 | 11.21±4.39 | 0.298 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 42.30±7.91 | 49.69±9.30 | 0.195 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 71.44±13.60 | 69.78±17.00 | 0.855 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mg/L) | 116.50±12.11 | 193.78±71.72 | 0.043 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 1.01±0.51 | 1.08±0.54 | 0.826 |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 1.20±0.17 | 1.13±0.23 | 0.591 |
| β-羟丁酸 BHBA/(mmol/L) | 8.17±0.82 | 9.34±0.95 | 0.045 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(U/L) | 590.21±286.00 | 762.57±287.62 | 0.322 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(金氏单位/dL) | 158.93±10.67 | 156.58±8.61 | 0.683 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 13.47±5.25 | 14.46±8.61 | 0.838 |
2.2 瘤胃代谢组
2.2.1 PCA和PLS-DA
图1 主成分分析a:断奶前正离子模式;b:断奶前负离子模式;c:断奶后正离子模式;d:断奶后负离子模式。 粉碎玉米组和蒸汽压片玉米组在21和42日龄时的样本分别命名为GC21、SFC21、GC42和SFC42。下图同。 Fig.1 Principal component analysis a: pre-weaning positive ion mode; b: pre-weaning negative ion mode; c: post-weaning positive ion mode; d: post-weaning negative ion modes. The same as The samples of ground corn group and steam-flaked corn group at 21 and 42 days of age were named GC21, SFC21, GC42 and SFC42, respectively. The same as below. |
2.2.2 差异代谢物
表3 瘤胃发育密切相关的差异代谢物Table 3 Rumen development-related differential metabolites |
| 代谢物 Metabolites | 差异倍数 FC | P值 P-value | 变量投影重要度 VIP |
|---|---|---|---|
| 断奶前 Pre-weaning | |||
| L-天冬氨酸 L-aspartic acid | 3.799↑ | 0.007 | 1.374 |
| L-谷氨酸 L-glutamic acid | 2.792↑ | 0.037 | 1.170 |
| L-组氨酸 L-histidine | 5.622↑ | 0.006 | 1.751 |
| 柠檬酸 Citric acid | 0.053↓ | 0.002 | 2.992 |
| D-葡萄糖酸 D-gluconic acid | 0.244↓ | 0.029 | 1.399 |
| 蔗糖 Sucrose | 0.086↓ | 0.017 | 2.159 |
| α-D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸 α-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate | 0.169↓ | 0.041 | 1.529 |
| 乙酰胆碱 Acetylcholine | 3.536↑ | 0.030 | 1.613 |
| 5-羟色胺 Serotonin | 3.945↑ | 0.036 | 1.058 |
| 戊二酸 Glutaric acid | 5.386↑ | 0.006 | 1.650 |
| 断奶后 Post-weaning | |||
| 花生四烯酸 Arachidonic acid | 0.308↓ | 0.037 | 3.301 |
| L-苯丙氨酸 L-phenylalanine | 0.468↓ | 0.019 | 1.456 |
| 3-磷酸甘油醛 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | 2.143↑ | 0.025 | 1.083 |
| 泛酸 Pantothenic acid | 0.418↓ | 0.019 | 1.378 |
| 琥珀酰胆碱 Succinylcholine | 0.323↓ | 0.021 | 1.649 |
| 烟酰氨 Nicotinamide | 0.230↓ | 0.005 | 2.188 |
“↑”和“↓”分别表示瘤胃差异代谢物的相对浓度显著增加和显著降低。 | |
“↑” and “↓” indicated significant increase and significant decrease of rumen differential metabolite concentrations, respectively. |
2.2.3 差异代谢物富集通路
图5 瘤胃差异代谢物KEGG富集图图中纵坐标为富集通路,横坐标为比例(通路中差异代谢物的数目/该通路中鉴定出总代谢物数目),点的颜色代表P值的-log10值,点的大小代表相应通路中差异代谢物的数目。 Fig.5 KEGG enrichment map of rumen differential metabolites The ordinate was the enrichment pathway, the abscissa was the ratio (the number of differential metabolites in a pathway/the total number of metabolites identified in the corresponding pathway), the color of the dot represented the -log10 value of the P-value, and the size of the dot represented the number of differential metabolites in the corresponding pathway. |
