1 材料与方法
1.1 MLE的制备工艺及主要活性成分含量测定
1.2 试验饲料
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | MLE1 | MLE5 | MLE10 | |
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 42.00 | 42.00 | 42.00 | 42.00 |
| 高筋面粉 High gluten flour | 12.80 | 12.70 | 12.30 | 11.80 |
| 肠膜蛋白粉 Dried porcine soluble | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 |
| 花生粕 Peanut meal | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
| 肉骨粉 Meat and bone meal | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 血粉 Blood meal | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 啤酒酵母 Beer yeast | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 鱼油 Fish oil | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 乌贼膏 Squid paste | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 大豆磷脂 Soybean phospholipids | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 桑叶提取物 MLE | 0.10 | 0.50 | 1.00 | |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 甘氨酸 Glycine | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 牛磺酸 Taurine | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 酵母核苷酸 Yeast nucleotide | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | ||||
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 47.36 | 47.37 | 47.39 | 47.32 |
| 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 9.52 | 9.51 | 9.46 | 9.48 |
| 水分 Moisture | 9.43 | 9.45 | 9.41 | 9.47 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 9.28 | 9.25 | 9.23 | 9.29 |
1)每千克维生素预混料中含有 One kilogram of vitamin premix contained the following:VA 60 606 060.6 IU,VD 400 000 000 IU,VE 1 497 IU,VK 2 g,VB1 5 g,VB2 5 g,VB6 5 g,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 g,泛酸 pantothenate 20 g,生物素 biotin 1 g,叶酸 folic acid 10 g,VB12 1 g,脱脂米糠 defatted rice bran 900 g。 2)每千克矿物质预混料中含有 One kilogram of mineral premix contained the following:CuCO3 4 g,FeC6H5O7 15 g,MgO 25 g,MnSO4 6 g,KCl 240 g,ZnSO4 60 g,NaCl 50 g,沸石粉 zeolite powder 600 g。 3)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集与制备
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 生长性能及形体指标测定
1.5.2 血清抗氧化指标测定
1.5.3 血清免疫指标测定
1.5.4 肠道、肝脏染色组织切片的制备及观察
1.6 数据处理及统计分析
2 结果
2.1 MLE主要活性成分及含量
表2 MLE中的主要活性成分及含量Table 2 Main active constituents and contents in mulberry leaf extracts |
| 活性成分 Active constituents | 含量 Content/(mg/g) | 提取得率 Extraction yield/% |
|---|---|---|
| 桑叶多糖 Mulberry leaf polysaccharides | 513.44±15.36 | 15.57±0.51 |
| 桑叶黄酮 Mulberry leaf flavonoids | 88.23±1.24 | 2.69±0.06 |
2.2 MLE对鳜鱼生长性能的影响
表3 MLE对鳜鱼生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of MLE on growth performance of Siniperca chuatsi |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | MLE1 | MLE5 | MLE10 | |
| 初始体质量 IBW/g | 42.37±0.13 | 42.44±0.00 | 42.30±0.13 | 42.30±0.13 |
| 终末体质量 FBW/g | 83.74±2.23 | 87.50±1.41 | 85.07±0.63 | 83.22±1.40 |
| 增重率 WGR/% | 97.64±4.76 | 106.15±3.32 | 101.12±1.85 | 96.74±2.97 |
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 0.95±0.03 | 1.00±0.02 | 0.97±0.01 | 0.94±0.02 |
| 饲料系数 FCR | 1.04±0.01 | 1.05±0.01 | 1.04±0.01 | 1.03±0.01 |
| 成活率 SR/% | 74.07±2.57 | 73.33±2.22 | 78.52±6.79 | 79.26±5.13 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant differences (P<0.05), while the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant differences (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 MLE对鳜鱼形体指标的影响
表4 MLE对鳜鱼形体指标的影响Table 4 Effects of MLE on body profile indexes of Siniperca chuatsi |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | MLE1 | MLE5 | MLE10 | |
| 脏体指数 VSI/% | 8.25±1.48a | 8.20±0.47a | 7.56±0.62ab | 7.25±0.51b |
| 肝体指数 HSI/% | 1.69±0.17 | 1.70±0.07 | 1.58±0.28 | 1.55±0.29 |
| 肠体指数 VI/% | 3.25±0.35 | 3.47±0.23 | 3.45±0.29 | 3.57±0.41 |
| 肥满度 CF/(g/cm3) | 2.78±0.20 | 2.75±0.14 | 2.70±0.06 | 2.69±0.10 |
2.4 MLE对鳜鱼血清免疫指标的影响
表5 MLE对鳜鱼血清免疫指标的影响Table 5 Effects of MLE on serum immune indexes of Siniperca chuatsi |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | MLE1 | MLE5 | MLE10 | |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 10.37±1.74a | 6.00±0.59b | 11.72±1.19a | 7.03±1.82b |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 1.08±0.12a | 0.36±0.23b | 0.28±0.17b | 0.71±0.53ab |
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(金氏单位/dL) | 3.45±0.10 | 3.43±0.04 | 4.03±1.41 | 3.27±0.09 |
| 溶菌酶 LYZ/(U/mL) | 544.22±8.32a | 544.04±7.04a | 453.56±8.25b | 459.98±13.14b |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 10.98±0.40 | 10.94±0.69 | 11.52±0.48 | 11.30±0.57 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 26.32±0.19b | 27.69±0.18a | 15.30±0.76c | 14.99±0.34c |
2.5 MLE对鳜鱼血清抗氧化能力的影响
表6 MLE对鳜鱼血清抗氧化能力的影响Table 6 Effects of MLE on serum antioxidant ability of Siniperca chuatsi |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | MLE1 | MLE5 | MLE10 | |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 1.83±0.01a | 1.81±0.01b | 1.83±0.00a | 1.83±0.00a |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 34.37±4.46 | 30.08±16.95 | 32.04±5.27 | 46.12±3.03 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μmol/L) | 318.30±39.60c | 222.42±4.02d | 523.39±25.26a | 415.76±25.70b |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 36.77±0.62c | 48.20±0.51a | 32.81±1.08d | 38.85±1.01b |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 58.97±1.78b | 70.18±3.89a | 64.85±3.54ab | 59.41±4.23b |
2.6 MLE对鳜鱼肝脏和肠道组织结构的影响
图1 MLE对鳜鱼肠道组织形态的影响(HE染色)ML:肌层;D:肠绒毛;SM:黏膜下层;GC:杯状细胞。 Fig.1 Effects of MLE on intestinal histomorphology of Siniperca chuatsi (HE staining) ML: muscularis; D: duplicature; SM: submucosa; GC: goblet cell. |
表7 MLE对鳜鱼肠道绒毛高度、绒毛宽度和肌层厚度的影响Table 7 Effects of MLE on intestinal villus height, villus width and muscle thickness of Siniperca chuatsimm |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | MLE1 | MLE5 | MLE10 | |
| 绒毛高度 Villus height | 0.48±0.08b | 0.56±0.06ab | 0.63±0.09ab | 0.68±0.17a |
| 绒毛宽度 Villus width | 0.11±0.01 | 0.11±0.02 | 0.10±0.03 | 0.11±0.02 |
| 肌层厚度 Muscle thickness | 0.08±0.01 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.10±0.04 | 0.09±0.03 |
