RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Myo-Inositol on Growth, Non-Specific Immunity and Intestinal Microflora Composition of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

  • LI Rimei , 1, 2 ,
  • KOU Shiyu 1, 2 ,
  • YANG Qihui , 1, 2, 3, ** ,
  • TAN Beiping 1, 2, 3 ,
  • CHI Shuyan 1, 2, 3 ,
  • YI Yuanming 1, 2 ,
  • ZHU Dongwenjun 1, 2
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  • 1 College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3 Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
** professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2022-07-14

  Online published: 2023-02-13

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of myo-inositol supplementation on growth, non-specific immunity and intestinal microflora composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 1 120 healthy juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with an average body weight of (0.65±0.01) g were randomly divided into 7 groups with 4 replicates per group and 40 shrimp per replicate. Seven isonitrogenous and lipid diets were fed with 0 (control group), 150, 300, 600, 900, 1 200 and 2 000 mg/kg myo-inositol, respectively. The breeding time was 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, protein efficiency efficiency rate (PER) and specific growth rate (SGR) of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei were significantly increased after adding inositol supplementation (P<0.05), and weight gain rate (WGR) in 1 200 mg/kg group was significantly increased (P<0.05). When inositol supplemental level was 150 mg/kg, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the FCR reached the lowest value of 1.46, and the other supplementation groups were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). 2) With the increase of dietary inositol supplemental level, whole body crude fat (EE) content in 600, 900, 1 200 and 2 000 mg/kg groups was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), and reached the lowest value when dietary inositol supplemental level was 1 200 mg/kg. 3) The serum contents of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in dietary myo-inositol supplementation group were increased firstly and then decreased, and those in dietary inositol supplementation group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The serum activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) in control group were significantly higher than those in 900, 1 200 and 2 000 mg/kg groups (P<0.05); the serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenoloxidase (PO) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in supplemental groups were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). 4) The number of effective operational classification unit (OTUs) in whole intestine in 2 000 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05); the Ace index and Chao1 index in the control group were significantly higher than those in the 150 mg/kg group (P<0.05), Shannon index and Simpson index were not significantly different among groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, adding appropriate level of myo-inositol can improve the growth performance and non-specific immunity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Using WGR as an evaluation index, the growth performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei can be significantly improved by adding 1 761.5 mg/kg myo-inositol in the diet.

Cite this article

LI Rimei , KOU Shiyu , YANG Qihui , TAN Beiping , CHI Shuyan , YI Yuanming , ZHU Dongwenjun . Effects of Myo-Inositol on Growth, Non-Specific Immunity and Intestinal Microflora Composition of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(2) : 1182 -1194 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.111

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)又称南美白对虾,是全球三大养殖对虾品种之一,广泛分布于太平洋沿岸南北美洲西岸一带,以厄瓜多尔沿岸最为集中,因其具生长性能高、抗病力强、肉质鲜美、环境适应力强等养殖优势,在我国华南地区将其作为主要养殖的对虾品种之一。近年来,我国水产养殖行业不断发展扩大,2020年我国凡纳滨对虾养殖产量高达120万t,同比2019年增幅4.66%[1]。鱼粉是凡纳滨对虾饲料中重要的蛋白质源,饲料中鱼粉水平降低可导致凡纳滨对虾生长缓慢、存活率降低及抗病力减弱等[2]。随着凡纳滨对虾养殖量不断扩大,鱼粉消耗量也不断增加,然而在资源条件限制下,全球鱼粉供应总量严重不足,导致鱼粉价格节节攀升,进而使得水产养殖成本大大增加[3]。寻求在减少鱼粉使用量的同时,能促进凡纳滨对虾生长、提高其非特异性免疫力的原料,成为目前我国水产养殖行业研究的热点之一。
肌醇(myo-inositol)又名环己六醇,是一种无色无味、结晶粉末状的类维生素物质,具有旋光性,易溶于水,在生物机体内起着不可或缺的作用[4]。目前肌醇在水生动物中已有应用研究,黄晓玲[5]研究发现,凡纳滨对虾对肌醇的需要量为1 181.54 mg/kg;Kanazawa等[6]研究发现,日本囊对虾(Penaeus japonicus)对肌醇的需要量为2 000 mg/kg,但与其他水产动物研究结果差异较大,如斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon[7]对肌醇需要量为3 400 mg/kg,中国明对虾(Penaeus chinensis[8]为4 000 mg/kg;而对鱼类来说,对肌醇需要量远远低于对虾,如鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)[9]为518 mg/kg、罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus[10]为400 mg/kg。已有研究表明,肌醇主要通过影响摄食量和饲料效率来影响水生动物的生长性能[11]。Michael等[12]研究发现,肌醇对日本囊对虾存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)及饲料效率均存在显著作用效应。饲料中肌醇缺乏会导致养殖水产动物生长受阻、饲料利用率低等,Shiau等[7]研究发现,缺乏肌醇会造成斑节对虾幼虾死亡率提高,中肠腺脂质增多;Reddy等[13]的研究表明,缺乏肌醇可导致斑节对虾营养不良;在鱼类的研究中发现,当饲料中缺乏肌醇时,大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea[14]和军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum[15]生长迟缓。凡纳滨对虾属于无脊椎动物,较为低等,仅能依靠非特异性免疫进行自身的免疫活动,不具备特异性免疫能力,因此,非特异性免疫力是促进凡纳滨对虾生长、改善其抵御环境胁迫能力的重要指标[16]。在饲料中添加肌醇可提高凡纳滨对虾血淋巴和肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性,并降低血淋巴中丙二醛(MDA)含量[17-18];Zhu等[19]对杂交石斑鱼[褐大石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)♀×大石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)♂]幼鱼研究发现,饲料中添加肌醇显著提高了血清中抗氧化酶和非特异性免疫酶活性。近年来,水产养殖领域往往将肠道健康作为评价养殖水生动物的关键指标,而肠道菌群组成则是影响肠道健康的因素之一[20]。有研究表明,饲料中添加肌醇可改变杂交鲟[西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)♀×施氏鲟(A.schrenckii)♂][21]肠道优势菌群,使其具有较高的丰富度和多样性,对大蓝斑弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris[22]肠道健康也有显著提升作用,但有关饲料中肌醇水平对凡纳滨对虾肠道健康影响的研究较少。
基于以上原因,本试验在凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料中添加不同水平肌醇,从生长、非特异性免疫等方面进行分析,以期能够丰富凡纳滨对虾对肌醇最适添加水平的理论研究,此外,本试验在前人研究基础上,进一步研究肌醇对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群组成的影响,从而为今后凡纳滨对虾肠道健康的研究提供理论依据,不仅能进一步丰富对虾营养需要的参数,且可为饲料生产中肌醇的应用提供数据参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与饲料

基础饲料组成及营养水平见表1,蛋白质源的主要组成成分为脱维酪蛋白、白鱼粉等,脂肪源的主要组成成分为鱼油等。在基础饲料中分别添加0、150、300、600、900、1 200和2 000 mg/kg肌醇配制7种试验饲料。各饲料原料经粉粹后过80目筛,按配方准确称取各组原料量,全部混合均匀后再加30%水混合,使用双螺杆挤条机(华南理工大学,设备型号F-26)制成直径分别为1.0、1.5 mm的试验饲料,置于60 ℃烘箱后熟化30 min后室内风干,分别装于7个密封袋中,低温(-20 ℃)保存备用,通过气相色谱法测定各组饲料中肌醇添加水平实测值分别为24.8、167.3、323.6、594.8、879.6、1 164.5和1 924.3 mg/kg。
表1 基础饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
脱维酪蛋白 Vitamin-free casein 33.00
明胶 Gelatin 8.00
白鱼粉 White fish meal 8.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 8.00
玉米淀粉 Corn starch 17.00
鱼油 Fish oil 2.00
玉米油 Corn oil 2.00
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) 1.00
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) 2.00
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.10
抗坏血酸 Ascorbic acid 0.05
磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO42 1.50
羧甲基纤维素钠
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
2.00
微晶纤维素 Microcrystalline cellulose 15.35
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels3)
粗蛋白质 CP 41.21
粗脂肪 EE 7.81
水分 Moisture 12.06
粗灰分 Ash 7.54

1)维生素预混料为每千克饲料提供 The vitamin premix provided the following for per kg of the diet:硫胺素 thiamine 25.50 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 25.00 mg,盐酸吡哆醇 pyridoxine hydrochloride 50.00 mg,氰钴胺素 cyanocobalamine 0.10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 6.25 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 61.00 mg,烟酸 niacin 201.00 mg,生物素 biotin 25.00 mg,VA 10.00 mg,VD 120.00 mg,VE 99.00 mg,VK 10.00 mg,纤维素 cellulose 589.65 mg。

2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲料提供 The mineral premix provided the following for per kg of the diet:KIO4 0.06 mg,CoCl2·6H2O 8.14 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 39.68 mg,FeC6H5O7 27.42 mg,ZnSO4·7H2O 56.56 mg,MnSO4·7H2O 0.24 mg,Ca(PO42 160.00 mg,MgSO4·H2O 24.86 mg,KCl 30.66 mg,NaSeO3 4.00 mg,沸石粉 zeolite powder 1 648.38 mg。

3)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 试验鱼与养殖管理

养殖试验在广东省湛江市广东海洋大学海洋生物研究基地进行。试验虾苗经室外水泥池暂养30 d,禁食24 h后,选择均重为(0.65±0.01) g的健康凡纳滨对虾幼虾1 120尾,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,单个试验桶(玻璃钢纤维桶,水容量为0.3 m3)为1个重复,每个重复40尾虾。每日准时定量投喂4次,分别为07:00、11:00、17:00和21:00,初次投喂量为幼虾初始均重的10%,之后每日根据幼虾生长状况、摄食量及水温等环境因素的变化调整并记录每日投喂量。试验期间,保持溶氧含量为5~6 mg/L,水温(29.5±0.8) ℃,pH 7.8~8.2,氨氮含量<0.03 mg/L,盐度为29~31。养殖周期为56 d。

1.3 样品采集

试验结束后停饲24 h,随后分别对28个重复中的对虾计数、称重,并进行记录。每个重复中随机挑选5尾对虾,擦拭干净体表水分后置于-20 ℃冰箱中保存,用于全虾体成分分析。每个重复中随机挑选10尾对虾,使用1.0 mL体积注射器抽取围心腔全血,4 ℃冰箱中静置24 h,之后离心10 min(4 000 r/min,4 ℃),取上清液贮存在-80 ℃超低温冰箱中,用于测定血清生化指标及血清中非特异性免疫酶活性;每个重复中随机挑选2尾对虾,解剖后取全肠置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存,用于肠道菌群分析。

1.4 指标测定

饲料及全虾中水分(moisture,MS)、粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)、粗脂肪(ether extract,EE)和粗灰分(Ash)含量参照AOAC(1995)[23]进行测定,其中MS含量采用恒温烘箱105 ℃恒重法测定,CP含量采用凯氏定氮法测定,EE含量采用索氏抽提法测定,Ash含量采用550 ℃马弗炉灼烧法测定。
血清中生化指标、非特异性免疫指标包括总蛋白(total protein,TP)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)含量,谷丙转氨酶(glutting pyruvic transaminase,GPT)、谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,GOT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、补体3(C3)含量,具体操作步骤及试剂用量严格按照南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒中说明书进行。
血清酚氧化酶(polyphenoloxidas,PO)活性测定方法参照Ashida[24]:配制浓度为3 g/L的左旋多巴(L-DOPA)溶液(61.9 mL 0.1 mol/L KH2PO4溶液和38.1 mL 0.1 mol/L K2HPO4溶液混合而成的0.1 mol/L磷酸钾盐缓冲液,pH为6.6),按照血清与L-DOPA溶液1∶49比例混合均匀,25 ℃准确反应6 min,490 nm波长下测得反应液与L-DOPA溶液吸光值,计算得到PO活性。
肠道菌群结构分析包括对虾肠道中微生物群落的有效操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs)统计、物种多样性分析及肠道菌群组成,以上均送至北京百迈客生物科技有限公司进行测序分析。

1.5 计算公式

WGR(%)=100×(终末体重-初始体重)/初始均重;
SGR(%/d)=100×(ln终末体重-ln初始体重)/试验天数;
饲料系数(feed conversion rate, FCR)=摄食量/(终末体重-初始体重);
蛋白质效率(protein efficiency rate,PER,%)=100×(终末体重-初始体重)/(摄食总量×饲料粗蛋白质含量);
SR(%)=100×终末尾数/初始尾数。

1.6 数据处理

采用SPSS 26.0软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),若存在显著性差异,则进行Duncan氏法多重比较检验,P<0.05为差异显著。以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)的形式表示试验结果。

2 结果

2.1 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

表2可知,添加组SGR、PER均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中SGR和PER在150 mg/kg组达到最高,1 200 mg/kg组WGR显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且达到最高值;此外,添加组的FCR显著低于对照组(P<0.05),当添加量为150 mg/kg时,FCR最低达到1.46;添加组间WGR、SGR、PER和FCR均无显著差异(P>0.05);肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的SR无显著影响(P>0.05)。以WGR作为评价指标进行多项式二元回归方程模拟(图1),结果表明凡纳滨对虾生长所需肌醇最适添加水平为1 761.5 mg/kg。
表2 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of myo-inositol on growth performance for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

项目
Items
肌醇添加水平 Myo-inositol supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
150 300 600 900 1 200 2 000
存活率
SR/%
94.17
±6.29
87.50
±7.36
90.00
±5.00
88.13
±5.15
89.17
±7.64
83.33
±8.04
87.50
±10.90
0.086
终末体重
FBW/g
7.77
±0.78a
8.56
±0.02b
8.87
±0.42b
9.01
±0.38b
9.30
±0.44b
9.48
±1.32b
9.50
±0.73b
0.010
摄食量 FI/g 516 516 516 516 516 516 516
增重率
WGR/%
1 153.28
±96.44a
1 284.55
±79.30ab
1 305.33
±46.07ab
1 340.87
±85.49ab
1 362.21
±71.01ab
1 453.34
±223.59b
1 365.97
±95.27ab
<0.001
特定生长率
SGR/(%/d)
4.34
±0.16a
4.90
±0.35b
4.67
±0.10b
4.69
±0.09b
4.75
±0.10b
4.77
±0.28b
4.78
±0.16b
<0.001
蛋白质效率
PER/%
1.18
±0.08a
1.58
±0.14b
1.43
±0.07b
1.48
±0.11b
1.49
±0.25b
1.48
±0.04b
1.49
±0.10b
0.017
饲料系数
FCR
1.94
±0.15c
1.46
±0.12b
1.64
±0.11b
1.57
±0.12b
1.60
±0.26b
1.59
±0.05b
1.57
±0.11b
0.035

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

图1 肌醇添加水平与凡纳滨对虾幼虾增重率的关系

Fig.1 Relationship between myo-inositol supplemental level and WGR for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

2.2 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾全虾体成分的影响

表3可知,随着饲料中肌醇添加水平上升,凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾EE含量整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势,600、900、1 200和2 000 mg/kg组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),添加水平为1 200 mg/kg时达到最低值;各组间MS、Ash和CP含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表3 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾体成分的影响

Table 3 Effects of myo-inositol on body composition for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei%

项目
Items
肌醇添加水平 Myo-inositol supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
150 300 600 900 1 200 2 000
水分 MS 78.28
±0.64
78.60
±0.78
78.17
±0.66
78.50
±0.21
78.30
±0.25
78.07
±0.25
78.04
±0.43
0.149
粗蛋白质 CP 75.57
±0.29
75.52
±0.09
75.57
±0.41
75.57
±0.37
75.40
±0.18
78.58
±0.18
75.40
±0.35
0.370
粗脂肪 EE 5.31
±0.54b
5.33
±0.33b
5.23
±0.51b
4.50
±0.24a
4.01
±0.36a
3.95
±0.68a
4.30
±0.22a
0.048
粗灰分 Ash 16.45
±0.16
16.42
±0.20
16.47
±0.20
16.40
±0.21
16.47
±0.15
16.46
±0.15
16.38
±0.27
0.581

2.3 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾血清生化指标的影响

表4可知,各添加组血清中TG含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各组间血清TC和TP含量无显著差异(P>0.05),3项血清生化指标均在饲料中肌醇添加水平为300~600 mg/kg时达到峰值;对照组血清GPT活性显著高于1 200 mg/kg组(P<0.05),GOT活性显著高于1 200和2 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。
表4 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of myo-inositol on serum biochemical indexes for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

项目
Items
肌醇添加水平 Myo-inositol supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
150 300 600 900 1 200 2 000
总蛋白
TP/(g/L)
154.71
±1.14
155.00
±2.20
156.27
±0.93
154.83
±4.14
154.42
±1.41
156.61
±1.58
154.25
±4.84
0.999
总胆固醇
TC/(mmol/L)
0.33
±0.04
0.34
±0.05
0.39
±0.03
0.39
±0.04
0.33
±0.01
0.30
±0.03
0.33
±0.02
0.482
甘油三酯
TG/(mmol/L)
0.40
±0.12a
0.63
±0.13bc
0.64
±0.11bc
0.70
±0.03c
0.69
±0.02c
0.63
±0.10bc
0.67
±0.04bc
0.015
项目
Items
肌醇添加水平 Myo-inositol supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
150 300 600 900 1 200 2 000
谷丙转氨酶
GPT/(U/L)
23.99
±1.60bc
22.79
±1.76bc
21.16
±0.52b
26.25
±2.65c
17.42
±1.21ab
16.20
±2.00a
15.15
±3.14ab
0.034
谷草转氨酶
GOT/(U/L)
81.51
±4.51cd
76.81
±1.05bc
87.78
±5.12d
73.67
±2.00ab
68.97
±3.62a
75.76
±7.51ab
76.29
±2.70bc
0.044

2.4 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

表5可知,饲料中肌醇添加水平对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清中SOD和PO活性、MDA含量及T-AOC产生显著影响,其中,添加组血清SOD和PO活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组血清MDA含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05);600、900及1 200 mg/kg组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组间幼虾血清中C3含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清中非特异性免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of myo-inositol on serum non-specific immune for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

项目
Items
肌醇添加水平 Myo-inositol supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
150 300 600 900 1 200 2 000
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/L)
200.52
±1.38a
227.44
±11.59bc
229.62
±4.16bc
238.19
±12.57bc
238.51
±3.84c
228.21
±8.82bc
224.73
±11.36b
<0.001
丙二醛
MDA/(mmol/L)
10.62
±0.36e
9.30
±0.20d
9.00
±0.16bcd
8.99
±0.20bcd
8.90
±0.30bc
8.74
±0.20b
9.28
±0.14cd
<0.001
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/L)
9.39
±0.30a
9.84
±0.33ab
9.97
±0.14abc
10.18
±0.61bc
10.27
±0.58bc
10.51
±0.50c
9.80
±0.18ab
<0.001
酚氧化酶
PO/(U/L)
343.75
±7.98a
429.17
±10.76b
439.58
±10.49b
433.33
±15.21b
420.83
±17.53b
425.00
±15.21b
431.25
±21.92b
<0.001
补体3
C3/(mmol/L)
2 251.52
±137.74ab
2 213.54
±142.15
2 247.17
±200.51
2 158.96
±98.65
2 218.86
±201.00
2 289.15
±214.39
1 934.28
±212.53
0.211

2.5 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群的影响

2.5.1 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道微生物多样性的影响

图2所示,饲料中添加不同水平肌醇后,各组凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道有效OTUs数目呈上升趋势。添加肌醇后幼虾肠道微生物多样性变化见表6150 mg/kg组Ace指数及Chao1指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各组间幼虾Shannon指数及Simpson指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。
图2 凡纳滨对虾幼虾有效OTUs数目

Fig.2 Number of effective OTUs for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

表6 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道物种多样性的影响

Table 6 Effects of myo-inositol on gut species diversity for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

项目
Items
肌醇添加水平 Myo-inositol supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P
P-value
0(对照
Control)
150 300 600 900 1 200 2 000
Ace指数
Ace index
3 904.14
±650.45b
2 839.95
±253.63a
3 794.33
±700.74b
3 383.67
±373.46ab
3 305.03
±275.23ab
3 001.00
±525.38ab
3 887.93
±579.35b
0.019
Chao1指数
Chao1 index
4 100.99
±451.02b
2 858.09
±180.40a
3 991.74
±834.13b
3 576.72
±374.29ab
3 539.55
±481.30ab
3 249.97
±686.81ab
4 181.43
±222.40b
0.008
Shannon指数
Shannon index
5.82
±0.68
6.21
±0.75
6.01
±0.49
5.95
±0.83
4.84
±0.50
5.44
±0.25
6.00
±0.83
0.120
Simpson指数
Simpson index
0.92
±0.03
0.94
±0.04
0.95
±0.03
0.95
±0.02
0.89
±0.04
0.92
±0.01
0.93
±0.05
0.058

2.5.2 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群组成的影响

图3可知,在门水平上,虾肠道菌群主要由γ-变形菌门(γ-Proteobacteria)、α-变形菌门(α-Proteobacteria)及黄杆菌门(Flavobacteiia)等组成。γ-变形菌门相对丰度最高且各添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其相对丰度在肌醇添加水平为900 mg/kg时最高可达0.5以上;α-变形菌门相对丰度仅次于γ-变形菌门,其在900 mg/kg组达到最低值;添加组黄杆菌门相对丰度随肌醇添加水平升高而出现先升高后下降的趋势,但均低于对照组。
图3 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道中门水平细菌种群及相对丰度的影响

Fig.3 Effects of myo-innositol on bacteria communities and relative abundance at phylum level in gut for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

图4可知,在属水平上,虾肠道菌群主要由弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)和盐单细胞菌属(Halomonas)等组成。各添加组弧菌属相对丰度均高于对照组,在900 mg/kg组最高;盐单细胞菌属相对丰度在肌醇添加水平2 000 mg/kg时达到最高;假交替单胞菌属相对丰度在肌醇添加水平1 200 mg/kg以下均高于对照组而2 000 mg/kg组则低于对照组。
图4 肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道中属水平细菌种群及相对丰度的影响

Fig.4 Effects of myo-innositol on bacteria communities and relative abundance at genus level in gut for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

3 讨论

3.1 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾生长性能及体成分的影响

肌醇是生物体内不可缺少的组成成分,在水产养殖领域常被作为类维生素添加到饲料中,用以促进脂肪代谢,加快鱼虾生长,提高饲料利用效率[25]。WGR随肌醇添加水平增加而上升,并在1 200 mg/kg组时有最高值,显著高于对照组。各添加组PER、FCR均显著高于对照组,而FCR显著低于对照组。由此得出,在饲料中添加适量肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长有显著的促进作用,且可提高其饲料利用效率。根据其WGR二项式模拟结果得出,饲料中肌醇的最适添加水平为1 761.5 mg/kg,结合本试验对虾生长数据方差分析及WGR二项式模拟结果,对虾饲料中的有效添加水平应为167.3~1 761.5 mg/kg,可显著促进凡纳滨对虾生长。黄晓玲[5]研究发现,凡纳滨对虾对肌醇的需要量为1 181.54 mg/kg;Kanazawa等[6]研究表明,日本囊对虾肌醇的需要量为2 000 mg/kg,本试验结果与其相似。
在对全虾体成分测定的试验表明,600~2 000 mg/kg组EE含量显著低于对照组,而肌醇对凡纳滨对虾全虾体内MS、CP及Ash含量无显著影响。在甲壳动物中,Bu等[26]对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的研究发现,在植物油作油源的饲料中添加肌醇可显著降低中华绒螯蟹全身及肌肉的脂肪水平,与本试验结果相似;同样有研究表明,肌醇可通过调节中华绒螯蟹脂质吸收与合成基因的表达从而提高其对饲料中脂质的利用率,减少脂质沉积[27]。然而,Chen等[28]研究发现,饲料中添加肌醇对卵形鲳鲹全鱼体成分无显著影响。推测试验结果出现差异的原因可能是不同种水生动物体内肌醇对脂质代谢的调控能力不同,因此,关于肌醇对水生动物体成分的影响机制仍需要进一步研究。

3.2 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾血清生化指标及非特异性免疫的影响

血液在动物维持内环境稳态方面起关键作用,血清生化指标在一定程度上反映了机体对各种营养物质的代谢能力和非特异性免疫力[29]。其中,血清中TP含量可以在一定程度上反映动物对蛋白质的代谢能力[30],TC和TG含量在一定程度上反映动物血清中脂质的含量[31]。本试验中,各试验组血清中TP、TC含量无显著变化,肌醇添加水平为1 200 mg/kg时含量最高,添加组血清TG含量显著高于对照组。黄晓玲[5]指出,适量肌醇可促进血清中TC、TG含量升高,本试验结果与其结果接近;蒋明等[32]对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)的研究也得出类似的结果。血清中GPT和GOT活性作为判断肝脏损害程度的重要依据,其活性的提高与肝脏细胞遭到破坏或肝细胞膜的通透性增加密切相关[33]。本试验中,对照组血清GPT和GOT活性显著高于900、1 200及2 000 mg/kg组,结果表明添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏细胞有保护作用,本试验与Chen等[34]对凡纳滨对虾研究结果相似,肌醇能够降低血清中GPT和GOT活性;吴宏玉等[35]对奥尼罗非鱼研究也得出相似的结论。
SOD可催化机体内有害的超氧自由基(O2-·)转化为过氧化氢(H2O2),其通常是用于评价机体对活性氧清除能力和抗氧化能力的重要生化指标[36],血清中SOD在一定范围内活性越高,机体清除O2-·的能力就越强,从而使得机体获得更强的抗氧化能力。MDA是脂质发生过氧化反应后产生的有毒物质,机体内发生过氧化程度越高,肝细胞膜脂质受到的过氧化损伤也就越严重,血清中MDA的含量也会随之增加[37]。机体可通过抗氧化酶系统和非酶促系统清除自由基从而降低氧化对细胞造成的损伤,T-AOC则是反映机体自由基代谢状态和衡量其抗氧化能力的重要指标,其数值越大,代表机体抗氧化能力越强[38]。本试验中,各添加组血清SOD活性及T-AOC均显著高于对照组,MDA含量则显著低于对照组,结果表明肌醇能够提高凡纳滨对虾体内SOD活性、降低MDA含量及T-AOC,从而使机体抗氧化能力提高。Chen等[39-40]在凡纳滨对虾上的研究同样发现,肌醇可使凡纳滨对虾血清MDA含量降低,从而提高其抗氧化能力。
由于甲壳动物免疫系统不完善,其免疫主要依靠体液免疫因子起作用[41]。当甲壳动物受伤或受病原入侵时,血液中可释放酚氧化酶原激活PO,修复机体所受损伤及杀灭外来病原体[42]。PO活性是衡量甲壳动物非特异性免疫力的重要指标。补体存在于人和动物体液中,与免疫反应具有极高的相关性,是具有生物活性的一组球蛋白[43]。C3作为补体系统中的固有成分,具有清除免疫复合物、产生炎症反应等作用[44]。本试验中,添加组血清PO活性显著高于对照组,各组间血清C3含量无显著变化,表明饲料中添加肌醇可显著提高血清中PO活性,而不会对C3含量产生不良影响。Li等[45]研究发现,肌醇缺乏会导致草鱼幼鱼血清中C3含量显著降低。Jiang等[46]研究也表明,饲料中缺乏肌醇会影响鱼类头肾、脾脏等免疫器官的正常发育,从而导致C3产生较少,患肌醇缺乏症的鱼类其疾病抵御功能显著下降。

3.3 饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群的影响

肠道菌群对机体在肠道内的消化和吸收具有促进作用,是消化系统的重要组成部分,同时在肠道免疫方面也发挥重要作用,对虾肠道中微生物群落的整体丰富度及多样性受肠道环境影响,可对微生物定植并建立群落产生选择性压力[47-49]。OTUs数目可反映物种丰富度指数和多样性指数数值的差异,从而反映物种群落结构和数目的差异。Ace指数与Chao1指数可估算群落中OTUs数目,其数值反映了样本中物种数量的大小;Shannon指数与Simpson指数反映了群落中物种组成的多样性和均匀度,其数值越大,物种多样性越高,个体分配越均匀[50]。通过高通量测序,本试验中,各组OTUs值均超过1 000,Ace指数及Chao1指数150 mg/kg组与对照组相比产生显著变化,而添加肌醇后Shannon指数及Simpson指数则无显著变化,结果表明肌醇一定程度上会改变凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道菌群丰富度,但不会使其肠道菌群多样性发生显著变化。
本试验中,各添加组在门水平上,凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群的组成相同,但各门相对丰度有所变化,在属水平上结果也是如此。凡纳滨对虾全肠菌群在门水平上主要由γ-变形菌门、α-变形菌门组成。γ-变形菌门是目前已知细菌中物种最丰富的门,本试验中,900 mg/kg组γ-变形菌门相对丰度最高,其他各添加组相对丰度均高于对照组。凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群在属水平上组成主要为弧菌属和假交替单胞菌属,均属于γ-变形菌门[51]。弧菌属是对虾肠道中常见菌属,有研究表明部分弧菌属为致病菌,其大量繁殖不利于凡纳滨对健康,而也有部分弧菌属可以产生几丁质酶、淀粉酶等有利于营养物质吸收的酶类[52]。本试验中,300~900 mg/kg组弧菌属相对丰度显著高于对照组,其生长情况及非特异性免疫酶活性均显著优于对照组,推测是弧菌属中的有益菌作为优势菌群在对虾幼虾肠道内大量繁殖,从而改善其肠道吸收功能。本试验中,假交替单胞菌属在对虾幼虾肠道内的相对丰度呈先上升后下降的趋势,假交替单胞菌属是一类能产生各类生物活性物质的菌属,可协助机体抗御外来病原细菌,从而提高其非特异性免疫力[53]。本研究结果表明,肌醇在一定程度上可调节凡纳滨对虾幼虾肠道菌群的构成,保障其肠道健康,促进营养物质代谢,从而改善凡纳滨对虾机体非特异性免疫效应。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,饲料中添加肌醇可显著影响凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长性能、非特异性免疫力和肠道菌群构成。以WGR作为评价指标,根据其二元回归模拟结果可得,饲料中肌醇添加水平为1 761.5 mg/kg时,对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长具有显著促进作用。
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