REVIEW

Reaserch Progress of Bile Acids on Regulating Animal Feeding and Energy Homeostasis

  • FENG Xiaohua ,
  • WANG Lina , *
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  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South ChinaAgricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-07-05

  Online published: 2023-02-13

Abstract

Bile acids (BAs) have been a hot topic of scientific research in the last decade, and many functions of BAs in the intestine, liver, adipocytes and intestinal microorganisms have been reported successively. It has been reported that BAs not only act as important substances to promote lipid digestion and absorption, but also act as signaling molecules to regulate whole-body energy homeostasis. The amount of feed intake of animals is closely related to the energy homeostasis of the body, which directly affects the performance of livestock and poultry. Therefore, this paper focuses on the regulation of animal feeding and energy homeostasis by BAs, which is expected to provide some theoretical basis for the application of BAs in livestock and poultry production.

Cite this article

FENG Xiaohua , WANG Lina . Reaserch Progress of Bile Acids on Regulating Animal Feeding and Energy Homeostasis[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(2) : 789 -795 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.076

胆汁酸(bile acids,BAs)是胆固醇代谢的产物,在餐后由胆囊分泌至十二指肠,随后在回肠中被主动重吸收进入血液,并通过门静脉回到肝脏,形成肠肝循环。作为消化液的重要组成部分,BAs最早被认为其主要功能是促进脂溶性物质的消化吸收。然而,越来越多的研究发现,BAs还能作为信号分子调控动物机体的许多其他生理功能,如机体的能量代谢等。近年来,在畜牧生产应用中证明了在肉鸡饲粮中添加BAs能够提高饲料利用率,提高其生产性能[1];同时,有很多的研究聚焦于BAs对动物机体能量稳态的调控作用,证明其过程重要且复杂。
BAs对采食和能量稳态的影响在不同动物模型上均有研究。Song等[2]研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加200 mg/kg鹅脱氧胆酸可以显著增加其日增重和总体重。Cao等[3]在28日龄猪的饲粮中分别添加0、60、80、100、120 mg/kg BAs,发现添加BAs可以显著增加其平均日增重,提高生长性能。在鸡的生产试验中,Mohamed等[4]分别用添加0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mL/kg胆汁盐的饲粮饲喂1日龄肉鸡,结果表明添加胆汁盐可以显著增加肉鸡的体重,降低采食量,提高其饲料利用率,以1.5 mL/kg添加量效果最佳。Ge等[5]研究发现,在饲粮中添加BAs可以通过调节肉鸡肝脏中脂代谢相关基因的表达和酶活性来提高生长性能、胴体质量。然而,也有研究表明,在饲粮中添加BAs对断奶仔猪和肉鸡的体重和采食量均无显著影响[6-7]。在小鼠试验中,敲除BAs合成酶基因固醇12α-羟化酶(sterol 12α-hydroxylase,CYP8B1)会导致12α-羟基胆汁酸的缺乏,而饲喂高脂饲粮的敲除基因小鼠会减少能量摄入和增加体重[8]
动物采食和能量稳态是调节动物生长发育的关键进程,其受到外周、中枢神经系统和内分泌系统的调控。在外周神经系统中,胃肠道和肝脏等器官能够分泌多种激素,且不同激素间能相互作用影响动物的食欲及能量稳态;在中枢神经系统中,下丘脑弓状核(arcuate nucleus,ARC)是感受机体能量代谢水平的中心。ARC中刺鼠基因相关蛋白(agouti related peptide,AgRP)/神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)神经元与阿片促黑素皮质素原(proopiomelanocortin POMC)/可卡因安非他命调节转录肽(amphetamine-regulated transcript,CART)神经元发挥相反的调控功能,这些神经元的激活能够投射到不同核团调控动物的食欲和能量稳态。而BAs在体内发挥功能主要依赖2种功能性受体:法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)和跨膜G蛋白偶联受体5(takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5,TGR5),它们在中枢和外周神经系统中均有广泛的分布。本文就中枢和外周途径中BAs对动物采食和能量稳态的调控作用作一综述。

1 BAs调控动物采食和能量稳态的外周途径

1.1 TGR5介导的外周信号

TGR5,也称G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体1(G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1,GPBAR1),在胃肠道、胰腺、肝脏和脂肪组织中均有大量表达。BAs可以通过TGR5刺激肠道肽分泌,包括胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)和酪酪肽(peptide tyrosine tyrosine,PYY),从而延长胃排空速度和增强饱腹感,使得食物摄入减少。当食物摄入信号传入时会刺激胆囊分泌BAs到十二指肠,激活肠道内分泌L细胞中的TGR5,并增加L细胞中环腺苷酸(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)浓度和激活蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA),进而将GLP-1和PYY释放到血液中[9]。此外,GLP-1还参与调节能量稳态,能够增加胰岛素分泌并改善葡萄糖耐量。据报道,向饲喂高脂饲粮的小鼠注射TGR5激动剂INT777可以显著增加能量消耗并减少肥胖[10]。同样,Bensalem等[11]的研究表明,在饲喂高脂饲粮的雄性小鼠中,TGR5敲除小鼠的采食量显著高于野生型(WT)小鼠,而能量消耗明显低于WT小鼠,其体成分分析表现出更高的脂肪量。有研究表明,外源性添加BAs或注射TGR5激动剂INT777会激活TGR5调控褐色脂肪组织(brown adipose tissue,BAT)和肌肉的能量代谢,这种代谢机制由BAs通过TGR5介导产生cAMP,继而诱导产生cAMP依赖性2碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶(enzyme type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase,D2),该酶可以将非活性的甲状腺素转变为有活性的3,5,3-三碘甲状腺原氨酸(3,5,3-tri-iodothyronine,T3),从而增加能量消耗[12]

1.2 FXR介导的外周信号

FXR是核受体,在肠道和肝脏细胞中大量表达,且FXR也能调控GLP-1的分泌影响动物的摄食。然而,目前对于FXR影响GLP-1分泌的生理作用仍然存在争议。有研究表明,用FXR激动剂GW4064处理肠L细胞会下调胰高血糖素原的基因表达和减少GLP-1的分泌,且FXR缺失小鼠的GLP-1分泌量会显著增加[13-14]。类似地,Ducastel等[15]研究表明,用GW4064激活肠L细胞FXR会抑制由短链脂肪酸诱导的GLP-1的分泌。Zheng等[16]发现,口服GW4064也会降低小猪血清中GLP-1的浓度。然而,Pathak等[17]发现了FXR影响GLP-1分泌的新机制,即口服肠道特异性FXR激动剂fexaramine会增加肠道中产生石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)的细菌,LCA浓度的增加会激活肠道L细胞中的TGR5,从而增加GLP-1的分泌。总之,GLP-1可以通过增加饱腹感来减少动物对食物的摄入,但是BAs通过FXR对GLP-1的影响还不明确,其具体机制还要进一步研究。
FXR参与调节能量稳态主要是通过影响细胞中的脂质和葡萄糖合成来实现的。在小鼠肝脏中,Bas浓度升高会激活FXR并上调BAs合成限速酶胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7A1)的活性,从而增加BAs的合成[18]。FXR会上调小异二聚体伴侣(small heterodimer partner,SHP)的表达,且有研究表明,FXR的激活会抑制肝脏中甘油三酯的生成,其原因是SHP抑制了肝X受体(liver X receptor,LXR)和类固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c,SREBP-1c)介导的脂肪生成[19]。Fang等[20]研究表明,口服肠道特异性激动剂fexaramine激活肠道FXR而不激活肝脏中的FXR,会减少高脂引起的肥胖,同时增强白色脂肪组织的产热和褐色化。但是Watanabe等[21]研究表明,口服GW4064激活FXR会增加饮食诱导的肥胖(diet-induced obesity,DIO)小鼠的体重和葡萄糖耐量不良并减少能量消耗,而敲除FXR后能改善DIO小鼠的葡萄糖耐量[22],说明肠道和肝脏FXR可能存在不同的信号通路影响能量稳态。Zhao等[23]研究表明,BAs激活FXR通过增加葡萄糖转运蛋白2(glucose transporter 2,GLUT2)的表达来增强肠上皮细胞对葡萄糖的摄取,并且FXR还能抑制肠道中葡萄糖从肠腔到血液循环的转运,增强小鼠的降血糖能力。不仅如此,FXR还能通过影响糖异生调控葡萄糖稳态。胆酸(cholicacid,CA)是一种能有效激活FXR的天然配体。在小鼠试验中,CA和GW4064能显著下调肝脏糖异生相关基因的表达,如磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PCK)和6-葡萄糖磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase,G6pase),从而降低db/db糖尿病小鼠的血浆葡萄糖浓度并改善胰岛素敏感性[24-25]
综上所述,TGR5能通过胃肠激素GLP-1和PYY抑制采食和增加基础代谢影响能量稳态,而FXR在外周途径对采食和能量稳态的影响比较复杂,且在肠道和肝脏中可能存在不同的调控通路。

2 BAs调控动物采食及能量稳态的中枢途径

2.1 大脑中的BAs

BAs在肠道、肝脏、肠道微生物等中的功能及作用已有许多文章报道[26-27]。研究显示在大脑中也存在BAs,并且在啮齿类动物的大脑中检测到20种BAs,包括9种游离BAs和11种结合BAs[28-29]。同样,有研究证明,在大脑中检测到的CA、鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholicacid,CDCA)和脱氧胆酸(deoxycholicacid,DCA)的浓度与其血清中的浓度一致,说明大脑中的BAs源自血液循环,并且血液循环中的BAs可以通过血脑屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)进入大脑[30]。不仅如此,大脑还存在BAs合成的相关酶,这也说明在大脑中存在BAs的合成途径,但具体合成机制尚未知[31]。FXR和TGR5作为BAs的功能性受体同样在大脑中大量表达。McMillin等[32]和Huang等[33]几乎在同一时间证明了FXR在大脑中的存在。McMillin等[32]的研究证明了在肝衰竭的小鼠模型中大脑FXR和BAs诱导的神经功能衰退具有功能相关性,而Huang等[33]则在小鼠体内和体外试验中均证明了FXR在大脑中存在,并且定位了FXR在大脑皮质神经元和海马体神经元中的表达。不仅如此,有研究表明,在小鼠的大脑中存在TGR5,在星型胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和神经元中均有TGR5的表达[34-35]。这些BAs、BAs合成相关中间物以及功能性受体在大脑中的发现为BAs在大脑中的功能研究奠定了基础。

2.2 中枢BAs的直接调控途径

尽管已在大脑中发现了BAs及其受体的存在,但是目前BAs在中枢神经系统中的功能研究并不多,且主要集中于其对神经退行性疾病的作用,而BAs通过中枢神经系统调控采食及能量稳态的研究还比较少[36-37]。Perino等[38]研究表明,灌胃和脑室注射TGR5激动剂INT777会抑制促食欲肽AgRP的分泌,从而减少小鼠的采食量,并且说明BAs在下丘脑介导的厌食功能需要TGR5的参与。Castellanos-Jankiewicz等[39]的研究表明,下丘脑中的TGR5是调节DIO小鼠肥胖机制的关键,对DIO小鼠脑室注射外源性BAs或TGR5激动剂能通过激活交感神经系统来降低其体重和脂肪含量,从而促进能量负平衡。Eggink等[40]认为,大脑中的TGR5能调控能量稳态,其研究说明脑室注射牛磺胆酸盐可促进脂肪氧化,并减少了皮下白色脂肪的褐色化和褐色脂肪对脂肪酸的摄取量,而脑室注射FXR激动剂GW4064对能量稳态没有影响。Deckmyn等[41]发现脑室注射GW4064对小鼠采食量没有显著影响,但会显著降低小鼠夜间的能量消耗。因此,Deckmyn等[41]认为,下丘脑FXR同样能够调控小鼠的能量稳态,并发现FXR会抑制下丘脑cAMP依赖性PKA的磷酸化,使cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(c-AMP response element-binding protein,CREB)表达量降低,从而下调下丘脑酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达,最终降低支配褐色脂肪的交感神经的兴奋性,从而促进能量负平衡。

2.3 肠-脑轴介导的间接调控途径

肠-脑轴是胃肠道和肠道微生物与中枢神经系统间相互作用的重要媒介。肠-脑轴在整合和监测肠道功能以及联系大脑的调控功能与各种胃肠道的外周机制中发挥着重要作用[42]。BAs作为机体调控代谢、能量稳态的重要信号分子在肠-脑轴中也具有重要作用,而BAs在肠道中向中枢传导信号发挥调控功能主要通过2种关键信号分子:成纤维细胞生长因子15/19(fibroblast growth factor 15/19,FGF15/19)和GLP-1。
FGF15/19是在肠道中可以被BAs通过FXR激活的一种信号分子,具有激素特征,且在人体中表达的FGF19与啮齿类动物表达的FGF15属于直系同源物,具有功能相关性。BAs在小鼠回肠中被重吸收进入回肠上皮细胞,激活核受体FXR,从而启动FGF15的表达。FGF15被分泌到血液中,随血液循环进入肝脏,在肝脏中会通过降低CYP7A1活性抑制BAs的合成[43]。目前已有研究表明,FGF15及其受体均在小鼠大脑中表达[44-45],并且FGF15能够通过BBB进入大脑[46],说明由BAs介导产生的FGF15/19可能在大脑中发挥重要调控功能。Marcelin等[47]研究发现,中枢注射FGF19会显著降低肥胖小鼠对高脂饲粮的采食量,其机制是FGF19会抑制AgRP/NPY神经元的兴奋性。Liu等[48]研究发现,灌胃牛磺胆酸会使小鼠血清牛磺胆酸浓度增加以及回肠中FGF15表达量增加,改变肥胖小鼠的口服葡萄糖耐量,不仅如此,该研究还发现下丘脑可以感知血液循环中的FGF15,且FGF15抑制了AgRP/NPY神经元。在肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的小鼠模型中,侧脑室注射FGF19能够显著改善糖耐量,减少24 h内小鼠的食物摄入量和体重,并增加能量消耗,促进能量负平衡[49]
在肠-脑轴中,迷走神经作为支配胃肠道与大脑间的关键连接点,在传递信号分子和对大脑调控食欲具有重要作用。由胰高血糖素样肽-1受体(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor,GLP-1R)结合迷走神经传入的肠-脑轴已在人类和动物模型中得到证实,并且已有研究证明GLP-1R在人类和啮齿类动物的下丘脑、脑干中表达,而这2个区域主要涉及能量稳态和自主神经功能[50]。GLP-1可以通过肠道迷走神经传入纤维从结节神经节(nodose ganglia,NG)进入后脑的孤束核(solitary nucleus,NTS),随后NTS可以将GLP-1传入下丘脑。Charpentier等[51]研究表明,在小鼠进行迷走神经切除术后,GLP-1介导的食物摄入抑制和胰岛素分泌刺激功能消失。Holt等[52]的研究表明,大脑中的NTS区域中的前胰高血糖素能(preproglucagon,PPG)神经元同样能够表达GLP-1,而PPG神经元将GLP-1投射到下丘脑调节禁食诱导的再进食。
此外,还有研究表明,BAs本身可以直接与迷走神经相互作用并将信号传递到中枢神经系统调控食欲。有研究证明了TGR5在迷走神经NG中的表达,并与NG中的胆囊收缩素A受体(cholecystokinin type A,CCK-ARs)存在共定位[53]。不仅如此,该研究还表明通过静脉注射1 μg/kg DCA可以诱导下丘脑神经元的激活,且迷走神经中的TGR5和CCK-AR可以激活下丘脑的POMC和CART神经元,从而抑制小鼠的采食量并降低食欲[53]

3 小结

在BAs的功能性受体FXR和TGR5发现之前,BAs一直被认为是促进脂质吸收的一类物质,而随着科学研究的发现,近10年来对BAs的研究逐渐使大家认识到BAs是机体中调控各种代谢的重要信号分子。综上可以得出,BAs对动物采食和能量稳态的调控作用主要表现在以下几个方面:在外周神经系统中通过调控胃肠道及肝脏等外周信号分子的分泌来调控食欲和能量稳态;在中枢神经系统(主要是下丘脑)中,一方面通过与大脑中的TGR5或FXR结合影响BAs的调控,另一方面则通过BAs的下游信号分子FGF15/19或GLP-1经过肠-脑轴发挥调控功能。
然而,目前有关BAs在中枢神经系统中的功能的研究还比较少。在临床研究中肝脏BAs稳态受损能引起情绪问题和认知功能障碍[54],意味着BAs在大脑中可能还会影响动物的情绪和行为,这对畜牧生产中母猪产后抑郁的研究也具有重要意义。此外,BAs还能作为添加剂提高畜禽的生产性能,但其对不同品种畜禽的适宜的添加剂量还未明确。因此,需要进一步探究BAs在动物体内的潜在机制,为今后BAs在畜禽生产中的应用提供参考。
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