1 材料与方法
1.1 试验地点与时间
1.2 试验设计及饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 粗蛋白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 钙 Ca | 磷 P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 代乳粉 MR | 26.24 | 27.90 | 2.50 | 1.40 | ||
| 苜蓿干草 AH | 12.50 | 0.90 | 56.45 | 40.40 | 0.98 | 0.18 |
| 开食料 SC | 20.00 | 4.70 | 10.90 | 4.10 | 0.80 | 0.45 |
实测值。 | |
Measured values. |
表2 不同日龄饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets for different ages (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 30~80日龄 30 to 80 days of age | 81~160日龄 81 to 160 days of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SS group | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SS group | ||
| 代乳粉 MR | 51.21 | 51.21 | 37.63 | 37.63 | |
| 苜蓿干草 AH | 48.79 | 32.53 | 62.37 | 31.19 | |
| 开食料SC | 16.26 | 31.18 | |||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels | |||||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 19.54 | 20.76 | 17.67 | 20.01 | |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 14.72 | 15.34 | 11.06 | 12.25 | |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 27.54 | 20.13 | 35.21 | 21.01 | |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 19.71 | 13.81 | 25.20 | 13.88 | |
| 钙 Ca | 1.76 | 1.73 | 1.55 | 1.50 | |
| 磷 P | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 0.72 | |
营养水平均为计算值。 | |
Nutrient levels were all calculated values. |
1.3 样品采集及测定指标
1.3.1 采食量和体重
1.3.2 转录组文库构建及测序
1.3.3 参考基因组序列比对
1.3.4 差异表达基因(DEGs)筛选注释及实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)验证
表3 胸腺组织qRT-PCR所用引物Table 3 Primers used for qRT-PCR of thymus |
| 序号 No. | 引物名称 Primer name | 引物序列 Primer sequence (5'—3') | 片段长度 Fragment length/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Toll样受体4 TLR4 | F:AATTTGCCAAGGAGCCTCAC R:CCACTGCAGGAAACTCTGATG | 84 |
| 2 | 脂多糖结合蛋白 LBP | F:CAAACTCTGCCAGTCACAACAG R:AGCATTTGGGCTGTTGCTTG | 89 |
| 3 | 磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶 PI3K | F:AATGCGCAGATTCAGTGAGG R:ACAGCCACAATGAGCTTTCC | 150 |
| 4 | 肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员5 CD40 | F:TGTCACCGTTGGACAAGTTG R:TGGAAACCGCAGACAACATC | 86 |
| 5 | 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:AGCACCAAAAGCATGATCCG R:TGAGGCACAAGCAACTTCTG | 97 |
| 6 | β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | F:GGTCACTCACACTGTACCCA R:AAGCTGTAGCCTCGTTCTGT | 126 |
表4 脾脏组织qRT-PCR所用引物Table 4 Primers used for qRT-PCR of spleen |
| 序号 No. | 引物名称 Primer name | 引物序列 Primer sequence (5'—3') | 片段长度 Fragment length/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 热激蛋白70 HSP70 | F:TCACCATCACCAACGACAAG R:TCATGTTGAAGGCGTACGAC | 147 |
| 2 | NADH脱氢酶亚单位6 ND6 | F:TACTGTTCCGTAGCCATAGCC R:TGGGGTTGGTTGTGGAATTG | 126 |
| 3 | C3a型过敏性毒素趋化受体 C3AR1 | F:TTGCCAGTGTCTTCTTGCTG R:TTCCCACGTTGCGATGATTC | 93 |
| 4 | 母体单倍体Ⅰ类分子 MHⅠ | F:ACCATGGGCATCATTGTTGG R:TTCACCTGAGTGCTTCTTCCTC | 96 |
| 5 | T细胞表面糖蛋白CD8β链 CD8B | F:AACCCGGGTGACTCAGAAAC R:ACCCAAGGACACCAGAAGAATC | 91 |
| 6 | β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | F:GGTCACTCACACTGTACCCA R:AAGCTGTAGCCTCGTTCTGT | 126 |
1.4 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 补饲开食料对早期断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响
表5 补饲开食料对早期断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响Table 5 Effects of starter feed supplementation on growth performance of early weaned yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SS group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 初始体重 IBW/kg | 28.72±3.14 | 30.52±2.77 | 0.261 |
| 终末体重 FBW/kg | 69.15±2.44b | 79.16±2.86a | <0.001 |
| 净增重 NW/kg | 40.43±2.75b | 48.64±2.57a | 0.018 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(kg/d) | 0.40±0.03b | 0.48±0.03a | 0.018 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(kg/d) | 1.19±0.08b | 1.30±0.03a | 0.002 |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.97±0.01a | 2.71±0.09b | 0.008 |
同行数据肩注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.2 补饲开食料对早期断奶牦牛犊牛的转录组测序数据分析
2.2.1 碱基质量分布检查
2.2.2 测序数据比对分析
2.2.3 主成分分析(PCA)
图1 牦牛犊牛胸腺组织PCACX1、CX2、CX3、CX4和CX5为CON组5头牦牛犊牛胸腺组织样本,EX1、EX2、EX3、EX4和EX5为SS组5头牦牛犊牛胸腺组织样本。 Fig.1 PCA of thymus tissue of yak calves CX2, CX3, CX4 and CX5 are thymus tissue samples of five yak calves in CON group, and EX1, EX2, EX3, EX4 and EX5 are thymus tissue samples of five yak calves in SS group. |
图2 牦牛犊牛脾脏组织PCACP1、CP2、CP3、CP4和CP5为CON组5头牦牛犊牛脾脏组织样本,EP1、EP2、EP3、EP4和EP5为SS组5头牦牛犊牛脾脏组织样本。 Fig.2 PCA of spleen tissue of yak calves CP1,CP2,CP3,CP4 and CP5 are spleen tissue samples of five yak calves in CON group, and EP1,EP2,EP3,EP4 and EP5 are spleen tissue samples of five yak calves in SS group. |
2.3 DEGs分析及筛选
2.3.1 牦牛犊牛胸腺基因差异表达及筛选
图3 胸腺差异表达基因火山图图中横坐标表示差异倍数;纵坐标表示差异结果的显著性;EX:SS组胸腺;CX:CON组胸腺;UP:显著上调;DOWN:显著下调;NO:不显著。 Fig.3 Volcano map of DEGs of thymus The abscissa in the figure represents the difference multiple; the ordinate indicates the significance of the difference results; EX: thymus gland in SS group; CX: thymus of CON group; UP: significantly increased; DOWN: significantly down; NO: not significant. |
2.3.2 牦牛犊牛脾脏差异基因表达及筛选
图4 脾脏差异表达基因火山图图中横坐标表示差异倍数;纵坐标表示差异结果的显著性;EX:SS组脾脏;CX:CON组脾脏;UP:显著上调;DOWN:显著下调;NO:不显著。 Fig.4 Volcano map of DEGs of spleen The abscissa in the figure represents the difference multiple; the ordinate indicates the significance of the difference results; EX: spleen in SS group; CX: spleen in CON group; UP: significantly increased; DOWN: significantly down; NO: not significant. |
2.4 GO聚类分析
2.4.1 牦牛犊牛胸腺差异基因的GO富集分析
图5 胸腺差异表达基因GO富集分析Category:类别;BP:生物过程 biological process;CC:细胞组分 component of cell;MF:分子功能 molecular function;P-adjust: P值矫正之后的数值 The P-value is the value after correction; Cell surface receptor signaling pathway:细胞表面受体信号通路;Cell adhesion:细胞黏附;Biological adhesion:生物黏附;Multicellular organismal process:多细胞生物过程;Cell cycle:细胞周期;Cytoskeleton organization:细胞骨架组织;Cell differentiation:细胞分化;ATP biosynthetic process:ATP生物合成过程;Notch signaling pathway:Notch信号通路;Cell cycle process:细胞周期过程;Supramolecular complex:超分子复合物;Supramolecular polymer:超分子聚合物;Supramolecular fiber:超分子纤维;Polymeric cytoskeletal fiber:聚合细胞骨架纤维;Extracellular region:细胞外区域;Cytoskeleton:细胞骨架;Extracellular region part:胞外区部分;Intermediate filament:中间丝;Intermediate filament cytoskeleton:中间丝细胞骨架;Extracellular matrix:细胞外基质;Calcium ion binding:钙离子结合;Molecular function regulator:分子功能调节剂;Enzyme regulator activity:酶调节活性;Enzyme inhibitor activity:酶抑制剂活性;Chemokine activity:趋化因子活性;Chemokine receptor binding:趋化因子受体结合;Peptidase inhibitor activity:肽酶抑制剂活性;Peptidase regulator activity:肽酶调节剂活性;Hyaluronic acid binding:透明质酸结合;G-protein coupled receptor binding:G蛋白偶联受体结合。 Fig.5 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs of thymus |
2.4.2 牦牛犊牛脾脏差异表达基因的GO富集分析
图6 脾脏差异表达基因GO富集分析Category:类别;BP:生物过程 biological process;CC:细胞组分 component of cell;MF:分子功能 molecular function;P-adjust: P值矫正之后的数值 The P-value is the value after correction; Organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process:有机氮化合物生物合成过程;Translation:翻译;Peptide biosynthetic process:肽生物合成过程;Amide biosynthetic process:酰胺生物合成过程;Peptide metabolic process:肽代谢过程;Cellular amide metabolic process:细胞酰胺代谢过程;Alpha-amino acid metabolic process: α-氨基酸代谢过程;Phospholipid biosynthetic process:磷脂生物合成过程;Regulation of biological quality:生物质量;Small molecule biosynthetic process:小分子生物合成过程的调控;Ribosome:核糖体;Ribonucleoprotein complex:核糖核蛋白复合体;Cytoplasmic part:细胞质部分;Extracellular region part:胞外区部分;Non-membrane-bounded organelle:非膜界细胞器;Intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle:细胞内非膜界细胞器;Endoplasmic reticulum:内质网;Extracellular matrix:细胞外基质;Endoplasmic reticulum membrane:内质网膜;Endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment:内质网亚室;Structural constituent of ribosome:核糖体的结构成分;Hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds:作用于糖苷键的水解酶活性;Structural molecule activity:结构分子活性;ATPase activity: ATP酶活性;Hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds:水解酶活性,水解O-糖基化合物;rRNA binding: rRNA结合;Exopeptidase activity:外肽酶活性;Primary active transmembrane transporter activity:初级活性跨膜转运蛋白活性;P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven transmembrane transporter activity: P-P-键水解驱动的跨膜转运活性;ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane: ATP酶活性,偶联到跨膜。 Fig.6 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs of spleen |
2.5 KEGG富集分析
2.5.1 牦牛犊牛胸腺差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析
图7 胸腺组织差异表达基因KEGG通路富集分析GeneRatio:表示该通路中差异基因富集程度 represents the enrichment degree of differential genes in this pathway;Count:总量;P-adjust:P值矫正之后的数值 the P-value is the value after correction;TNF signaling pathway:肿瘤坏死因子信号通路;MicroRNAs in cancer:癌症中的微RNAs;Amoebiasis:阿米巴病;Legionellosis:军团杆菌病;Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs):细胞黏附分子;Malaria:疟疾;Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction:细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用;NF-kappa B signaling pathway: NF-κB信号通路;Hematopoietic cell lineage:造血细胞谱系;Osteoclast differentiation:破骨细胞分化;Pl3K-Akt signaling pathway:Pl3K-Akt信号通路;Histidine metabolism:组氨酸代谢;Axon guidance:轴突导向;Focal adhesion:焦点黏附;Viral protein interaction with cytokines and cytokine receptors:病毒蛋白与细胞因子和细胞因子受体的相互作用;Protein digestion and absorption:蛋白质的消化和吸收;Staphylococcus aureus infection:金黄色葡萄球菌感染;AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in complications of diabetes:糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路;Proteoglycans in cancer:癌症中的蛋白多糖;ECM-receptor interaction: ECM-受体相互作用。 Fig.7 KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs of thymus |
表6 SS组和CON组胸腺主要免疫信号通路对应的差异表达基因Table 6 DEGs corresponding to major immune signal pathways of thymus in SS and CON groups |
| KEGG通路名称 KEGG pathway name | 差异表达基因数 Number of DEGs/个 | 主要差异表达基因名称 Main DEGs name | 调节 Regulate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶和 蛋白激酶B信号通路 PI3K-Akt signaling pathway | 52 | IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、Gβγ、GPCR TLR2、TLR4、ECM、PI3K | 上调 下调 |
| 核因子-κB信号通路 NF-kappa B signaling pathway | 42 | TNF-α、LBP、TCR、ELC、ICAM CD40、TRAF3、LT-βR、TLR4 | 上调 下调 |
IL-2:白细胞介素-2 interleukin-2;IL-4:白细胞介素-4 interleukin-4;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;Gβγ:G蛋白βγ亚基G protein βγ subunit ;GPCR:G蛋白偶联受体 G-protein-coupled receptors;TLR2:Toll样受体2 Toll-like receptor 2;TLR4:Toll样受体4 Toll-like receptor 4;ECM:细胞外基质 extracellular matrix;PI3K:磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶 intracellular phosphatidylinositol kinase;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;LBP:脂多糖结合蛋白 LPS-binding protein;TCR:T细胞受体 T cell receptor;ELC:泛素结合酶 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme;ICAM:细胞间黏附分子 intercellular adhesion molecule;CD40:肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员5 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5;TRAF3:肿瘤坏死因子受体作用因子3 tumor necrosis factor receptor acting factor 3;LT-βR:肿瘤坏死因子β-R tumor necrosis factor β-R。 |
2.5.2 牦牛犊牛脾脏差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析
图8 脾脏组织差异表达基因KEGG通路富集GeneRatio:表示该通路中差异基因富集程度 represents the enrichment degree of differential genes in this pathway;Count:总量;P-adjust:P值矫正之后的数值 the P-value is the value after correction;N-glycan biosynthesis:N-聚糖的生物合成;Huntington disease:亨廷顿病;Pentose and glucuronate interconversions:戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化;Biosynthesis of amino acids:氨基酸的生物合成;Parkinson disease:帕金森病;Galactose metabolism:半乳糖代谢;Hematopoietic cell lineage:造血细胞谱系;Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis:糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)-锚生物合成;Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism:甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢;Thermogenesis:生热作用;Legionellosis:军团杆菌病;Carbon metabolism:碳代谢;Glycosaminoglycan degradation:糖胺聚糖的降解;Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling:逆行内源性大麻素信号;Antigen processing and presentation:抗原处理和呈递;Fructose and mannose metabolism:果糖和甘露糖代谢;Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism:乙醛酸盐和二羧酸盐代谢;Complement and coagulation cascades:补体和凝血级联;Oxidative phosphorylation:氧化磷酸化;Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum:内质网中的蛋白质加工。 Fig.8 KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs of spleen |
表7 SS组和CON组脾脏主要免疫信号通路对应的差异表达基因Table 7 DEGs corresponding to major immune signal pathways of spleen in SS and CON groups |
| KEGG通路名称 KEGG pathway name | 差异表达基因数 Number of DEGs/个 | 主要差异表达基因名称 Main DEGs name | 调节 Regulate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 补体和凝血级联 Complement and coagulation cascades | 8 | FI、C1qrs、C1INH(SERPING1)、C3AR1 VWF、MCP、F13、FGB | 上调 下调 |
| 抗原加工和呈递 Antigen processing and presentation | 9 | HSP70、CD8A、CD8B、102272312、102278697、102273821 MHCⅠ、novel.1911、102273886 | 上调 下调 |
FI:尾鞘蛋白 caudal sheath protein;C1qrs:血清补体C1q受体 serum complement C1q receptor;C1INH(SERPING1):补体1抑制因子 complement 1 inhibitor;C3AR1:补体C3A受体1 complement C3A receptor 1;VWF:血管性血友病因子 von Willebrand factor;MCP:膜辅蛋白 membrane coprotein;F13:痘病毒磷脂酶蛋白 poxvirus phospholipase protein;FGB:纤维蛋白原 fibrinogen;HSP70:热休克蛋白70 heat shock protein 70;CD8A:T细胞表面糖蛋白CD8α链 CD8α chain of T cell surface glycoprotein;CD8B:T细胞表面糖蛋白CD8β链 CD8 beta chain of T cell surface glycoprotein;MHCⅠ:肌球蛋白重链Ⅰ类分子 myosin heavy chain class Ⅰ molecule。 |
2.6 DEGs的实时荧光定量PCR验证
2.6.1 SS和CON组胸腺DEGs的实时荧光定量PCR验证
图9 胸腺DEGs实时荧光定量PCR验证TLR4:Toll样受体4 Toll-like receptor 4;LBP:脂多糖结合蛋白 LPS-binding protein;PIK3CB:磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3激酶催化亚基β phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit β;CD40:肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员5 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α。 Fig.9 qRT-PCR validation for DEGs of thymus |
2.6.2 SS组和CON组脾脏DEGs的实时荧光定量PCR验证
图10 脾脏DEGs实时荧光定量PCR验证HSP70:热休克蛋白70 heat shock protein 70;ND6:NADH脱氢酶亚单位6 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6;C3AR1:补体C3A受体1 complement C3A receptor 1;MHⅠ:母体单倍体Ⅰ类分子 parent haploid class Ⅰ molecule;CD8B:T细胞表面糖蛋白CD8β链 CD8 beta chain of T cell surface glycoprotein。 Fig.10 qRT-PCR validation for DEGs of spleen |
