1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮
表1 开食料组成(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition of the starter (DM basis)% |
| 原料 Ingredients | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 玉米 Corn | 46.5 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 27.0 |
| 麸皮 Bran | 9.5 |
| 膨化大豆 Expanded soybean | 8.0 |
| 乳清粉 Dried whey powder | 5.0 |
| 细石粉 Fine limestone | 1.6 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.0 |
| 脂肪粉 Fat powder | 0.5 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.5 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.4 |
| 合计 Total | 100.0 |
预混料为每千克开食料提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the starter:Fe 22.1 mg,Mn 9.82 mg,Cu 2.25 mg,Zn 27.0 mg,Se 0.19 mg,I 0.54 mg,Co 0.09 mg,VA 30 000 IU,VD 30 000 IU,VE 4 000 IU。 |
表2 代乳粉、开食料、苜蓿干草和燕麦干草营养水平Table 2 Nutrient levels of milk replacer, starter, alfalfa hay and oat hay |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels | 代乳粉 Milk replacer | 开食料 Starter | 燕麦干草 Oat hay | 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质 DM/% | 95.00 | 87.90 | 93.00 | 95.00 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 26.24 | 20.00 | 4.08 | 14.19 |
| 粗脂肪 EE/% DM | 27.79 | 4.70 | 4.20 | 3.39 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM | 10.90 | 84.40 | 64.86 | |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM | 4.10 | 45.18 | 46.13 | |
| 钙 Ca/% DM | 2.50 | 0.80 | 1.05 | 1.55 |
| 磷 P/% DM | 1.40 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.74 |
| 钙/磷 Ca/P | 1.79 | 1.78 | 7.00 | 2.10 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集和指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能测定
1.4.2 样品采集
1.4.3 血清生化指标测定
1.4.4 瘤胃发酵指标测定
1.4.5 瘤胃组织形态测定
1.4.6 瘤胃微生物区系测定
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛生长性能和体尺指标的影响
表3 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛生长性能和体尺指标的影响Table 3 Effects of alfalfa hay, oat hay and their mixed feeding on growth performance and body size indexes of suckling yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH | OH | AO | ||
| 初始体重 Initial body weight/kg | 36.00±1.58 | 35.80±0.84 | 37.60±0.55 | 0.053 |
| 终末体重 Final body weight/kg | 71.20±1.79b | 70.60±0.55b | 74.80±3.11a | 0.017 |
| 平均日增重 Average daily gain/(g/d) | 293.33±3.12 | 290.00±3.12 | 310.00±10.00 | 0.095 |
| 料重比 Feed/gain | 2.68±0.03a | 2.69±0.01a | 2.55±0.05b | 0.018 |
| 体斜长 Body length/cm | 92.00±1.30 | 90.40±0.51 | 92.60±1.69 | 0.470 |
| 体高 Body height/cm | 88.60±1.44 | 89.80±0.80 | 92.40±1.44 | 0.135 |
| 胸围 Chest circumference/cm | 112.80±0.80 | 111.80±2.13 | 113.20±1.67 | 0.824 |
| 管围 Cannon circumference/cm | 15.60±0.24 | 15.80±0.20 | 16.20±0.20 | 0.178 |
| 瘤胃重 Rumen weight/kg | 0.86±0.01b | 0.85±0.01b | 0.96±0.04a | 0.049 |
| 干物质采食量 Dry matter intake/(kg/d) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.000 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛血清生化指标的影响
表4 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of alfalfa hay, oat hay and their mixed feeding on serum biochemical indexes of suckling yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH | OH | AO | ||
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 29.10±0.32a | 26.18±1.21b | 29.62±0.64a | 0.033 |
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 43.86±1.32 | 42.80±2.47 | 48.65±3.62 | 0.283 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 72.96±1.25 | 68.98±2.06 | 75.27±2.84 | 0.663 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 4.00±0.91 | 3.50±0.50 | 4.75±0.68 | 0.634 |
| 丙氨酸氨基转移酶 ALT/(U/L) | 37.90±1.67 | 32.92±2.93 | 39.97±2.62 | 0.181 |
| 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶 AST/(U/L) | 88.36±4.06 | 87.00±2.28 | 89.74±2.84 | 0.910 |
| 肌酐 CRE/(μmol/L) | 116.00±1.53b | 114.33±1.86b | 135.67±4.33a | 0.042 |
2.3 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表5 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 5 Effects of alfalfa hay, oat hay and their mixed feeding on rumen fermentation parameters of suckling yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH | OH | AO | ||
| pH | 7.04±0.07a | 6.69±0.25b | 6.92±0.01a | 0.015 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 1.86±0.23ab | 1.36±0.19b | 2.18±0.06a | 0.021 |
| 微生物蛋白 MCP/(mg/dL) | 13.15±2.06 | 15.98±0.77 | 17.60±1.63 | 0.181 |
| 乙酸 Acetate/(mmol/L) | 22.28±1.52Bb | 24.28±0.81Bb | 33.58±0.81Aa | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate/(mmol/L) | 6.01±0.26 | 5.99±0.24 | 7.23±0.75 | 0.169 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 3.43±0.14Bb | 3.43±0.15Bb | 4.51±0.12Aa | 0.001 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 43.13±0.96Bb | 38.86±1.14Bb | 52.14±3.13Aa | 0.003 |
| 乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/propionate | 3.54±0.08Bb | 3.82±0.59Bb | 4.86±0.48Aa | 0.005 |
2.4 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃组织形态的影响
图1 哺乳期牦牛犊牛的瘤胃冷冻切片A:黏膜上皮 mucosal epithelium;B:黏膜肌层 mucosal muscle layer;C:黏膜下层submucous layer;D:肌层 muscular layer;E:浆膜 plasma membrane。 Fig.1 Frozen section of rumen of suckling yak calves (400×) |
表6 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃组织形态的影响Table 6 Effects of alfalfa hay, oat hay and their mixed feeding on rumen morphology of suckling yak calvesμm |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH | OH | AO | ||
| 黏膜上皮厚度 Mucosal epithelium thickness | 91.70±4.04Bb | 78.46±1.06Bb | 189.83±18.98Aa | 0.005 |
| 黏膜下层厚度 Submucous layer thickness | 746.74±66.48Bb | 724.54±56.73Bb | 1 275.19±73.37Aa | 0.007 |
| 乳头宽度 Papillary width | 1 152.57±52.71B | 612.47±41.94C | 1 392.12±39.25A | 0.009 |
| 乳头高度 Papillary height | 605.03±20.74Bb | 547.99±47.72Bb | 1 816.09±72.94Aa | <0.001 |
| 肌层厚度 Muscular layer thickness | 1 985.63±80.92b | 1 299.89±84.40c | 2 284.27±65.07a | 0.025 |
| 浆膜层厚度 Plasma membrane thickness | 117.80±7.96B | 85.30±3.00C | 135.44±3.40A | 0.002 |
2.5 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.5.1 操作分类单元(OTU)聚类及基础分析结果
2.5.2 Venn图
2.5.3 Alpha多样性指数
表7 哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物OTU数目和Alpha多样性指数分析Table 7 Analysis of rumen microbial OTU number and alpha diversity indexes of suckling yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH | OH | AO | ||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 | 842.33±28.56 | 799.66±29.31 | 915.64±51.81 | 0.338 |
| 覆盖率 Good’s coverage | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.000 |
| 操作分类单元 OTU | 840.68±27.83b | 707.67±29.67b | 1 024.00±39.00a | 0.011 |
| Shannon 指数 Shannon index | 8.02±0.30 | 7.78±0.31 | 7.90±0.24 | 0.837 |
| Simpson 指数 Simpson index | 0.98±0.00 | 0.97±0.10 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.726 |
2.5.4 瘤胃微生物优势菌门和菌属相对丰度
表8 苜蓿干草、燕麦干草及二者混合饲喂对哺乳期牦牛犊牛瘤胃微生物优势菌门和菌属相对丰度的影响Table 8 Effects of alfalfa hay, oat hay and their mixed feeding on relative abundance of rumen microbial dominant phylum and genus of suckling yak calves% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH | OH | AO | ||
| 门水平 Phylum level | ||||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 54.88±6.96 | 39.59±2.19 | 38.88±4.94 | 0.121 |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 21.65±1.35b | 42.65±3.04a | 46.83±2.31a | 0.020 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteriota | 0.39±0.14 | 0.98±0.13 | 3.56±2.42 | 0.407 |
| 光古菌门 Euryarchaeota | 2.69±1.11b | 5.18±0.16a | 6.69±0.87a | 0.036 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 2.06±0.66 | 2.47±0.47 | 0.69±0.09 | 0.100 |
| 髌骨细菌门 Patescibacteria | 0.67±0.06 | 0.18±0.04 | 1.08±0.67 | 0.263 |
| 属水平 Genus level | ||||
| 欧鲁森氏菌属 Olsenella | 0.17±0.04b | 0.30±0.09a | 0.62±0.18a | 0.028 |
| 奎因氏菌属 Quinella | 1.14±0.71 | 0.83±0.70 | 0.55±0.22 | 0.713 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 18.91±3.90 | 20.74±1.68 | 21.84±1.32 | 0.679 |
| 普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella | 7.71±0.85b | 7.71±2.23b | 17.06±0.45a | 0.016 |
| F082 | 2.76±0.93 | 6.09±1.11 | 7.37±2.78 | 0.298 |
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 4.71±0.61b | 4.38±0.14b | 7.48±1.45a | 0.032 |
| 产粪甾醇真细菌群 Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group | 2.96±0.90 | 3.18±0.89 | 2.23±0.57 | 0.631 |
| 甲烷短杆菌属 Methanobrevibacter | 2.58±1.11b | 4.47±0.26b | 6.34±0.79a | 0.044 |
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 | 0.72±0.22Bb | 1.02±0.08Bb | 8.98±0.41Aa | <0.001 |
| 梭菌属UCG-014 Clostridium_UCG-014 | 3.94±0.44a | 2.45±0.72a | 1.28±0.47b | 0.046 |
