REVIEW

Regulation of Silent Information Regulator 2-Related Enzyme 1 on Milk Fat, Milk Protein Synthesis and Mastitis and Its Possible Mechanism

  • CAO Peipei ,
  • JI Sitong ,
  • DOU Wenli ,
  • MA Yanfen , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding in Ningxia, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-08-30

  Online published: 2023-03-16

Abstract

Silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) is a member of the Sirtuins family, which deacetylates chromatin and non-histone proteins, and plays an important role in the regulation of milk fat, milk protein synthesis and mastitis. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of SIRT1 regulating milk fat, milk protein synthesis and mastitis through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Janus kinases-2 (JAK2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, in order to provide theoretical support for milk fat, milk protein synthesis and targeted therapy of mastitis in dairy cows.

Cite this article

CAO Peipei , JI Sitong , DOU Wenli , MA Yanfen . Regulation of Silent Information Regulator 2-Related Enzyme 1 on Milk Fat, Milk Protein Synthesis and Mastitis and Its Possible Mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1426 -1432 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.135

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1,SIRT1)作为酵母的沉默信息调节因子2(silence information regulator 2,SIR2)的主要成员,广泛参与细胞功能,SIRT1可以通过调节过氧物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferators activated receptors,PPARγ)、固醇调控元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element binding proteins,SREBP)和组蛋白去乙酰化,还能通过调节AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)及下游的哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路,来控制细胞能量代谢、细胞凋亡和自噬。乳脂和乳蛋白是评价乳品质的重要指标,奶牛乳脂和乳蛋白合成是在多种调控因子作用下完成的,AMPK和mTOR等信号通路可通过激活下游调节因子来调控乳脂和乳蛋白的合成,蛋白酪氨酸激酶(Janus kinases,JAK)/信号转导子和转录激活子(signal transducers and activators of transcription,STAT)信号通路也可以实现对乳蛋白的调控。革兰氏阴性菌细胞膜上的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是诱发奶牛乳腺炎的因素之一[1],SIRT1可通过烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)依赖的去乙酰化酶活性调控相关下游转录因子的活性来调节奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白的合成以及乳腺炎[2]

1 SIRT1

SIRT1是Sirtuins家族成员,是保守的NAD+依赖性组蛋白去乙酰化酶家族,调节一系列目标蛋白,并使其去乙酰化,在调节生理和病理过程如细胞凋亡、衰老、代谢、分化和炎症等方面起着重要作用[3]。SIRT1由747个氨基酸组成,分为N端结构域(残基1~182)、异生部位(残基183~243)、细胞核(氨基酸244~498)和C端结构域(氨基酸499~747)共4个主要区域[4]。N端和C端结构域非α、非β结构区是SIRT1活性所必需的,缺少N端或C端结构域的SIRT1突变体不能催化脱乙酰反应,特别是C端的25个氨基酸序列(氨基酸631~655)对SIRT1的活性至关重要[5];N端区域的2个核引导序列和2个核出口序列至关重要,可供SIRT1在细胞核和细胞质之间自由转运。SIRT1在其催化核心中催化蛋白质的去乙酰化反应,其核心由2个子域组成,用于NAD+和底物结合,NAD+与子域间的2个疏水斑块的特定口袋结合。蛋白质乙酰化的底物与NAD+结合点旁边的1个小锌域结合,NAD+的结合改变了催化核心的二级结构,以增加底物蛋白质的接触。这种修改后的结构安排确保蛋白质去乙酰化的催化作用由SIRT1依赖于NAD+,并作为一个连续的生化反应进行,由NAD+与催化核心结合而启动[6]

2 SIRT1与乳脂合成

2.1 乳脂合成

脂肪主要是由甘油三酸酯、磷脂和甾酮等组成,是牛奶中非常重要的成分之一[7]。mTOR主要以mTORC1和mTORC2复合物形式存在于细胞中,mTOR是乳脂合成代谢及分解的重要调控因子,主要是通过磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase,P13K)和肝激酶B1(liver kinase B1,LKB1)2个上游信号通路途径来实现对乳脂的调控[8]。被激活的mTOR通过激活下游信号因子核糖体S6蛋白激酶(ribosomal S6 kinase,S6K)和真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白1(4E binding protein,4EBP1)来调节乳脂合成[9]。此外,研究发现脂肪酸合成的限速酶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FASN)和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase,SCD)均是转录调节因子SREBP-1c的靶细胞[10]。PPARγ是一种核受体,可促进白色脂肪组织的脂肪储存,可以通过调节脂肪组织中脂肪酸的从头合成、甘油三酯合成相关基因的mRNA和蛋白磷酸化水平来增加脂肪含量[11]

2.2 SIRT1在乳脂合成中的作用机制

AMPK作为生物体内脂质和蛋白质合成的重要信号通路,是调节生物能量平衡和稳定的重要因子,同样在奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白合成的调节中发挥着重要作用[12]。AMPK通过与另一个代谢传感器即依赖NAD+的去乙酰化酶SIRT1共同作用,在维持细胞代谢和生存方面发挥类似的作用。AMPK可以通过增加细胞的NAD+激活SIRT1,SIRT1也可以通过刺激AMPK下游的调控因子的活性来激活AMPK,SIRT1与AMPK之间的有效反馈回路可补充细胞生存过程中的能量不足[13]
SIRT1通过多种营养素传感器如SREBP1、氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ辅助因子-1α(peroxisome proliferators activated receptors γ coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)和PPARγ的调控作用,来完成对乳脂的调控。抑制磷酸化AMPK和SIRT1的蛋白表达,可以促进成熟SREBP1的乙酰化水平,并促进乳脂合成;而加入过表达的SIRT1,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary epithelial cells,BMECs)中SREBP1的乙酰化水平显著降低,且β-酪蛋白和甘油三酯的合成减少,显著抑制乳脂合成[14]。激活AMPK/SIRT1信号通路还可以增加PGC-1α和过氧物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferators activated receptors,PPARα)等脂肪酸β-氧化基因的表达,从而显著减少乳脂积累[15]。SIRT1是PPARγ的一个抑制因子,SIRT1主要通过与它的辅助因子核受体共同抑制因子(nuclear receptor co-repressor,NCoR)和甲状腺激素受体的沉默媒介对接来抑制PPARγ。过表达的SIRT1抑制了FASNPPARγ的表达,而SIRT1敲低则增加了它们的表达,也表明SIRT1负调控乳脂合成[16]。Sun等[17]研究发现,可以通过靶向SIRT1 mRNA的3'非翻译编码区(3'UTR)抑制SIRT1的表达,缺乏去乙酰化酶活性的SIRT1突变体的表达可导致乙酰化的SREBP-1、PGC-1α和PPARγ含量增加,促进乳脂合成。

3 SIRT1与乳蛋白合成

3.1 乳蛋白的合成

JAK/STAT/mTOR信号通路和多种激素相互作用合成乳蛋白。在哺乳动物中,JAK/STAT通路是多种细胞因子和生长因子的主要信号机制[18]。细胞因子与细胞表面的受体结合后激活JAK,激活的JAK通过磷酸化STAT末端的酪氨酸残基来激活STAT,磷酸酪氨酸通过与保守的SH2结构域的相互作用,使磷酸化的STAT5a和STAT5b形成同源二聚体,并激活下游通路,促进泌乳以及乳蛋白的合成[19]。mTOR被激活后,作用于S6K1和4EBP1使之磷酸化后被激活,从而增强含嘧啶基因mRNA的翻译功能[20]。而真核细胞翻译起始因子-4E(eukaryotic initiation factor-4E,eIF-4E)与4EBP1结合,对蛋白质的翻译产生抑制作用,被磷酸化后的4EBP1会与eIF-4E脱离,上调eIF-4E的表达量,从而降低4EBP1和eIF-4E结合对蛋白质翻译的抑制作用,增加细胞生长关键蛋白表达,促进牛乳蛋白的合成[21]。JAK/STAT通路在基因转录水平调控乳蛋白合成,mTOR通路则在蛋白质翻译水平起到生乳和维持泌乳的作用[22],2种通路相互影响共同完成对乳蛋白的调控。

3.2 SIRT1在乳蛋白合成中的作用机制

SIRT1的去乙酰化对乳蛋白的合成调控有重要作用,目前对BMECs中乳蛋白的研究较少,我们可以通过调节BMECs中JAK、AMPK以及mTOR等信号通路来完成对乳蛋白合成的调控[23]。而JAK/STAT信号通路中参与乳蛋白合成的主要是JAK2/STAT5通路。SIRT1过表达可以抑制JAK2/STAT5通路激活,主要通过降低JAK2的磷酸化,使STAT5表达水平降低,使乳蛋白合成减弱;相反,若抑制SIRT1的表达则可增加JKA2的磷酸化,使STAT5磷酸化,进入细胞核内与乳蛋白基因结合启动转录调控作用,从而促进乳蛋白的合成[24]。JAK2/STAT5信号通路在乳蛋白合成途径中发挥着重要的调节作用,而SIRT1可通过调节JAK2的表达水平进而完成对乳蛋白的合成调控。
BMECs中mTOR信号通路可促进下游S6K1和4EBP1基因和酪蛋白基因的表达[25]。可以通过影响β-酪蛋白mRNA基因表达和乳蛋白合成相关基因,如mTOR的表达来调节乳蛋白合成[26]。抑制mTORC1活性可下调α1-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白等乳蛋白编码基因的mRNA表达,下调乳蛋白翻译的过程。在能量缺乏的条件下,乳脂和乳蛋白的合成受到了显著抑制,并伴随着AMPK的激活,因此调节AMPK信号通路直接或间接影响乳蛋白的合成[27]。SIRT1可以通过降低乳腺中β-酪蛋白的表达抑制乳蛋白的合成[16]。SIRT1通过与结节性硬化症复合体(tuberous sclerosis complex,TSC)1-TSC2的相互作用介导mTOR的负调控,下调mTOR信号;SIRT1缺失导致mTOR信号通路上调,使mTOR磷酸化,激活的mTOR通过调节4EBP1和S6K1的磷酸化[28],使含嘧啶基因mRNA的翻译功能被增强,促进乳蛋白合成。

4 SIRT1与奶牛乳腺炎

4.1 奶牛乳腺炎

奶牛乳腺炎的常见致病菌有20多种,其主要致病成分是革兰氏阴性菌细胞膜上的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS),又被称为内毒素,存在于大肠杆菌细胞壁上[29]。当奶牛乳腺发生炎症时,在LPS的刺激下,BMECs或奶牛的巨噬细胞产生免疫反应对其进行特异性的免疫应答,释放大量破坏BMECs的促炎因子,损伤BMECs功能[30]
胞质区结构域被称作Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)结构域。在TLR中,TLR结构域高度保守[31],是一种富含亮氨酸的重复分子,可触发对病原体的先天反应。LPS介导的TLR4信号传播途径主要分为髓样分化因子(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)依赖性和MyD88非依赖性[32]。TLR识别LPS配体后,MyD88通过其结构域募集白细胞介素-1受体(interleukin1receptor,IL-1R)相关蛋白激酶,随后核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白激酶(inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase,IKK)被激活,从而促进核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)通路的活化,活化的NF-κB进入细胞核,促使炎性细胞因子Ⅰ型干扰素的表达,引发奶牛乳腺炎[33]。而奶牛的乳腺炎会影响乳脂、乳蛋白的合成,降低奶产量,还会增加乳中细菌含量。

4.2 SIRT1在乳腺炎中的作用机制

在LPS诱导的乳腺炎期间,除了炎症细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌增加,NF-κB信号通路的激活还通过改变AMPK和SIRT1诱导细胞能量代谢的变化。NF-κB可与免疫球蛋白kappa轻链上的启动子区域结合,可调节各种生物过程,包括免疫反应、炎症、细胞增殖和凋亡。在哺乳动物系统中,最常见的NF-κB二聚体由p65/p50异源二聚体组成[34]。SIRT1可逆转NF-κB的乙酰化以抑制NF-κB的活性,SIRT1对NF-κB的去乙酰化可以使NF-κB与促炎基因RelB启动子结合,形成稳定的复合物,对抑制BMECs中促炎基因的转录至关重要[35]。当TLR4通过LPS的刺激作用于巨噬细胞时,其NF-κB依赖性表达和稳定化被诱导,SIRT1与NF-κB的p65亚基发生双向作用,导致NF-κB去乙酰化而迅速终止NF-κB/p65的转录,抑制乳腺炎的发生[36]。随着BMECs中炎症的消除,SIRT1与促动因子DNA解离,抑制复合物也随之解体。具体来说,NAD+激活的核SIRT1首先对非组蛋白转录因子进行去乙酰化,TLR信号将SIRT1和烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷转移酶(nicotinamide mononucleotide adenosine transferase,NMNAT)招募到选定的基因启动子[37],之后它们直接与启动子结合的NF-κB/p65相互作用,局部NMNAT依赖的NAD+的合成激活了SIRT1,并使k310上的NF-κB/p65去乙酰化而迅速终止NF-κB/p65的转录[38-39],最终抑制BMECs中促炎因子的表达。
AMPK是重要的营养物质传感器和炎症调节器,SIRT1的过表达可磷酸化AMPK后进而激活AMPK,通过目标蛋白的磷酸化来协调细胞过程,最终显著减少BMECs中促炎因子的产生。在BMECs发生炎症反应时,SIRT1的过表达可激活AMPK,抑制巨噬细胞的炎症,AMPK的乙酰化状态会影响NF-κB的活性和信号传导,使NF-κB去乙酰化,减少促炎因子的表达[40]。二甲双胍可通过激活AMPK信号通路对LPS诱导的原代BMECs炎症反应和代谢变化产生生物学响应,AMPK的激活还可以诱导白细胞介素-10(interleukin 10,IL-10)的产生,负向调节抗炎因子的表达进而抑制乳腺炎发生[41]。有研究通过评价亮氨酸氨肽酶3(leucine aminopeptidase 3,LAP3)和SIRT1基因的单核苷酸多态性与印度奶牛产奶性状和临床乳腺炎的估计育种价值的相关性,得出LAP3和SIRT1基因可能是奶牛乳腺炎抗性和产奶性状标记辅助选择育种的重要候选基因[42]

5 小结

SIRT1可以对染色质和非组蛋白进行去乙酰化,在牛的乳脂、乳蛋白合成以及乳腺炎的调控中发挥重要作用。SIRT1通过与AMPK相互作用调控下游mTOR信号因子进而调节乳脂和乳蛋白的合成。SIRT1还可以通过调控JAK、NF-κB和TLR4来控制乳腺炎的发病过程。目前虽然已有研究报道了SIRT1在脂肪和蛋白质合成以及炎症方面的作用,但在LPS诱导的奶牛乳腺炎方面作用的报道较少。因此,通过深层次研究SIRT1与LPS诱导型乳腺炎发病机制可为SIRT1靶向治疗乳腺炎提供新的方向。
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