1 材料与方法
1.1 发酵菜籽粕制备
1.2 试验动物及饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低蛋白质组 Low protein group | 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕组 Low protein-fermented canola meal group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn (8.1% CP) | 70.30 | 77.00 | 76.15 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal (43% CP) | 15.40 | 9.40 | 4.85 |
| 发酵菜籽粕 Fermented canola meal (40% CP) | 4.85 | ||
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 4.45 | 4.00 | 3.95 |
| 麸皮 Bran | 3.85 | 3.60 | 4.20 |
| L-赖氨酸 L-Lys (70%) | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.44 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.05 | 0.08 | |
| L-色氨酸 L-Trp | 0.03 | 0.05 | |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.07 | 0.06 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (60%) | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
| 次粉 Wheat short | 1.90 | 1.50 | 1.55 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.82 | 13.82 | 13.82 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 14.03 | 11.79 | 11.81 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.36 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.27 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.51 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
| 色氨酸 Trp | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 胆碱 Choline/(mg/kg) | 2 004.21 | 2 004.58 | 2 006.85 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 3 000 IU,VD 3 400 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 1 mg,VB1 1.5 mg,VB2 2.5 mg,VB3 30 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.4 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg, Fe(FeSO4·H2O)50 mg,Cu(CuSO4·5H2O)4 mg,Zn(ZnSO4·H2O)60 mg,Mn(MnSO4·H2O) 4 mg,I(CaI2O6)0.14 mg,Se(Na2SeO3)0.3 mg。 2)粗蛋白质为实测值,其余为计算值。CP was a measured value, while the others were calculated values. |
1.3 样品采集及指标测定
1.3.1 生长性能和胴体性状
1.3.2 血清和背最长肌抗氧化指标
1.3.3 背最长肌肉品质指标
1.4 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 菜籽粕发酵前后营养物质和主要抗营养因子含量比较
表2 菜籽粕发酵前后的营养成分Table 2 Nutrient composition of canola meal before and after fermentation |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 水分 Moisture/% | 10.94 | 9.72 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 39.77 | 42.47 |
| 粗灰分 Ash/% | 6.39 | 7.35 |
| 硫苷 GS/(μmol/g) | 32.44 | 7.39 |
| 植酸 Phytic acid/% | 2.45 | 0.87 |
| 单宁 Tannin/% | 1.58 | 0.66 |
2.2 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响
表3 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响Table 3 Effects of low protein diet supplemented with fermented canola meal on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低蛋白质组 Low protein group | 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕组 Low protein-fermented canola meal group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初重 IBW/kg | 59.99±2.38 | 61.22±2.27 | 60.46±1.04 | 0.908 |
| 末重 FBW/kg | 108.54±3.10 | 112.51±4.03 | 112.02±2.57 | 0.666 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/kg | 0.88±0.02 | 0.93±0.04 | 0.94±0.04 | 0.485 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.27±0.19 | 2.46±0.15 | 2.32±0.19 | 0.731 |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.57±0.21 | 2.68±0.18 | 2.50±0.22 | 0.807 |
| 胴体重 Carcass weight/kg | 78.32±0.95 | 81.46±2.45 | 81.68±1.82 | 0.378 |
| 眼肌面积 Eye muscle area/cm2 | 53.72±2.99 | 53.36±2.29 | 52.98±2.87 | 0.982 |
| 背膘厚 Backfat depth/mm | 23.40±2.19 | 28.99±2.21 | 29.41±1.56 | 0.094 |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values in the same row with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪组织抗氧化指标的影响
表4 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of low protein diet supplemented with fermented canola meal on antioxidant indexes of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低蛋白质组 Low protein group | 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕组 Low protein-fermented canola meal group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 血清 Serum | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.20±0.01 | 0.33±0.08 | 0.28±0.01 | 0.203 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 61.03±4.98 | 62.78±2.76 | 67.92±1.81 | 0.365 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 172.59±10.73b | 229.26±12.58a | 200.74±12.27ab | 0.015 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(mmol/L) | 1.83±0.22 | 2.61±0.33 | 1.83±0.21 | 0.083 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 6.81±1.40 | 10.95±2.39 | 13.25±3.78 | 0.264 |
| 肌肉 Muscle | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.14±0.00ab | 0.15±0.01a | 0.13±0.01b | 0.047 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 101.36±3.54 | 100.16±3.38 | 94.83±3.10 | 0.365 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 49.66±9.56 | 39.06±5.97 | 22.69±6.19 | 0.063 |
2.4 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪肉品质的影响
表5 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of low protein diet supplemented with fermented canola meal on meat quality of fattening pigs |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低蛋白质组 Low protein group | 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕组 Low protein- fermented canola meal group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肉色 Meat color | ||||
| 45 min亮度 | 50.07±1.06 | 49.84±0.36 | 51.94±0.78 | 0.153 |
| 45 min红度 | 18.11±0.55 | 18.72±0.50 | 17.24±0.49 | 0.164 |
| 45 min黄度 | 6.19±0.52 | 5.76±0.50 | 6.77±0.58 | 0.426 |
| 24 h亮度 | 60.37±1.04 | 60.82±0.24 | 61.47±0.70 | 0.579 |
| 24 h红度 | 17.27±0.44ab | 17.80±0.28a | 16.23±0.35b | 0.023 |
| 24 h黄度 | 9.11±0.21 | 8.73±0.14 | 9.38±0.21 | 0.083 |
| 48 h亮度 | 59.71±1.14 | 60.11±0.52 | 61.53±0.45 | 0.243 |
| 48 h红度 | 17.81±0.39ab | 18.28±0.31a | 16.52±0.36b | 0.010 |
| 48 h黄度 | 9.07±0.35 | 9.04±0.34 | 9.15±0.09 | 0.963 |
| 滴水损失 Drip loss/% | ||||
| 24 h | 2.52±0.14 | 2.38±0.04 | 2.40±0.08 | 0.554 |
| 48 h | 3.23±0.16 | 3.28±0.14 | 3.42±0.08 | 0.595 |
| pH | ||||
| pH45 min | 6.17±0.10 | 6.16±0.13 | 6.28±0.06 | 0.675 |
| pH24 h | 5.37±0.11 | 5.32±0.08 | 5.39±0.10 | 0.872 |
| pH48 h | 5.65±0.02 | 5.62±0.02 | 5.64±0.02 | 0.538 |
| 剪切力 Shear force/N | 77.55±7.95 | 66.31±8.36 | 58.98±6.23 | 0.249 |
表6 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪肉感官评定的影响Table 6 Effects of low protein diet supplemented with fermented canola meal on meat sensory evaluation of fattening pigs |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低蛋白质组 Low protein group | 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕组 Low protein- fermented canola meal group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 颜色 Color | 5.30±0.09 | 5.39±0.11 | 5.22±0.08 | 0.470 |
| 气味 Fragrance | 5.42±0.16 | 5.35±0.17 | 5.08±0.22 | 0.423 |
| 风味 Flavor | 5.17±0.10 | 5.19±0.10 | 5.51±0.13 | 0.075 |
| 异味 Off-flavors | 5.52±0.17 | 5.62±0.14 | 5.51±0.25 | 0.911 |
| 嫩度 Tenderness | 4.76±0.21 | 5.04±0.18 | 5.10±0.20 | 0.458 |
| 多汁度 Juiciness | 5.13±0.21 | 5.37±0.12 | 5.35±0.17 | 0.548 |
| 肉汤清浊 Broth clarity | 5.39±0.19ab | 5.73±0.11a | 5.00±0.19b | 0.021 |
| 肉汤鲜度 Broth freshness | 5.46±0.09 | 5.53±0.18 | 5.39±0.12 | 0.751 |
| 大理石纹 Marbling score | 1.94±0.22 | 2.08±0.22 | 2.22±0.18 | 0.641 |
表7 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕饲粮对育肥猪背最长肌肌苷酸、肌内脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响Table 7 Effects of low protein diet supplemented with fermented canola meal on IMP,intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition of longissimus dorsi of fattening pigs |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低蛋白质组 Low protein group | 低蛋白质-发酵菜籽粕组 Low protein- fermented canola meal group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肌苷酸 Inosine monophosphate/(mg/g) | 1.68±0.05b | 1.87±0.07b | 2.18±0.06a | <0.010 |
| 肌内脂肪 Intramuscular fat/% | 2.28±0.43 | 2.83±0.38 | 2.96±0.46 | 0.495 |
| 总脂肪酸 Total fatty acids/(mg/g) | 15.68±4.31 | 18.96±3.50 | 16.31±2.28 | 0.781 |
| 脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例 Ratio of fatty acids to total fatty acids/% | ||||
| 葵酸 C10:0 | 0.14±0.00 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.542 |
| 豆蔻酸 C14:0 | 1.37±0.06 | 1.37±0.03 | 1.37±0.05 | 1.000 |
| 棕榈酸 C16:0 | 24.33±0.23 | 24.48±0.37 | 24.83±0.49 | 0.642 |
| 棕榈油酸 C16:1(cis-9) | 2.76±0.16 | 3.08±0.22 | 2.87±0.16 | 0.458 |
| 十七烷酸 C17:0 | 0.21±0.02 | 0.74±0.56 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.393 |
| 硬脂酸 C18:0 | 12.05±0.34 | 11.95±0.25 | 12.27±0.40 | 0.795 |
| 油酸 C18:1(cis-9) | 37.36±1.07b | 39.43±0.87ab | 41.00±0.54a | 0.029 |
| 亚油酸 C18:2(all-cis-9,12) | 14.87±1.14a | 12.85±0.94ab | 10.82±0.55b | 0.022 |
| 亚麻酸C18:3(all-cis-9,12,15) | 0.85±0.07 | 0.82±0.14 | 0.58±0.02 | 0.106 |
| 花生酸 C20:0 | 0.20±0.01 | 0.21±0.01 | 0.22±0.01 | 0.526 |
| 花生烯酸 C20:1(cis-11) | 0.66±0.03 | 0.67±0.03 | 0.70±0.06 | 0.803 |
| 二十烷二烯酸C20:2(all-cis-11,14) | 0.56±0.04a | 0.50±0.03ab | 0.44±0.02b | 0.048 |
| 二十烷三烯酸C20:3(all-cis-8,11,14) | 0.22±0.03 | 0.18±0.02 | 0.18±0.02 | 0.375 |
| 花生四烯酸C20:4 (all-cis-5,8,11,14) | 1.67±0.34 | 1.31±0.22 | 1.20±0.13 | 0.383 |
| 单不饱和脂肪酸 MUFA | 40.78±1.14b | 43.18±0.97ab | 44.58±0.50a | 0.031 |
| 多不饱和脂肪酸 PUFA | 18.17±1.38a | 15.66±1.19ab | 13.22±0.69b | 0.024 |
