Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 1610 - 1621

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.152

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Copra Meal and Compound Enzyme Supplemental Levels on Antioxidant and Lipid Metabolism Indexes of Laying Ducks

  • WANG Shuang ,
  • XIA Weiguang ,
  • CHEN Wei ,
  • HUANG Xuebing ,
  • LI Kaichao ,
  • JIN Chenglong ,
  • WANG Shenglin ,
  • ZHENG Chuntian , * ,
  • ZHANG Yanan , *
Expand
  • Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
*ZHENG Chuntian, professor, E-mail: ;
ZHANG Yanan, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-08-11

  Online published: 2023-03-16

Fold

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on antioxidant and lipid metabolism indexes of laying ducks. Five hundred and seventy-six healthy Longyan ducks with similar body weight during egg production peak stage were randomly allotted into 8 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 ducks per replicate. Ducks were fed experimental diets with copra meal supplemental levels of 0, 6%, 12% and 18% and compound enzyme supplemental levers of 0 and 400 mg/kg according to a two-factor completely randomized trial design. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary compound enzyme supplemental level had significant effects on the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and liver GSH-Px and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities of laying ducks (P<0.05). 2) Dietary copra meal supplemental level had significant effect on the liver total cholesterol (T-CHO) content of laying ducks (P<0.05), dietary compound enzyme supplemental level had significant effects on the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) content and liver T-CHO and FFA contents of laying ducks (P<0.05), and there was a significant interaction between copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on the plasma FFA content and liver triglyceride (TG) and FFA contents of laying ducks (P<0.05). 3) Dietary compound enzyme supplemental level had significant effects on the egg yolk TG content of laying ducks (P<0.05), and there was a significant interaction between copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on the egg yolk malondialdehyde (MDA) content of laying ducks (P<0.05). 4) Dietary copra meal supplemental level had significant effect on the contents of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) in egg yolk of laying ducks (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary compound enzyme can improve the body antioxidant function of laying ducks. The copra meal regulates the fatty acid deposition in egg yolk by affecting dietary fatty acids, and the complex enzyme may affect the lipid metabolism by regulating glucose metabolism.

Key words： copra meal; compound enzyme; antioxidant indexes; lipid metabolism

Cite this article

WANG Shuang , XIA Weiguang , CHEN Wei , HUANG Xuebing , LI Kaichao , JIN Chenglong , WANG Shenglin , ZHENG Chuntian , ZHANG Yanan . Effects of Dietary Copra Meal and Compound Enzyme Supplemental Levels on Antioxidant and Lipid Metabolism Indexes of Laying Ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1610 -1621 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.152

随着国际粮食问题的日益严峻,我国畜牧业也受到了一定影响,饲料资源紧缺、养殖成本增加是目前亟需解决的关键问题。木薯渣[1]、花生粕[2]、棕榈粕[3]等非常规饲料原料的应用是目前饲料行业降本增效最直接有效的办法,非常规饲料原料的安全利用逐渐成为家禽营养学研究的热点。椰子粕是椰子胚乳提取油脂后的副产物,含有高浓度的膳食纤维[4]、丰富的油脂和氨基酸,具有降血脂、降低胆固醇以及抑制高血脂症等生理功能,同时椰子粕中高水平的精氨酸又具有较强的清除自由基的能力,具有一定的抗氧化功能[5]。目前对于椰子粕在蛋鸭上的研究较少。本课题组研究发现,蛋鸭饲粮中添加椰子粕可以改善蛋鸭的产蛋性能,但不影响鸭蛋品质[6]。Kraikaew等[7]和Kiarie等[8]研究发现,甘露聚糖酶可以对椰子粕营养物质的利用起到改善作用。本课题组研究发现,饲粮中添加富含甘露聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶的复合酶对蛋鸭产蛋性能没有明显的提升效果[6],但尚未分析饲粮中添加椰子粕和复合酶对蛋鸭机体抗氧化功能及脂类代谢的影响。而在其他动物上的研究发现,饲粮中添加复合酶可以显著提高机体的抗氧化等功能[9⇓⇓-12]。因此,本研究在以往研究的基础上,进一步探讨饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭机体抗氧化和脂类代谢指标的影响,为科学合理的在蛋鸭饲粮中添加椰子粕和复合酶提供技术依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计及饲粮组成

采用双因子完全随机试验设计,选取576只处于产蛋高峰期的福建龙岩麻鸭,随机分为8组,每组6个重复(栏),每个重复(栏)12只鸭,单笼饲养。试验饲粮营养水平参考王爽等[6]的研究结果,采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,椰子粕添加水平分别为0、6%、12%和18%,复合酶(甘露聚糖酶≥5 000 U/g、葡聚糖酶≥3 000 U/g、蛋白酶≥3 000 U/g、木聚糖酶≥2 000 U/g等)添加水平分别为0和400 mg/kg。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期16周。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 椰子粕添加水平 Copra meal supplemental level/%
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 49.152 47.504 46.050 44.200 49.152 47.504 46.050 44.200
小麦麸 Wheat bran 19.500 16.000 12.264 8.959 19.500 16.000 12.264 8.959
椰子粕 Copra meal 6.000 12.000 18.000 6.000 12.000 18.000
大豆粕 Soybean meal 20.200 19.340 18.543 17.700 20.200 19.340 18.543 17.700
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.220 1.205 1.184 1.159 1.220 1.205 1.184 1.159
石粉 Limestone 8.300 8.320 8.330 8.350 8.300 8.320 8.330 8.350
预混料 Premix1) 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
食盐 NaCl 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 0.141 0.145 0.148 0.151 0.141 0.145 0.148 0.151
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl 0.061 0.089 0.116 0.142 0.061 0.089 0.116 0.142
L-精氨酸盐酸盐 L-Arg·HCl 0.120 0.080 0.036 0.120 0.080 0.036
L-色氨酸 L-Trp 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007
苏氨酸 Thr 0.011 0.022 0.032 0.011 0.022 0.032
合计 Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 400 400 400 400
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46
粗蛋白质 CP 16.95 16.97 16.65 16.77 16.74 16.92 17.16 16.52
粗脂肪 CF 2.86 3.47 4.08 4.70 2.86 3.47 4.08 4.70
粗纤维 CF 3.58 4.14 4.69 5.27 3.58 4.14 4.69 5.27
粗灰分 Ash 2.92 2.95 2.98 3.03 2.92 2.95 2.98 3.03
项目
Items		 椰子粕添加水平 Copra meal supplemental level/%
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
钙 Ca 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60
总磷 TP 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60
可利用磷 AP 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
精氨酸 Arg 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.23
蛋氨酸 Met 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41
赖氨酸 Lys 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89
苏氨酸 Thr 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.62
脂肪酸 Fatty acids
C8:0 0.03 1.10 0.03 2.97 0.55 1.11 1.77 2.45
C10:0 0.05 0.91 2.12 2.30 0.56 0.89 1.39 1.80
C12:0 0.08 7.79 18.70 20.53 4.44 7.22 12.79 16.20
C14:0 0.11 4.17 9.41 10.75 2.36 3.93 7.26 8.98
C15:0 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.04
C16:0 17.11 15.90 13.93 14.52 16.51 16.17 16.02 15.19
C16:1(cis-9) 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.20 0.12 0.10
C17:0 0.31 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.18 0.21 0.11 0.09
C18:0 2.10 1.97 2.12 2.15 2.06 2.40 2.07 2.02
C18:1(cis-9) 20.56 19.01 17.31 16.66 19.53 19.71 18.52 17.98
C18:2(cis-9,12) 53.16 42.86 29.16 25.07 47.42 42.40 34.61 30.09
C18:3(cis-9,12,15) 3.04 2.32 1.38 1.15 2.65 2.26 1.66 1.48
C20:0 0.35 0.28 0.25 0.21 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.25
C20:1(cis-11) 0.35 0.31 0.28 0.24 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.23
C22:0 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.13
C24:0 0.24 0.23 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.20

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 12 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 26 mg,VK3 1.0 mg,VB1 3.0 mg,VB2 9.6 mg,VB6 6.0 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 500 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 28.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,Fe 50 mg,Cu 10 mg,Mn 90 mg,Zn 90 mg,I 0.50 mg,Se 0.40 mg。

2)粗蛋白质和脂肪酸为测定值,其他营养水平为计算值。CP and fatty acids were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.2 指标测定

1.2.1 血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标

试验第16周末,每个重复中随机抽取2只试验鸭,翅静脉采血5 mL,4 ℃下3 000 r/min离心制备血浆。试验鸭采血后放血致死,打开腹腔,取出肝脏,-80 ℃冻存。采用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒分别测定血浆和肝脏总超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。

1.2.2 血浆和肝脏脂类代谢指标

采用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒分别测定血浆和肝脏总胆固醇(T-CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)和游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量。

1.2.3 蛋黄脂类代谢指标和MDA含量

试验第16周末,采集蛋样,每个重复采集4枚蛋,取出蛋黄,采用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒测定蛋黄T-CHO、TG和MDA含量。

1.2.4 蛋黄脂肪酸组成

将蛋黄样品冷冻干燥制成蛋黄样本,称取0.5 g用于测定蛋黄脂肪酸组成。参照《食品安全国家标准食品中脂肪酸的测定》(GB 5009.168—2016),使用安捷伦气相色谱仪(6890N,美国)、氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)、HPINNOWAX毛细管色谱柱(100 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)检测蛋黄脂肪酸组成(进样体积:1.0 μL;载气:氮气;进样器温度:270 ℃;检测器温度:280 ℃)。

1.3 数据分析

采用SAS 9.12统计软件对数据进行双因素方差分析,差异显著时,用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。统计模型包含主效应(椰子粕和复合酶添加水平)及饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平的交互作用,各组试验数据均以平均值形式表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

如表2所示,饲粮中椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮中复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆GSH-Px活性及肝脏GSH-Px、T-SOD活性有显著影响(P<0.05);其中,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg复合酶显著提高了蛋鸭血浆GSH-Px活性及肝脏GSH-Px、T-SOD活性(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on plasma and liver antioxidant indexes of laying ducks

项目
Items		 血浆 Plasma 肝脏 Liver
谷胱甘肽过
氧化物酶
GSH-Px/
(U/mL)		 总超氧化
物岐化酶
T-SOD/
(U/mL)		 丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/
mL)		 总抗氧
化能力
T-AOC/
(U/mL)		 谷胱甘肽过
氧化物酶
GSH-Px/
(U/mg prot)		 总超氧化物
岐化酶
T-SOD/
(U/mg prot)		 丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/
mg prot)		 总抗氧
化能力
T-AOC/
(U/mg
prot)
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental
level/%
0 0 573.17 68.14 12.26 14.27 218.67 313.56 1.43 1.34
0 6 567.58 67.41 10.44 12.11 213.00 310.49 1.22 1.25
0 12 625.96 70.40 8.64 11.79 213.92 285.57 1.11 1.25
0 18 649.17 67.53 8.99 13.42 226.71 302.98 1.08 1.33
400 0 660.55 69.49 11.48 11.88 248.30 323.81 1.29 1.37
400 6 640.36 60.51 10.28 12.91 290.54 387.01 1.45 1.41
400 12 670.39 70.14 10.43 11.70 261.08 350.05 1.34 1.32
400 18 874.55 54.33 9.75 12.92 257.81 331.17 1.36 1.18
主效应 Main effects
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 0 603.97b 68.37 10.08 12.84 218.07b 303.15b 1.21 1.30
400 711.46a 63.62 10.48 12.34 264.43a 348.01a 1.36 1.32
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental
level/%		 0 616.86 68.82 11.87 12.87 233.48 318.68 1.36 1.36
6 603.97 63.96 10.36 12.56 251.77 348.75 1.33 1.33
12 648.18 70.27 9.53 11.74 237.50 317.81 1.23 1.29
18 761.86 60.93 9.37 13.17 242.26 317.08 1.22 1.26
P值
P-value		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme
supplemental level		 0.021 0.246 0.712 0.573 <0.001 0.005 0.080 0.681
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level		 0.065 0.342 0.348 0.711 0.673 0.396 0.520 0.666
交互作用 Interaction 0.504 0.571 0.849 0.695 0.385 0.397 0.258 0.331

同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。表3和表4同。

In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as Table 3 and Table 4.

2.2 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆和肝脏脂类代谢指标的影响

如表3所示,饲粮中椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭肝脏T-CHO含量有显著影响(P>0.05),饲粮中复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆FFA含量及肝脏T-CHO、FFA含量有显著影响(P>0.05),饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆FFA含量及肝脏TG、FFA含量存在显著交互作用(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加400 mg/kg复合酶显著降低了蛋鸭血浆FFA含量及肝脏T-CHO、FFA含量(P<0.05),饲粮中添加12%和18%椰子粕显著降低了蛋鸭血浆T-CHO含量(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆及肝脏脂类代谢指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on plasma and liver lipid metabolism index of laying ducks

项目
Items		 血浆 Plasma 肝脏 Liver
总胆
固醇
T-CHO/
(mmol/L)		 甘油
三酯
TG/
(mmol/L)		 高密度
脂蛋白
胆固醇
HDL-C/
(mmol/L)		 低密度
脂蛋白
胆固醇
LDL-C/
(mmol/L)		 游离
脂肪酸
FFA/
(μmol/L)		 极低密度
脂蛋白胆
固醇
VLDL/
(μg/mL)		 总胆
固醇
T-CHO/
(μmol/g
prot)		 甘油
三酯
TG/
(μmol/g
prot)		 低密度
脂蛋白
胆固醇
LDL-C/
(μmol/g
prot)		 游离
脂肪酸
FFA/
(μmol/g
prot)		 极低密度
脂蛋白
胆固醇
VLDL-C/
(μg/ g
prot)
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal
supplemental level/%
0 0 3.25 16.27 2.09 6.72 199.94 5.23 9.71 68.00 31.99 19.70 0.46
0 6 3.97 18.12 2.50 7.28 186.86 4.95 7.61 74.84 33.34 19.25 0.47
0 12 3.99 15.15 2.29 6.77 170.93 5.09 7.44 69.70 33.65 17.22 0.50
0 18 4.32 17.39 2.49 7.59 168.30 3.98 6.46 74.66 29.36 15.07 0.49
400 0 3.93 15.93 2.38 7.22 162.11 4.36 7.16 75.47 37.14 13.28 0.53
400 6 3.38 16.46 2.14 6.46 162.20 4.53 6.51 68.25 30.68 13.36 0.51
400 12 4.46 19.78 2.63 8.13 168.17 4.61 5.04 73.31 29.41 11.03 0.47
400 18 3.83 16.89 2.30 6.99 169.25 3.63 3.89 60.81 26.57 15.92 0.53
主效应 Main effects
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 0 3.88 16.73 2.34 7.09 181.51a 4.81 7.80a 71.80 32.09 17.81a 0.48
400 3.88 17.18 2.36 7.22 166.11b 4.31 5.71b 69.19 31.01 13.44b 0.51
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal
supplemental
level/%		 0 3.59 16.10 2.24 6.97 181.03 4.79 8.43a 71.74 34.57 16.49 0.48
6 3.72 17.53 2.37 7.00 175.57 4.79 7.10ab 71.50 31.99 16.30 0.49
12 4.14 17.05 2.40 7.36 169.86 4.87 6.33bc 71.00 31.68 14.22 0.49
18 4.07 17.14 2.39 7.29 168.78 3.80 5.17c 67.74 27.96 15.49 0.51
P值
P-value		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme
supplemental level		 0.978 0.785 0.938 0.781 0.004 0.058 0.001 0.309 0.579 <0.001 0.154
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level		 0.431 0.939 0.946 0.909 0.322 0.118 0.004 0.661 0.122 0.337 0.831
交互作用 Interaction 0.339 0.700 0.750 0.453 0.003 0.922 0.790 0.020 0.322 0.027 0.364

2.3 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄脂类指标的影响

如表4所示,饲粮中椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄T-CHO、TG和MDA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮中复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄TG含量有显著影响(P<0.05),饲粮中添加400 mg/kg复合酶显著提高了蛋鸭蛋黄TG含量(P<0.05)。饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄MDA含量存在显著交互作用(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄脂类指标及MDA含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on egg yolk lipid indexes and MDA content of laying ducks

项目
Items		 总胆固醇
T-CHO/(μmol/g)		 甘油三酯
TG/(μmol/g)		 丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/g)
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/%
0 0 26.03 8.25 131.67
0 6 27.74 8.00 135.78
0 12 27.98 8.69 102.00
0 18 28.01 8.04 103.78
400 0 26.93 9.36 106.67
400 6 29.04 8.88 117.33
400 12 26.49 8.26 117.04
400 18 27.62 10.57 119.56
主效应 Main effects
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 0 27.44 8.24b 118.31
400 27.52 9.26a 115.15
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/%		 0 26.48 8.81 119.17
6 28.39 8.44 126.56
12 27.24 8.47 109.52
18 27.81 9.30 111.67
P值
P-value		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level		 0.884 0.018 0.630
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level		 0.085 0.443 0.247
交互作用
Interaction		 0.255 0.112 0.049
如表5所示,饲粮中椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄C10:0、C12:0、C14:0、C14:1(cis-9)、C15:0、C16:0、C23:0)、C16:1(cis-9)、C18:1(trans-9)、C18:1(cis-9)、C18:2(cis-9,12)、C18:3(cis-9,12,15)、C20:2(cis-11,14)、C22:6(cis-4,7,10,13,16,19)、C23:0以及单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量有显著影响(P<0.05),饲粮中复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄C10:0、C12:0、C14:0、C22:0、C20:5(cis-5,8,11,14,17)和C23:0含量有显著影响(P<0.05),饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄C10:0、C12:0、C14:0含量存在显著交互作用(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加400 mg/kg复合酶显著降低了蛋鸭蛋黄C10:0、C12:0、C14:0、C22:0、C20:5(cis-5,8,11,14,17)含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加12%和18%椰子粕显著降低了蛋鸭蛋黄MUFA和PUFA含量(P<0.05),显著提高了蛋鸭蛋黄SFA含量(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋黄脂肪酸组成的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying ducks%

项目
Items		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg)		 主效应 Main effects
0 0 0 0 400 400 400 400 椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental
level/%		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 P值 P-value
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/%		 0 6 12 18 0 400 复合酶添
加水平
Compound
enzyme
supplemental
level		 椰子粕添
加水平
Copra meal
supplemental
level		 交互作用
Interaction
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
C10:0 0.004 0.008 0.019 0.023 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.005d 0.008c 0.015b 0.019a 0.014a 0.010b <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
C12:0 0.028 0.087 0.288 0.355 0.070 0.085 0.186 0.259 0.049d 0.085c 0.237b 0.307a 0.19a 0.15b 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
C14:0 0.401 0.831 2.031 2.386 0.691 0.820 1.530 1.994 0.546d 0.822c 1.780b 2.190a 1.41a 1.26b 0.032 <0.001 0.001
C14:1(cis-9) 0.028 0.067 0.222 0.280 0.054 0.065 0.147 0.227 0.041c 0.066c 0.184b 0.254a 0.149a 0.123b 0.080 <0.001 0.073
C15:0 0.030 0.033 0.040 0.040 0.033 0.033 0.037 0.039 0.032b 0.033b 0.038a 0.040a 0.036 0.035 0.834 <0.001 0.137
C16:0 25.411 26.163 26.930 26.947 26.037 26.153 26.439 26.581 25.724b 26.133ab 26.685a 26.764a 26.363 26.303 0.818 0.026 0.434
C16:1(cis-9) 2.289 2.367 2.949 3.213 2.348 2.524 2.699 2.978 2.319c 2.482c 2.824b 3.095a 2.704 2.637 0.409 <0.001 0.199
C17:0 0.092 0.090 0.092 0.085 0.094 0.090 0.089 0.087 0.093 0.090 0.090 0.086 0.090 0.090 0.943 0.164 0.834
C18:0 6.075 5.947 5.513 5.284 5.840 5.670 5.671 5.422 5.96a 5.72ab 5.59bc 5.35c 5.705 5.651 0.581 0.001 0.243
C18:1(trans-9) 0.242 0.225 0.210 0.217 0.231 0.242 0.210 0.215 0.237a 0.233a 0.210b 0.216b 0.224 0.224 0.860 <0.001 0.113
C18:1(cis-9) 49.083 48.410 45.893 46.579 48.228 48.880 47.825 46.993 48.66a 48.74a 46.86b 46.79b 47.491 47.982 0.234 0.001 0.136
C18:2(cis-9,12) 9.146 8.852 9.228 8.221 9.284 8.413 8.381 8.374 9.22a 8.65ab 8.81ab 8.30b 8.862 8.613 0.267 0.044 0.319
C18:3(cis-6,9,12) 0.175 0.152 0.171 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.177 0.168 0.171 0.165 0.174 0.161 0.163 0.173 0.203 0.578 0.472
C18:3(cis-9,12,15) 0.331 0.309 0.289 0.234 0.325 0.278 0.256 0.245 0.328a 0.294b 0.272b 0.240c 0.291 0.276 0.107 <0.001 0.265
C20:0 0.041 0.040 0.041 0.040 0.039 0.040 0.037 0.036 0.040 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.04a 0.038b 0.044 0.454 0.236
C20:1(cis-11) 0.404 0.435 0.398 0.415 0.388 0.394 0.393 0.403 0.396 0.416 0.395 0.409 0.413 0.395 0.115 0.563 0.717
C20:2(cis-11,14) 0.242 0.244 0.218 0.197 0.239 0.210 0.206 0.209 0.241a 0.227ab 0.212bc 0.203c 0.225 0.216 0.253 0.008 0.206
C20:3(cis-8,11,14) 0.353 0.355 0.341 0.334 0.324 0.344 0.349 0.370 0.339 0.350 0.345 0.352 0.346 0.346 0.965 0.885 0.296
C20:4
(cis-5,8,11,14)		 4.523 4.323 4.129 4.024 4.462 4.488 4.290 4.342 4.493 4.389 4.209 4.183 4.250 4.396 0.126 0.066 0.555
C22:0 0.032 0.034 0.032 0.032 0.024 0.021 0.031 0.018 0.028 0.026 0.031 0.025 0.032a 0.024b 0.001 0.321 0.202
项目
Items		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg)		 主效应 Main effects
0 0 0 0 400 400 400 400 椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental
level/%		 复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 P值 P-value
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/%		 0 6 12 18 0 400 复合酶添
加水平
Compound
enzyme
supplemental
level		 椰子粕添
加水平
Copra meal
supplemental
level		 交互作用
Interaction
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
C20:5
(cis-5,8,11,14,17)		 0.047 0.033 0.028 0.033 0.031 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.039 0.030 0.028 0.029 0.036a 0.028b 0.028 0.096 0.474
C23:0 0.020 0.021 0.024 0.026 0.019 0.025 0.030 0.029 0.020c 0.023b 0.027a 0.027a 0.023b 0.027a 0.006 <0.001 0.144
C24:0 0.478 0.515 0.495 0.481 0.548 0.522 0.514 0.514 0.513 0.504 0.504 0.497 0.492 0.524 0.110 0.883 0.695
C24:1(cis-15) 0.042 0.042 0.035 0.038 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.044 0.042 0.038 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.322 0.064 0.635
C22:6
(cis-4,7,10,13,16,19)		 0.483 0.417 0.384 0.362 0.467 0.446 0.427 0.419 0.475a 0.433ab 0.405b 0.391b 0.411 0.440 0.082 0.004 0.401
单不饱和脂肪酸
MUFA		 52.088 51.546 49.707 50.743 51.296 52.147 51.314 50.853 51.69a 51.98a 50.51b 50.79b 51.021 51.403 0.230 0.009 0.069
多不饱和脂肪酸
PUFA		 15.300 14.686 14.788 13.559 15.301 14.385 14.113 14.153 15.30a 14.54b 14.45b 13.86c 14.583 14.488 0.588 <0.001 0.088
饱和脂肪酸
SFA		 32.612 33.768 35.505 35.698 33.403 33.467 34.573 34.994 33.00b 33.48b 35.04a 35.35a 34.396 34.109 0.313 <0.001 0.154

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05).

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭机体抗氧化指标的影响

本研究中,饲粮中添加6%、12%、18%椰子粕对蛋鸭血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标无显著影响,但添加400 mg/kg复合酶可以显著提高蛋鸭血浆、肝脏GSH-Px活性及肝脏T-SOD活性。这表明椰子粕并没有因为其本身高水平粗纤维而影响到蛋鸭机体的抗氧化功能,而复合酶则对蛋鸭机体抗氧化功能起到积极的作用。焦莉等[9]在蛋鸡上的研究表明,添加富含植酸酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的复合酶可以显著提高低蛋白质饲粮条件下蛋鸡血浆GSH-Px活性。孙秋娟等[13]研究表明,含木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶及甘露聚糖酶的复合酶可提高28日龄肉鸡血清GSH-Px活性,从而有利于机体自氧化应激状态的恢复。研究发现,复合酶的添加可以显著提高仔猪血浆GSH-Px[10-11]及T-SOD活性[12]。本试验结果与以往研究结果一致。侯振平等[14]研究发现,饲粮中添加蛋白酶会增加肉鸡血浆T-AOC,降低血浆MDA含量,表明添加蛋白酶可以提高动物机体的抗氧化功能。而饲粮中添加甘露寡聚糖可以显著提高猪、鸡血浆T-SOD和GSH-Px活性[15]。复合酶对蛋鸭机体氧化作用的机理尚不明确,可能是复合酶中的甘露聚糖酶优化了蛋鸭肠道微生物菌群,促进有益菌生长,改善了蛋鸭胃肠道环境,从而提升了机体的抗氧化功能,其机理仍需进一步深入研究。

3.2 饲粮中椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭脂类代谢指标的影响

本研究中,饲粮中添加椰子粕和复合酶可以降低蛋鸭肝脏胆固醇含量。目前椰子粕对脂类代谢的研究很少,椰子粕粗纤维含量较高,添加后饲粮中粗纤维含量逐渐升高,而在肥育猪的研究中发现高纤维饲粮可能通过抑制3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶的表达来减少胆固醇的合成,从而降低肝脏胆固醇含量[16],与本试验结果一致。本研究中,饲粮中添加复合酶可以降低蛋鸭血浆和肝脏FFA含量,增加蛋黄TG含量,并且饲粮中添加椰子粕和复合酶对蛋鸭血浆和肝脏FFA含量存在显著交互作用。这表明复合酶的添加可能促进蛋鸭血浆和肝脏中的TG分解成FFA,并经过血液循环将其沉积到了蛋黄中,并重新合成TG,从而调控脂类的循环,而复合酶可以与椰子粕相互影响达到蛋鸭体内FFA的相对平衡。本研究中甘露聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶主要针对饲料原料中的半纤维及抗营养物质起作用[17],蛋白酶主要用于提高大豆或其他植物蛋白质的利用率[18],但关于这几种酶类对动物脂类代谢的影响研究极少,复合酶可能通过调控糖代谢而对脂类代谢产生影响,但作用机制仍需进一步研究。
本研究中,随着饲粮中椰子粕添加水平的增加,蛋黄MUFA、PUFA含量下降,SFA含量升高,与饲粮中脂肪酸组成的变化相一致,表明添加椰子粕增加蛋黄中脂肪酸含量的影响主要源于添加椰子粕对饲粮脂肪酸组成的影响,通过改变摄入的脂肪酸影响沉积到蛋黄中的脂肪酸组成。以往的研究表明,饲粮脂肪酸组成是影响鸡肉和鸡蛋脂肪酸组成的最重要因素[19]。在蛋鸭的饲粮中添加米糠也增加了蛋黄中的重要脂肪酸如C18:2 n-6和C18:3 n-3的含量,与饲粮中的脂肪酸组成变化一致[20]。以上研究结果与本试验研究结果相一致。饲粮中添加复合酶制剂对鸭蛋蛋黄MUFA、PUFA和SFA含量无显著影响,对个别SFA含量的影响可能与饲粮中的脂肪酸组成变化相关。

4 结论

① 饲粮中椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭机体抗氧化功能无明显影响,但可以降低肝脏胆固醇含量,调控蛋鸭蛋黄脂肪酸组成。
② 饲粮中添加复合酶可以提高蛋鸭机体抗氧化功能,降低蛋鸭肝脏胆固醇含量,并促进蛋黄中TG的沉积。
③ 综合蛋鸭机体抗氧化和脂类代谢指标,推荐饲粮中椰子粕添加水平为16%。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
ABOUELEZZ K F M, WANG S, XIA W G, et al. Effects of dietary inclusion of cassava starch-extraction-residue meal on egg production,egg quality,oxidative status,and yolk fatty acid profile in laying ducks[J]. Poultry Science, 2022, 101(9):102015.

[2]
王嘉豪, 刘长忠, 崔艳红. 发酵花生粕的营养价值及其在动物生产中的应用研究[J]. 饲料研究, 2022, 45(4):154-157.

WANG J H, LIU C Z, CUI Y H. Study on nutritional value of fermented peanut meal and its application in animal production[J]. Feed Research, 2022, 45(4):154-157. (in Chinese)

[3]
王爽, 张亚男, FOUAD A M, 等. 饲粮棕榈粕添加水平对产蛋期蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、器官发育及抗氧化功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(3):1196-1203.

DOI

WANG S, ZHANG Y N, FOUAD A M, et al. Effects of dietary palm kernel meal supplemental level on laying performance,egg quality,organ development and antioxidant function of laying ducks during laying period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(3):1196-1203. (in Chinese)

[4]
SHASTAK Y, ADER P, FEUERSTEIN D, et al. β-mannan and mannanase in poultry nutrition[J]. World's Poultry Science Journal, 2015, 71(1):161-174.

DOI

[5]
陈国东. 椰子粕复合酶解制备抗氧化活性肽及其在化妆品中的应用[D].硕士学位论文. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2019.

CHEN G D. Preparation of antioxidant active peptides by complex enzymatic hydrolysis of defatted coconut meal and its application in cosmetics[D].Master's Thesis. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2019. (in Chinese)

[6]
王爽, 张亚男, 黄雪冰, 等. 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血浆生化指标及卵巢发育指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(5):2980-2990.

DOI

WANG S, ZHANG Y N, HUANG X B, et al. Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on performance,egg quality,plasma biochemical indexes and ovarian development indexes of laying ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(5):2980-2990. (in Chinese)

[7]
KRAIKAEW J, MORAKUL S, KEAWSOMPONG S. Nutritional improvement of copra meal using mannanase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J]. 3 Biotech, 2020, 10(6):274.

DOI

[8]
KIARIE E G, STEELMAN S, MARTINEZ M, et al. Significance of single β-mannanase supplementation on performance and energy utilization in broiler chickens,laying hens,turkeys,sows,and nursery-finish pigs:a meta-analysis and systematic review[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2021, 5(4):txab160.

DOI

[9]
焦莉, 王春明, 王洪芳, 等. 低营养水平日粮添加复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和抗氧化的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2021(6):63-66.

JIAO L, WANG C M, WANG H F, et al. Effects of adding complex enzymes to low nutrient level diets on performance,egg quality and antioxidant activity of laying hens[J]. China Feed, 2021(6):63-66. (in Chinese)

[10]
史林鑫, 乔鹏飞, 龙沈飞, 等. 复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清抗氧化指标及内源消化酶活性的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(8):3872-3881.

DOI

SHI L X, QIAO P F, LONG S F, et al. Effects of complex enzyme preparation on growth performance,apparent digestibility of nutrients,serum antioxidant indexes and endogenous digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(8):3872-3881. (in Chinese)

[11]
HAN X Y, YAN F Y, NIE X Z, et al. Effect of replacing antibiotics using multi-enzyme preparations on production performance and antioxidant activity in piglets[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16(3):640-647.

DOI

[12]
杨丽娜. 复合酶制剂对仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力和免疫力的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014.

YANG L N. Effects of compound enzyme preparation on growth performance,antioxidant capacity and immunity of piglets[D].Master's Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[13]
孙秋娟, 安然, 呙于明. 复合酶制剂及植物精油对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉仔鸡抗氧化及免疫指标的影响[J]. 山西农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 39(6):95-99.

SUN Q J, AN R, GUO Y M, et al. Multi-enzyme complex and essential oil altered antioxidant capacity and immunity of chicks in fested by Clostridium perfringens[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition), 2019, 39(6):95-99. (in Chinese)

[14]
侯振平, 吴端钦, 蒋桂韬, 等. 不同蛋白酶对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2017(14):13-17.

HOU Z P, WU D Q, JIANG G T, et al. Effects of different proteases on growth performance,serum biochemical indexes and antioxidant function of broilers[J]. Feed Research, 2017(14):13-17. (in Chinese)

[15]
周伦江, 邵良平, 李国平, 等. 甘露寡聚糖和粪链球菌对雏鸡和哺乳仔猪血液SOD和GSH-Px活性的影响[J]. 福建农业大学学报, 1999, 28(2):200-203.

ZHOU L J, SHAO L P, LI G P, et al. Effect of mannan-oligosaccharide and treptococcus faecium on activities of SOD and GSH-px in blood of chickens and sucking piglets[J]. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University, 1999, 28(2):200-203. (in Chinese)

[16]
郎芯蕊. 不同蛋白和纤维水平荞麦日粮对肥育猪生长、免疫、抗氧化、胆固醇代谢及肠道健康的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2020.

LANG X R. Effects of buckwheat diets with different protein and fiber levels on growth,immunity,antioxidant,cholesterol metabolism and intestinal health on finishing pigs[D].Master's Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2020. (in Chinese)

[17]
张民. 酶制剂在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展[J]. 生物产业技术, 2019(3):91-98.

ZHANG M. Research progress on application of enzyme preparation in livestock and poultry breeding[J]. Biotechnology & Business, 2019(3):91-98. (in Chinese)

[18]
BOND J S. Proteases:history,discovery,and roles in health and disease[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2019, 294(5):1643-1651.

DOI

[19]
CORTINAS L, VILLAVERDE C, GALOBART J, et al. Fatty acid content in chicken thigh and breast as affected by dietary polyunsaturation level[J]. Poultry Science, 2004, 83(7):1155-1164.

PMID

[20]
RUAN D, LIN Y C, CHEN W, et al. Effects of rice bran on performance,egg quality,oxidative status,yolk fatty acid composition,and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in laying ducks[J]. Poultry Science, 2015, 94(12):2944-2951.

DOI

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.