Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 1622 - 1637

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.153

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Sodium Selenite and Selenium Yeast on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Egg Selenium Content and Egg Selenium Conversion Rate of Laying Ducks

  • JIN Yongyan , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHENG Chuntian 1, * ,
  • CHEN Wei 1 ,
  • WANG Shuang 1 ,
  • XIA Weiguang 1 ,
  • LIU Wenchao 2 ,
  • CHENG Jingrong 3 ,
  • ZHANG Yanan , 1, **
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  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Binhai Agricultural, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
  • 3 Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
**associate professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2022-08-16

  Online published: 2023-03-16

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of sodium selenite (SS) and yeast selenium (SY) on laying performance, egg quality, egg selenium content and egg selenium conversion rate of laying ducks, and to explore their enrichment and elimination rules in duck eggs. A total of 540 healthy 44-week-old Longyan laying ducks with similar laying performance were randomly divided into 9 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 ducks in each replicate. The test period was 16 weeks, which divided into 12 weeks enrichment period and 4 weeks elimination period. In enrichment period, ducks in each group were fed the basal diet (control group, selenium content was 0.15 mg/kg) and basal diets supplemented with 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/kg SS or SY (as selenium), respectively. In elimination period, ducks in each group were fed a basal diet. The results showed as follows: 1) in enrichment period, compared with the control group, dietary SS and SY had no effects on egg laying rate, average egg weight, daily egg mass and feed to egg ratio (P>0.05), but significantly increased the average daily feed intake (weeks 5 to 8, weeks 9 to 12 and weeks 1 to 12, P>0.05). In elimination period, compared with the control group, only dietary SY significantly increased the average daily feed intake (weeks 1 to 12, P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary SS and SY had no effects on egg weight, egg shape index, eggshell strength, yolk color, eggshell weight, eggshell ratio and eggshell thickness (P>0.05), however, dietary SS significantly decreased the albumen height and Haugh unit (weeks 2, 4, 12 and mean value), and dietary SY also significantly decreased the protein height and Haugh unit (week 12 and mean value, P<0.05). 3) In enrichment period, compared with the control group, on days 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84, dietary SS and SY significantly increased the egg selenium content (P<0.05), and SY was significantly higher than SS (P<0.05). In elimination period, compared with the control group, on days 3 and 7, dietary SS and SY significantly increased the egg selenium content (P<0.05), and SY was significantly higher than SS (P<0.05). 4) In enrichment period, compared with the control group, on days 3, 7, 28, and 56, dietary SS and SY significantly decreased the egg selenium conversion rate (P<0.05), and SY was significantly higher than SS (P<0.05). In elimination period, compared with the control group, on days 3 and 7, dietary SS and SY significantly increased the egg selenium conversion rate (P<0.05), and SY was significantly higher than SS (P<0.05). 5) The linear regression model was used to fit the egg selenium content, the results showed that the egg selenium content of SY was 4.418, 3.819, 4.381, 4.290,4.276 and 4.38 times of SS on days 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84 days of enrichment period, respectively, and was 4.201, 4.208, 32.10 and 12.17 times of SS on days 3, 7, 14 and 21 in elimination period, respectively. 6) The egg selenium contents were 0.50 (dietary SS) and 0.72 mg/kg (dietary SY) at the supplemental level of 0.3 mg/kg for 3 days. According to the daily recommended amount of selenium-enriched duck eggs in different populations of Chinese residents, it was suggested that the daily intake of duck eggs (65 g) was 0.77 to 2.40 (dietary SS) and 0.53 to 1.67 (dietary SY), respectively. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.3 to 1.2 mg/kg SS and SY increase the average daily feed intake of laying ducks, but decrease the albumen height and Haugh unit, and increase the egg selenium content. Compared with SS, the enrichment rate of SY in duck eggs increase and the elimination rate decrease. The egg selenium content of SY is about four times that of SS, and the egg selenium conversion rate is also higher than that of SS.

Key words： sodium selenite; selenium yeast; egg selenium content; egg selenium conversion rate

Cite this article

JIN Yongyan , ZHENG Chuntian , CHEN Wei , WANG Shuang , XIA Weiguang , LIU Wenchao , CHENG Jingrong , ZHANG Yanan . Effects of Sodium Selenite and Selenium Yeast on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Egg Selenium Content and Egg Selenium Conversion Rate of Laying Ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1622 -1637 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.153

硒作为机体必需微量元素,在维持生长代谢、抗氧化、抗癌、提高免疫和繁殖性能等方面发挥重要作用[1-2]。缺硒导致蛋鸡产蛋率下降[3],肉鸡肌肉营养性萎缩[4]。但不同种类和来源的硒生物学利用率不同[5-6]。因此,研究不同来源和剂量的硒在畜禽产品中的沉积利用,对科学指导富硒产品的生产和食用具有重要意义。
目前家禽饲粮中使用的硒源主要有亚硒酸钠(SS)、酵母硒(SY)、纳米硒和硒代氨基酸等。其中,SY因有较高的生物利用率和较低的毒性[7⇓⇓⇓-11],在家禽生产中广泛使用。孙庆艳等[12]在蛋鸡饲粮中分别添加4种来源的硒(0.3 mg/kg,SS、SY、纳米硒及硒代蛋氨酸),发现SY较其他3种硒源可更有效地增加鸡蛋中硒含量。Meng等[13]在蛋鸡饲粮中分别添加3种来源的硒(0.3 mg/kg,SS、SY和纳米硒),发现SY较其他2种硒源可更有效地增加鸡蛋中硒含量。相对于SS,饲粮中添加SY和硒代蛋氨酸(0.3 mg/kg)均可提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力和肉品质[14]。蛋鸡饲粮中添加3种胱氨酸类硒源(0.3 mg/kg,硒代胱氨酸、L-硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸和L-硒代半胱氨酸)均可增强机体抗氧化能力,提高蛋中硒含量,且效果优于SS[15]。蛋鸡饲粮中添加SY(3.0 mg/kg),饲喂84 d后未对机体产生不良影响[16]。此外,硒在不同禽蛋中的沉积效率不同,鸭蛋是富硒禽蛋的有效载体。研究表明,饲喂相同饲粮时,鸭蛋蛋白和蛋黄中的硒含量高于鸡蛋、火鸡蛋和鹅蛋[17]。但目前缺乏不同硒源和添加水平在鸭蛋中的富集研究,且对停止补充硒源后蛋硒消去规律鲜有报道。因此,本试验旨在研究不同添加水平的SS和SY对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、蛋硒含量和蛋硒转化率的影响,探究SS和SY在鸭蛋中的富集和消去规律,为富硒鸭蛋的生产食用提供科学的理论指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与饲粮

选取540只产蛋率和体重相近且健康的44周龄龙岩山麻蛋鸭,随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸭。富集期,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(硒含量0.15 mg/kg),SS组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 mg/kg的SS(以硒计),SY组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 mg/kg的SY(以硒计);消去期,各组均饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(硒含量0.15 mg/kg)。试验期16周,其中,富集期12周,消去期4周。SS硒含量为2.20%,SY硒含量为0.22%。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

原料 Ingredients 含量 Content 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) 含量 Content
玉米 Corn (CP 7.8%) 54.50 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 10.46
豆粕 Soybean meal (CP 43%) 26.00 粗蛋白质 CP 16.95
麦麸 Wheat bran 8.00 钙 Ca 3.72
石粉 Limestone 8.50 总磷 TP 0.65
蛋氨酸 Met (98%) 0.18 非植酸磷 NPP 0.43
赖氨酸 Lys 0.02 蛋氨酸 Met 0.88
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.50 赖氨酸 Lys 0.43
食盐 NaCl 0.30 硒 Se/(mg/kg) 0.15
预混料 Premix1) 0.34
合计 Total 100.00

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 7 500 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 2.5 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 6 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 600 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 2.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 27 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate)20 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate)50 mg,Zu (as zinc sulfate)70 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate)70 mg,I (as potassium iodide)0.4 mg。

2)硒为实测值,其他营养水平均为计算值。Se was a measured value, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.2 饲养管理

动物养殖地位于广东省广州市增城区中新镇九和村武警基地。试验开展时间为2020年8—12月。试验采用3层阶梯式蛋鸭笼,单笼单养。以层为单位,充分考虑位置效应,每层各组各设置2个重复。试验期间,蛋鸭每日08:30和15:30各喂料1次,乳头式饮水器自由饮水。鸭舍每天光照时间为16 h,舍内温度保持在(25±1) ℃,相对湿度保持在60%~65%。

1.3 样本采集与测定

1.3.1 产蛋性能

以重复为单位,每天搜集鸭蛋,记录产蛋数、蛋重以及投料重和剩余料重。以2周为1个时间段,计算该阶段各试验组产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重、平均日采食量及料蛋比,计算公式如下:
产蛋率(%)=100×总产蛋数/(蛋鸭数×产蛋天数);
平均蛋重(g)=总蛋重/总蛋数;
日产蛋量[g/(d·只)]=总产蛋量/(鸭只数×试验天数);
平均日采食量[g/(d·只)]=总采食量/(鸭只数×试验天数);
料蛋比=总耗料量/总蛋重。

1.3.2 蛋品质

富集期第2、4、8及12周末,各组每个重复中取平均蛋重的3枚鸭蛋进行指标测定。采样当天使用万分位电子分析天平(PWN124ZH/E)测定蛋黄重和蛋重;使用游标卡尺测量鸭蛋的长径和短径,以两者的比值(长径/短径)作为蛋形指数;使用蛋壳强度仪(EFR-01)测定鸭蛋钝端蛋壳强度;使用全自动蛋品分析仪(EA-01)测定鲜蛋的蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色。自来水冲洗蛋壳,自然晾干后使用万分位电子分析天平(PWN124ZH/E)称蛋壳重,计算蛋壳、蛋清及蛋黄比例。去除壳膜保留蛋壳钙化层,使用数显千分尺测定鸭蛋壳尖端、中部和钝端的厚度,取3处平均值作为蛋壳厚度的数值。

1.3.3 蛋硒含量及蛋硒转化率

富集期第3、7、14、28、56和84天,消去期第3、7、14和21天,每个重复取3枚蛋,将新鲜全蛋液均匀混合后冻干置于-20 ℃保存,依据《食品中硒的测定》GB 5009.93—2017测定蛋硒含量,蛋硒转化率计算公式如下:
蛋硒转化率(%)=[(蛋硒含量×日产蛋重)/(平均日采食量×硒添加水平)]×100。

1.4 数据统计分析

利用SAS 16.0软件Mixed Model中的Preplanned contrasts程序进行数据分析,P<0.05为差异显著。使用Origin 2018绘制蛋硒含量随时间变化图。以蛋硒含量为评价指标,依据Littell等[18]提出的数学模型计算SY较SS的相对生物学效价。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

由表2可知,富集期,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加SS和SY对蛋鸭的产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋量和料蛋比均无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著增加了蛋鸭的平均日采食量(第5~8周、第9~12周及第1~12周,P<0.05);不同硒源之间产蛋性能无显著差异(P>0.05)。消去期,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加SS对蛋鸭的产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋量、平均日采食量和料蛋比均无显著影响(P>0.05),饲粮中添加SY显著提高了蛋鸭的平均日采食量(第1~2周,P<0.05);不同硒源之间产蛋性能无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different sources and supplemental levels of selenium on laying performance of laying ducks

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 亚硒酸钠添加水平
SS supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 酵母硒添加水平
SY supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
亚硒酸钠
SS		 酵母硒
SY		 亚硒酸钠vs.
酵母硒
SS vs. SY
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
富集期 Enrichment period
产蛋率 Egg laying rate/%
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 83.6 79.0 80.8 78.1 82.4 82.7 82.3 82.0 81.7 0.767 0.191 0.588 0.222
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 79.3 81.5 80.2 79.5 80.5 82.7 85.4 82.8 83.9 0.858 0.710 0.158 0.100
第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 77.6 80.2 80.2 81.4 79.6 81.0 80.3 81.1 81.3 0.674 0.251 0.164 0.693
第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 76.9 76.8 79.6 80.1 81.3 80.1 80.5 79.0 77.5 0.690 0.286 0.325 0.893
第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 78.6 79.1 80.1 80.1 80.8 81.3 81.5 80.8 80.6 0.496 0.435 0.180 0.369
平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 67.0 65.5 65.5 64.8 66.6 66.8 66.4 65.6 65.4 0.221 0.048 0.159 0.350
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 65.6 66.2 65.4 66.4 66.0 66.5 66.2 65.7 66.1 0.138 0.363 0.249 0.693
第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 66.3 66.7 66.9 66.4 65.9 66.2 66.5 66.4 66.4 0.122 0.753 0.978 0.649
第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 67.0 67.7 67.6 67.5 67.3 67.9 67.7 66.9 67.2 0.105 0.184 0.310 0.614
第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 66.3 66.7 66.6 66.5 66.5 66.9 66.8 66.3 66.4 0.096 0.418 0.414 0.992
日产蛋量 Daily egg mass/[g/(d·只)]
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 54.8 52.1 53.2 51.2 54.8 55.4 55.0 54.0 53.8 0.548 0.292 0.868 0.162
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 52.1 53.7 52.9 52.9 53.3 55.4 57.0 54.6 55.6 0.597 0.583 0.096 0.077
第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 51.7 53.3 53.8 54.4 52.9 54.0 53.8 54.0 54.0 0.444 0.230 0.157 0.728
第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 51.7 52.0 53.7 54.3 55.1 54.5 54.7 52.9 52.4 0.473 0.208 0.255 0.846
第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 52.3 52.7 53.5 53.6 54.0 54.6 54.9 53.7 53.7 0.341 0.326 0.116 0.341
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/[g/(d·只)]
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 165 163 167 168 167 168 172 170 165 0.793 0.741 0.234 0.175
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 153 152 153 150 151 152 156 152 152 0.532 0.543 0.846 0.208
第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 150 155 154 156 156 153 156 157 156 0.478 0.001 0.001 0.686
第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 152 157 155 158 159 157 158 158 156 0.409 <0.001 <0.001 0.615
第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 154 156 156 158 158 157 160 159 157 0.378 0.006 0.001 0.240
料蛋比 Feed to egg ratio
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 3.02 3.14 3.15 3.30 3.07 3.03 3.15 3.16 3.08 0.029 0.143 0.387 0.333
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 2.95 2.85 2.92 2.84 2.86 2.75 2.75 2.80 2.75 0.028 0.410 0.062 0.093
项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 亚硒酸钠添加水平
SS supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 酵母硒添加水平
SY supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
亚硒酸钠
SS		 酵母硒
SY		 亚硒酸钠vs.
酵母硒
SS vs. SY
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 2.91 2.92 2.87 2.89 2.96 2.84 2.91 2.92 2.89 0.020 0.945 0.771 0.725
第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 2.95 3.02 2.89 2.93 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.99 2.98 0.024 0.842 0.996 0.758
第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 2.95 2.97 2.92 2.95 2.93 2.88 2.92 2.96 2.92 0.016 0.977 0.669 0.529
消去期 Elimination period
产蛋率 Egg laying rate/%
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 75.3 78.2 76.2 72.5 73.7 78.7 81.3 77.0 75.3 1.122 0.962 0.517 0.273
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 75.9 77.3 79.3 73.5 75.7 75.1 81.3 77.4 74.8 0.909 0.875 0.744 0.789
第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 75.6 77.8 77.6 73.0 74.6 76.9 81.3 77.2 75.0 0.905 0.956 0.565 0.412
平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 68.8 68.3 69.6 69.4 69.2 69.0 68.9 68.3 68.3 0.171 0.622 0.653 0.141
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 68.6 68.9 67.2 69.9 69.0 69.5 69.3 69.1 68.0 0.287 0.855 0.677 0.712
第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 68.7 68.6 68.4 69.7 69.1 69.2 69.1 68.7 68.1 0.184 0.727 0.919 0.695
日产蛋量 Daily egg mass/[g/(d·只)]
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 52.0 53.5 53.0 50.5 50.9 54.3 56.3 52.7 51.5 0.736 0.983 0.558 0.339
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 52.2 53.2 53.3 51.4 52.3 52.2 56.5 53.3 51.1 0.608 0.860 0.653 0.666
第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 52.1 53.4 53.1 51.0 51.6 53.2 56.4 53.0 51.3 0.582 0.931 0.538 0.404
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/[g/(d·只)]
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 156 158 160 158 159 162 160 158 160 0.511 0.086 0.015 0.232
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 164 163 165 161 164 163 163 164 164 0.806 0.889 0.925 0.942
第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 160 161 162 160 162 162 162 161 162 0.427 0.390 0.179 0.435
料蛋比 Feed to egg ratio
第1~2周 Weeks 1 to 2 3.04 2.99 3.04 3.16 3.15 3.01 2.88 3.02 3.12 0.038 0.726 0.857 0.402
第3~4周Weeks 3 to 4 3.17 3.08 3.12 3.17 3.16 3.13 2.89 3.10 3.23 0.035 0.794 0.584 0.649
第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 3.09 3.04 3.06 3.16 3.15 3.06 2.88 3.06 3.18 0.032 0.937 0.694 0.456

2.2 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加SS和SY对蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色、蛋壳重、蛋壳比例、蛋壳厚度均无显著影响(P>0.05),但饲粮中添加SS显著降低了蛋白高度和哈氏单位(第2、4、12周和平均值,P<0.05),饲粮中添加SY也显著降低了蛋白高度和哈氏单位(第12周和平均值,P<0.05)。
表3 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of different sources and supplemental levels of selenium on egg quality of laying ducks

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 亚硒酸钠添加水平
SS supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 酵母硒添加水平
SY supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
亚硒酸钠
SS		 酵母硒
SY		 亚硒酸钠vs.
酵母硒
SS vs. SY
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
蛋重 Egg weight/g
第2周 Week 2 65.4 66.0 65.8 66.0 66.1 67.8 66.3 65.0 64.7 0.282 0.518 0.542 0.953
第4周 Week 4 65.7 66.3 65.1 67.9 66.9 66.5 66.4 65.9 65.6 0.340 0.471 0.721 0.564
第8周 Week 8 68.6 68.8 69.3 68.8 69.2 68.7 69.8 68.0 66.0 0.360 0.738 0.674 0.236
第12周 Week 12 68.2 70.8 68.8 70.0 69.6 69.0 71.6 69.4 69.0 0.344 0.163 0.172 0.962
平均值 Mean value 67.0 68.0 67.2 68.2 67.9 68.0 68.5 67.1 66.3 0.225 0.249 0.491 0.458
蛋形指数 Egg shape index
第2周 Week 2 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.35 0.004 0.898 0.357 0.212
第4周 Week 4 1.36 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.33 0.004 0.125 0.235 0.571
第8周 Week 8 1.34 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.34 1.33 0.002 0.260 0.260 0.563
第12周 Week 12 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.35 0.002 0.766 0.474 0.508
平均值 Mean value 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.34 1.36 1.34 0.002 0.874 0.880 0.625
蛋壳强度 Eggshell strength/N
第2周 Week 2 36.4 37.9 39.8 36.5 38.9 38.5 36.9 39.7 38.1 0.706 0.447 0.439 0.982
第4周 Week 4 36.2 33.3 37.4 37.9 36.8 35.1 39.2 38.6 39.0 0.681 0.961 0.459 0.276
第8周 Week 8 38.2 37.5 39.8 39.5 38.0 38.1 38.6 38.9 36.3 0.546 0.813 0.896 0.563
第12周 Week 12 37.8 34.4 36.5 37.3 39.1 33.5 39.6 37.6 40.5 0.614 0.598 0.988 0.419
平均值 Mean value 37.2 35.8 38.3 37.8 38.2 36.3 38.6 38.7 38.5 0.425 0.805 0.565 0.603
蛋白高度 Albumen height/mm
第2周 Week 2 8.54 7.68 8.34 8.10 7.62 8.18 8.03 7.88 8.10 0.086 0.037 0.086 0.534
第4周 Week 4 7.60 6.99 7.22 7.36 7.06 6.86 7.67 7.26 7.26 0.069 0.046 0.123 0.448
第8周 Week 8 7.67 7.33 7.54 7.93 7.58 7.66 7.73 7.36 7.47 0.064 0.114 0.305 0.371
第12周 Week 12 8.38 7.73 7.30 7.59 7.43 7.34 8.42 7.70 7.56 0.082 <0.001 0.008 0.087
平均值 Mean value 8.05 7.43 7.60 7.74 7.42 7.51 7.96 7.55 7.60 0.051 0.002 0.013 0.272
蛋黄颜色 Egg yolk color
第2周 Week 2 3.11 3.11 2.94 2.83 2.83 2.94 2.94 2.83 2.83 0.049 0.298 0.201 0.702
第4周 Week 4 2.44 2.50 2.72 2.78 2.67 2.72 2.94 2.50 2.83 0.049 0.171 0.062 0.413
第8周 Week 8 2.67 2.83 2.94 2.72 2.61 2.61 2.44 2.61 2.67 0.048 0.496 0.610 0.064
项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 亚硒酸钠添加水平
SS supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 酵母硒添加水平
SY supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
亚硒酸钠
SS		 酵母硒
SY		 亚硒酸钠vs.
酵母硒
SS vs. SY
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
第12周 Week 12 2.61 2.61 2.50 2.67 2.50 2.50 2.56 2.67 2.28 0.052 0.820 0.545 0.550
平均值 Mean value 2.71 2.76 2.78 2.75 2.65 2.73 2.72 2.65 2.65 0.031 0.797 0.866 0.502
哈氏单位 Haugh unit
第2周 Week 2 90.9 83.4 89.3 83.9 79.7 86.1 86.2 87.3 87.7 1.024 0.015 0.062 0.343
第4周 Week 4 85.6 81.3 83.2 83.4 81.8 79.5 85.7 83.4 82.8 0.449 0.026 0.050 0.636
第8周 Week 8 85.1 83.0 84.0 86.7 84.5 85.0 85.2 83.4 83.5 0.399 0.684 0.538 0.740
第12周 Week 12 88.7 84.8 82.7 84.3 83.3 83.2 88.7 84.8 84.5 0.465 0.001 0.014 0.077
平均值 Mean value 87.6 83.7 84.8 85.6 83.8 84.0 86.6 84.7 84.9 0.303 0.002 0.008 0.331
蛋壳重 Eggshell weight/g
第2周 Week 2 6.02 6.00 5.98 6.02 6.18 6.16 6.01 6.03 5.97 0.037 0.874 0.879 0.993
第4周 Week 4 5.94 6.06 5.94 6.23 6.20 6.00 6.10 6.07 6.05 0.044 0.287 0.459 0.603
第8周 Week 8 6.25 6.33 6.35 6.38 6.33 6.16 6.30 6.21 6.13 0.041 0.472 0.737 0.100
第12周 Week 12 6.16 6.09 6.11 6.14 6.14 6.04 6.23 6.12 6.09 0.043 0.784 0.786 0.997
平均值 Mean value 6.09 6.12 6.09 6.20 6.21 6.09 6.16 6.11 6.06 0.030 0.562 0.914 0.456
蛋壳比例 Eggshell ratio/%
第2周 Week 2 9.22 9.08 9.09 9.12 9.34 9.09 9.08 9.29 9.24 0.051 0.723 0.794 0.882
第4周 Week 4 9.05 9.14 9.14 9.17 9.26 9.01 9.20 9.21 9.22 0.048 0.463 0.518 0.891
第8周 Week 8 9.11 9.21 9.16 9.27 9.15 8.97 9.02 9.12 9.29 0.044 0.566 0.953 0.319
第12周 Week 12 9.05 8.60 8.88 8.79 8.83 8.76 8.77 8.82 8.84 0.050 0.124 0.156 0.843
平均值 Mean value 9.11 9.01 9.07 9.09 9.15 8.96 9.02 9.11 9.15 0.035 0.804 0.693 0.816
蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness/mm
第2周 Week 2 0.307 0.304 0.311 0.323 0.315 0.310 0.310 0.309 0.314 0.002 0.312 0.555 0.501
第4周 Week 4 0.305 0.309 0.308 0.304 0.307 0.308 0.313 0.307 0.310 0.002 0.772 0.448 0.457
第8周 Week 8 0.301 0.305 0.310 0.313 0.310 0.306 0.311 0.310 0.311 0.002 0.148 0.142 0.973
第12周 Week 12 0.307 0.307 0.312 0.310 0.309 0.311 0.309 0.308 0.311 0.001 0.609 0.579 0.945
平均值 Mean value 0.305 0.306 0.310 0.311 0.311 0.309 0.311 0.309 0.312 0.001 0.067 0.057 0.902

2.3 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭蛋硒含量的影响及相对生物学效价

由表4可知,富集期,与对照组相比,第3、7、14、28、56和84天,饲粮中添加SS和SY均显著增加了蛋硒含量(P<0.05),且SY显著高于SS(P<0.05)。消去期,与对照组相比,第3和7天,饲粮中添加SS显著增加了蛋硒含量(P<0.05);第14和21天,饲粮中添加SS对蛋硒含量无显著影响(P>0.05);第3、7、14和21天,饲粮中添加SY显著增加了蛋硒含量(P<0.05),且SY显著高于SS(P<0.05)。
表4 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭蛋硒含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of different sources and supplemental levels of selenium on egg selenium content of laying ducksmg/kg

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 亚硒酸钠添加水平
SS supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 酵母硒添加水平
SY supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
亚硒酸钠
SS		 酵母硒
SY		 亚硒酸钠vs.
酵母硒
SS vs. SY
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
富集期 Enrichment period
第3天 Day 3 0.38 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.57 0.72 1.08 1.27 1.46 0.050 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第7天 Day 7 0.30 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.67 0.88 1.25 1.70 2.18 0.084 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第14天 Day 14 0.26 0.40 0.44 0.52 0.71 0.92 1.38 1.88 1.86 0.082 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第28天 Day 28 0.30 0.41 0.44 0.51 0.58 0.77 1.16 1.70 2.07 0.082 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第56天 Day 56 0.29 0.42 0.52 0.66 0.69 0.98 1.56 2.25 2.30 0.101 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第84天 Day 84 0.30 0.43 0.45 0.51 0.61 0.84 1.35 2.11 2.56 0.106 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
消去期 Elimination period
第3天 Day 3 0.34 0.41 0.46 0.47 0.51 0.63 0.92 1.22 1.43 0.051 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第7天 Day 7 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.81 0.90 0.025 0.004 <0.001 <0.001
第14天 Day 14 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.016 0.310 <0.001 <0.001
第21天 Day 21 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.47 0.007 0.908 <0.001 <0.001
蛋硒含量随时间变化如图1所示,富集期,饲粮中添加SS和SY组蛋硒含量均随时间增加而呈升高趋势;消去期,停止补充硒源后,蛋硒含量均随时间增加而呈下降趋势。
图1 蛋硒含量随时间变化(0~84 d为富集期,85~105 d为消去期)

SS:亚硒酸钠 sodium selenite;SY:酵母硒 selenium yeast。下图同 the same as below。

Fig.1 Egg selenium content with time (0 to 84 days were enrichment period, 85 to 105 days were elimination period)

由图2和图3可知,利用线性回归模型拟合蛋硒含量,得出饲粮中添加SY的蛋硒含量在富集期第3、7、14、28、56和84天分别是添加SS时的4.418、3.819、4.381、4.290、4.276和4.380倍,消去期第3、7、14和21天分别是添加SS时的4.201、4.208、32.10和12.17倍。
图2 SY较SS在蛋硒含量上的相对生物学效价(富集期)

RBV:相对生物学效价 relative biological value。下图同 the same as below。

Fig.2 Relative biological value of egg selenium content of SY compared with SS (enrichment period)

图3 SY较SS在鸭蛋中硒含量上的相对生物学效价(消去期)

Fig.3 Relative biological value of egg selenium content of SY compared with SS (elimination period)

2.4 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋硒转化率的影响

由表5可知,富集期,与对照组相比,第3、7、14、28、56和84天,饲粮中添加SS显著降低了蛋硒转化率(P<0.05);第3、7、28和56天,饲粮中添加SY显著降低了蛋硒转化率(P<0.05);SY的蛋硒转化率显著高于SS(P<0.05)。消去期,与对照组相比,第3和7天,饲粮中添加SS显著提高了蛋硒转化率(P<0.05);第3、7、14和21天,饲粮中添加SY显著提高了蛋硒转化率(P<0.05);SY的蛋硒转化率显著高于SS(P<0.05)。
表5 不同硒源和添加水平对鸭蛋中硒转化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of different sources and supplemental levels of selenium on egg selenium conversion rate of laying ducks

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 亚硒酸钠添加水平
SS supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 酵母硒添加水平
SY supplemental levels/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
亚硒酸钠
SS		 酵母硒
SY		 亚硒酸钠vs.
酵母硒
SS vs. SY
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
富集期 Enrichment period
第3天 Day 3 80.5 34.7 21.8 15.6 12.7 49.5 46.7 37.3 34.7 2.710 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第7天 Day 7 69.0 34.5 20.3 17.2 16.5 65.7 53.7 50.7 53.5 2.768 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第14天 Day 14 57.8 28.5 18.6 15.0 17.2 67.1 58.2 56.7 44.9 2.719 <0.001 0.553 <0.001
第28天 Day 28 66.9 30.4 19.6 16.0 14.5 59.3 52.1 54.8 52.9 2.681 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第56天 Day 56 63.9 31.9 23.4 21.3 16.6 76.0 70.7 73.2 58.9 3.227 <0.001 0.001 <0.001
第84天 Day 84 62.8 32.1 20.4 16.6 15.3 64.7 61.3 68.2 64.8 3.049 <0.001 0.175 <0.001
消去期 Elimination period
第3天 Day 3 78.6 95 102 102 112 140 209 285 327 11.91 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
第7天 Day 7 94.9 100 110 111 115 140 162 221 237 6.981 0.008 <0.001 <0.001
第14天 Day 14 91.8 90.1 87.2 78.7 89.8 106 129 140 147 3.453 0.181 <0.001 <0.001
第21天 Day 21 82.2 84.3 80.3 81.0 81.2 86.5 98.2 109 110 1.778 0.865 <0.001 <0.001

2.5 不同硒源和添加水平对富硒鸭蛋食用量的影响

添加0.3 mg/kg硒,富集期第3天,蛋硒含量分别为0.50(饲粮中添加SS)和0.72 mg/kg(饲粮中添加SY),可满足《富硒农产品》(GH/T 1135—2017)对富硒蛋的生产要求(每枚蛋含0.15~0.50 mg/kg硒)。依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(WS/T 578.3—2017),计算不同年龄和生理状态的人群每天富硒鸭蛋的摄入量,结果如表6所示,推荐中国居民每天富硒鸭蛋(蛋重约65 g)的摄入量分别为0.77~2.40个(饲粮中添加SS)和0.53~1.67个(饲粮中添加SY)。
表6 中国居民每日富硒鸭蛋推荐摄入量

Table 6 Recommended daily intake of selenium-enriched duck eggs for Chinese residents

年龄(岁)/生理状况
Age (years)/physical status		 硒推荐摄入量
Recommended selenium intake/(μg/d)1)		 富硒鸭蛋推荐摄入量 Recommended intake of selenium-rich duck eggs/(个/d)2)
亚硒酸钠 SS(0.50 mg/kg,32.5 μg/个) 酵母硒 SY(0.72 mg/kg,46.8 μg/个)
0 15
0.5 20
1~3 25 0.77 0.53
4~6 30 0.92 0.64
7~10 40 1.23 0.85
11~13(男 Man) 55 1.69 1.18
11~13(女 Woman) 55 1.69 1.18
>14(男 Man) 60 1.85 1.28
>14(女 Woman) 60 1.85 1.28
孕妇 Pregnant woman 65 2.00 1.39
乳母 Wet nurse 78 2.40 1.67

1)硒推荐摄入量参考《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》。The recommended daily intake of selenium based on the Chinese Residents' Dietary Nutrient Reference Intake.

2)每枚鸭蛋按照65 g蛋重计算;富硒鸭蛋推荐摄入量(个/d)=硒推荐摄入量/(蛋硒含量×蛋重)。Calculated using 65 g of weight per egg; recommended intake of selenium-rich duck eggs (each/d)=recommended selenium intake/(egg selenium content×egg weight).

3 讨论

3.1 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

硒被普遍认为是影响家畜繁殖性能的要素[19],但在家禽生产性能的研究中,结果不完全一致。研究表明,饲粮中添加SS和SY可显著提高京红蛋鸡(0.15 mg/kg)[9]和罗曼蛋鸡(0.3~0.5 mg/kg)[20]的产蛋率。此外,昆虫蛋白结合硒作为无毒副作用的新型硒源[21],在饲粮中添加1~10 mg/kg同样可提高蛋鸡的生产性能[22]。但也有研究表明,饲粮中添加0.3~3.0 mg/kg的SS和硒代蛋氨酸对蛋鸡的产蛋性能无影响[23]。饲粮中添加0.05~0.25 mg/kg的SY对蛋鸭的产蛋性能无显著影响[19]。本试验中,在龙岩山麻鸭(44周龄)饲粮中添加0.3~1.2 mg/kg的SS和SY,可提高蛋鸭采食量,对其他产蛋性能指标无影响。这与Mohamed等[24]在饲粮中添加硒(0.25~0.50 mg/kg)提高白来航蛋鸡采食量的结果相似。采食量的升高可能与硒影响肠道健康相关。研究表明,摄入适量的硒,可保护肠道免受外界不良刺激诱导的炎症损害和有害菌的侵染[25]。缺硒导致雏鸡肠道黏膜损坏,发生炎性浸润,肠道发生损伤[26],诱发肌胃炎症反应,导致肉鸡采食量下降[27-28]。

3.2 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质的影响

蛋白高度和哈氏单位可直接反映蛋的新鲜程度,主要受饲粮蛋白质水平、来源和蛋中抗氧化物质等影响[29]。在本试验中,饲粮中添加SS和SY不同程度降低了鸭蛋的蛋白高度和哈氏单位。前期研究发现,饲粮中添加0.6 mg/kg微量元素硒可促进淮南麻鸡和皖西白鹅输卵管膨大部黏蛋白的分泌,但1.0和1.1 mg/kg的硒对黏蛋白的分泌产生抑制作用[20⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-31]。由此可见,过高的硒水平可能会影响卵黏蛋白分泌而降低蛋清质量。
此外,与SS相比,SY减弱了硒对蛋清质量的负面作用。这可能与SY较高的组织留存率而减少游离硒对输卵管的损伤相关。Kim等[32]研究表明,与无机硒相比,有机硒可在猪肝脏等组织中大量沉积,减少血浆中的游离硒含量,从而抑制游离硒对其他组织细胞膜完整性的破坏。因此,在富硒鸭蛋生产中,需格外注意添加水平,添加过量的硒会降低蛋品质。

3.3 不同硒源和添加水平对蛋鸭蛋硒含量、蛋硒转化率及相对生物学效价的影响

硒在鸭蛋中的沉积量主要取决于来源和饲粮硒水平。本试验中,饲粮中添加SS和SY均增加了蛋硒含量,并随添加水平和富集时间增加而增加,且SY组的蛋硒含量和蛋硒转化率均高于SS组。这与在蛋鸡上的研究结果[9-10,33-34]相似。SS和SY在机体中吸收利用途径不同,可影响硒的生物利用率和产品富集[2]。亚硒酸盐通过简单扩散被吸收,甲基化后部分经呼吸或粪尿排除体外,其余部分与谷胱甘肽反应生产硒代磷酸盐参与硒蛋白等的合成[35]。有机硒转化为硒代氨基酸后,经主动转运进入血液,或在肝脏与硒蛋白结合,或直接转运至组织中与蛋白质结合,从而提高生物利用率[36-37]。Surai等[38]研究发现,有机硒在正常生理水平下的吸收率为70%~90%,亚硒酸盐的吸收率低于60%。本试验中,以蛋硒含量为评价指标,富集期,SY的相对生物学效价约为SS的4倍,即SY在蛋鸭体内的吸收转化率较SS更高;消去期,超过7 d,SS组蛋硒含量及蛋硒转化率不再高于对照组,而SY组在第21天仍高于对照组和SS组,且SY较SS的相对生物学效价为12.17倍,表明SY在蛋鸭体内沉积能力高于SS。停止补充硒,机体可动员沉积于肝肾等组织的硒[35],供给机体需求。本试验条件下,停止补充硒源后,SY组蛋鸭维持富硒蛋生产时间长于SS组,提高了富硒鸭蛋产量,降低了生产成本。

3.4 不同硒源和添加水平对富硒鸭蛋摄入量的影响

自然条件下,各地区土壤中的硒含量、硒的形态、土壤的酸碱度和有机质含量以及与硒形成络合物的离子存在差异,导致不同地区人硒摄入量存在区别。据世界卫生组织(WHO)报道,至2020年全世界仍有5亿~10亿人缺乏硒[39],硒摄入量不足会导致人体免疫力下降,病死率增加[40-41]。食用富硒畜禽产品是提高硒摄入量的重要途径。禽蛋已被证明是饮食中补充硒的有效载体[42]。但过量摄入硒同样会引起硒中毒[43]。因此,为了安全有效地补充硒,食用富硒产品需考虑摄入量。本试验中,综合考虑蛋硒含量和生产效益,蛋鸭添加0.3 mg/kg的SS或SY,富集3 d可达到膳食标准对每枚蛋含0.15~0.50 mg/kg硒的需求,建议1~50岁及50岁以上人群每天富硒鸭蛋(蛋重约为65 g)的摄入量分别为0.77~2.40个(饲粮中添加SS)和0.53~1.67个(饲粮中添加SY)。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加0.3~1.2 mg/kg的SS或SY,提高了蛋鸭的平均日采食量,但降低了蛋白高度和哈氏单位,蛋硒含量随硒添加水平和富集时间增加而升高。
② 以蛋硒含量为评价指标,SY的生物学效价约为SS的4倍,且蛋硒转化率显著高于SS。
③ 饲粮中添加0.3 mg/kg的SS或SY,富集3 d,即可达到富硒蛋行业生产标准,推荐中国居民每日富硒鸭蛋食用量分别为0.77~2.40个(饲粮中添加SS)和0.53~1.67个(饲粮中添加SY)。
④ 蛋硒富集84 d停止补充硒源,0.3 mg/kg SS组蛋鸭可维持3 d富硒蛋生产;0.6~1.2 mg/kg SS组蛋鸭可维持7 d富硒蛋生产;0.3 mg/kg SY组蛋鸭可维持14 d富硒蛋生产;0.6~1.2 mg/kg SY组蛋鸭可维持21 d富硒蛋生产。

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