Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 1638 - 1648

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.154

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Sea Buckthorn Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Immune Organ Indexes of Guangxi Small Hemp Ducks

  • YAO Bingnong , 1, 2 ,
  • LIAO Fuyou 1, 2 ,
  • YANG Jiaoyi 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Jiao 1, 2 ,
  • ZHU Baoguo 1, 2 ,
  • YANG Shenglin , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-08-09

  Online published: 2023-03-16

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary supplementation of sea buckthorn flavonoids on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indexes and immune organ indexes of Guangxi small hemp ducks. One hundred and twenty 4-week-old Guangxi small hemp ducks (female) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 5 ducks per replicate. The ducks in control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the three experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% of sea buckthorn flavonoids, respectively. The trial consisted of a pre-test period and a test period, where the pre-test period was 7 days and the test period was 70 days. The results showed as follows: 1) diet supplemented with 0.05% to 0.15% sea buckthorn flavonoids had no significant effects on the final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) of Guangxi small hemp ducks (P>0.05). 2) Compared with control group, diet supplemented with 0.05% and 0.10% sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly reduced the drip loss rate of chest muscle (P<0.05), and diet supplemented with 0.10% sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly reduced the pH45 min of leg muscle (P<0.05). 3) On the day 35 of the test, compared with the control group, the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly increased in the 0.05% group (P<0.05), the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased in the 0.10% group (P<0.05), the serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents were significantly decreased in the 0.15% group (P<0.05), and the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-L) content, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) activities were significantly increased in the 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.15% groups (P<0.05); on the day 70 of the test, compared with the control group, the serum T-SOD activity was significantly increased in the 0.10% and 0.15% groups (P<0.05), the serum triglycerides (TG) and LDL-L contents were significantly decreased in the 0.15% group (P<0.05), the serum CuZn-SOD activity was significantly increased in the 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.15% groups (P<0.05), and the serum MDA content was significantly decreased in the 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.15% groups (P<0.05). 4) Diet supplemented with 0.05% sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly increased the thymus index and spleen index of Guangxi small hemp ducks (P<0.05). On the day 35 of the test, the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in the 0.05% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) content in the 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.15% groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) content in the 0.10% and 0.15% groups was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05); on the day 70 of the test, the serum IgA and IgM contents in the 0.05% group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the serum IgG content in the 0.10% and 0.15% groups was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of sea buckthorn flavonoids can improve the meat quality, regulate the lipid metabolism, enhance the antioxidant capacity and immunity of Guangxi small hemp ducks. To sum up, the suitable supplemental level of sea buckthorn flavonoids in the diet of Guangxi small hemp ducks aged from 5 to 14 weeks is 0.05%.

Key words： sea buckthorn flavonoids; Guangxi small hemp ducks; growth performance; meat quality; immune indexes; lipid metabolism; antioxidant indexes

Cite this article

YAO Bingnong , LIAO Fuyou , YANG Jiaoyi , WANG Jiao , ZHU Baoguo , YANG Shenglin . Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Sea Buckthorn Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Immune Organ Indexes of Guangxi Small Hemp Ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1638 -1648 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.154

沙棘(Hippophae ritarrsnoicles L.)为胡颓子科,沙棘属。沙棘耐寒抗旱,可在恶劣的环境下生长,产量丰富,主要分布在我国西北地区[1]。沙棘的使用最早出现在唐代《四部医典》,1977年被载入《中华人民共和国药典》[2]。沙棘果实营养价值高,富含维生素C,常用来补充维生素C[3]。沙棘同样具有药用价值,沙棘的茎、叶、果实、种子中富含黄酮、植物甾醇、生育酚等多种生物活性化合物[4]。沙棘黄酮(sea buckthorn flavonoids)为沙棘提取物,是沙棘中含量最多的生物活性化合物,主要成分为异鼠李素、槲皮素和山柰酚[5],其中槲皮素、异鼠李素为黄酮有效生物活性成分[6],其具有降低血脂[7]、抗氧化[8]、抗癌、免疫调节[9]等作用。
目前已有关于沙棘和沙棘黄酮应用于动物生产的报道。白齐昌等[10]研究显示,沙棘黄酮可提高育肥羊的平均日增重、饲料转换率,并提高抗氧化能力和免疫能力。李垚等[11]研究发现,沙棘黄酮能改善肉鸡胸肌和腿肌的肉色,降低胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失及血清甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)含量。Chand等[12]报道,沙棘可提高蛋鸡的蛋重,改善蛋品质。然而,有关沙棘和沙棘黄酮在禽类上的应用研究多以鸡为研究对象[13],在鸭类上的研究鲜有报道。广西小麻鸭,又称西林麻鸭,为我国地方品种,收录于《国家畜禽遗传资源品种名录》[14],其个体偏小,母鸭多为麻花羽,主产于广西西江沿岸[15]。根据沙棘黄酮的药理作用,本试验拟在广西小麻鸭饲粮中添加沙棘黄酮,旨在探究沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭生长性能、肉品质、免疫指标、血清脂质代谢与抗氧化指标的影响,为沙棘黄酮在广西小麻鸭生产中作为功能性饲料添加剂应用的可行性提供依据,同时为广西小麻鸭的开发工作奠定基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

饲养试验于2021年6—9月在贵州大学教学试验场进行,试验鸭由广西某养殖场提供,品种为广西小麻鸭。选择4周龄雌鸭120只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只,按照每个重复1个笼位饲养。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮基础上添加0.05%、0.10%和0.15%沙棘黄酮(购自陕西某公司,纯度为40%)的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期70 d。基础饲粮根据NRC(2012)和台湾畜牧学会(1993)营养需要标准进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

原料
Ingredients		 含量
Content		 营养水平
Nutrient levels2)		 含量
Content
玉米 Corn 64.85 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 11.72
豆粕 Soybean meal 25.83 粗蛋白质 CP 18.12
麦麸 Wheat bran 1.50 钙 Ca 1.01
菜籽饼 Rapeseed cake 4.00 有效磷 AP 0.59
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 2.50 赖氨酸 Lys 0.90
石粉 Limestone 0.85 蛋氨酸 Met 0.28
食盐 NaCl 0.25
预混料 Premix1) 0.22
合计 Total 100.00

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 4 000 IU,VB1 3.5 mg,VB2 3.1 mg,VB6 2.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 900 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,胆碱choline 180 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.20 mg。

2)粗蛋白质为实测值,其余为计算值。CP was a measured value, while the others were calculated values.

1.2 样品采集与指标测定

1.2.1 生长性能

在试验第70天,禁食12 h后,对所有试验鸭进行称重,并以重复为单位统计采食量,以平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)评价试验鸭的生长性能。

1.2.2 样品采集

在试验第35和70天,禁食12 h后,从每个重复中选取2只体重接近的试验鸭,普通采血管翅下静脉采集血液5 mL,室温静置2 h,3 500 r/min离心15 min,取血清,于-80 ℃保存用于测定血清生化指标。在试验第70天,从每个重复中随机选择生长健康、体重相近的2只试验鸭,称重后左静脉放血进行宰杀,取左右两侧胸肌和腿肌用于肉品质测定,采集胸腺、脾脏用于计算免疫器官指数。

1.2.3 肉品质

取右侧胸肌和腿肌剔除筋膜和脂肪后,按照《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)中方法测定肌肉的肉色、pH、失水率、滴水损失率。取左侧胸肌和腿肌剔除筋膜和脂肪后,按照《肉嫩度的测定剪切力测定法》(NY/T 1180—2006)中方法测定肌肉的剪切力。

1.2.4 免疫器官指数

用滤纸吸去胸腺、脾脏表面的血渍,剔除脂肪组织后称鲜重,计算免疫器官指数。
免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官鲜重(g)/宰前活重(kg)。

1.2.5 血清生化指标

血清生化指标包括:总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、TG、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase,CuZn-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、总蛋白(total protein,TP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)含量或活性。以上指标测定所使用的试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所,严格按照试剂盒说明书操作。测定所用仪器为PowerWaveXS型全波长酶标仪(Bio-Tek,美国)。

1.3 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验,P<0.05表示差异显著。结果使用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果

2.1 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on growth performance of Guangxi small hemp ducks

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照 Control 0.05% 0.10% 0.15%
初重 Initial weight/g 425.33 424.00 427.39 425.70 2.357 0.968
末重 Final weight/g 1 150.63 1 178.14 1 180.87 1 196.93 7.302 0.158
平均日增重 ADG/g 10.79 10.85 10.88 10.87 0.043 0.886
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 63.00 63.06 62.62 63.87 0.568 0.993
料重比 F/G 5.85 5.81 5.76 5.79 0.024 0.628

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭血清脂质代谢与抗氧化指标的影响

由表3可知,试验第35天,与对照组相比,0.05%组血清GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),0.10%组血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),0.15%组血清TC、LDL-C含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组血清HDL-C含量与T-SOD、CuZn-SOD活性均显著提高(P<0.05)。试验第70天,与对照组相比,0.10%组和0.15%组血清T-SOD活性均显著提高(P<0.05),0.15%组血清TG、LDL-C含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组血清CuZn-SOD活性均显著提高(P<0.05),各试验组血清MDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭血清脂质代谢与抗氧化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on serum lipid metabolism and antioxidant indexes of Guangxi small hemp ducks

项目
Items		 时间
Time/d		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照 Control 0.05% 0.10% 0.15%
血清脂质代谢指标 Serum lipid metabolism indexes/(mmol/L)

总胆固醇
TC		 35 3.79a 3.81a 3.19ab 2.80b 0.174 0.022
70 4.02 3.72 3.74 3.32 0.113 0.064

甘油三酯
TG		 35 2.39 1.99 1.80 1.97 0.098 0.083
70 3.74a 3.79a 3.03ab 2.63b 0.161 0.029
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 35 5.25c 8.33a 8.60a 7.19b 0.256 0.001
HDL-C 70 8.37 8.94 7.54 7.79 0.421 0.658
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 35 5.38a 5.03a 5.01ab 3.52b 0.252 0.016
LDL-C 70 4.12a 3.25ab 3.19ab 2.54b 0.184 0.047
血清抗氧化指标 Serum antioxidant indexes
总超氧化物歧化酶 35 44.14b 52.80a 52.69a 57.37a 1.113 <0.001
T-SOD/(U/mL) 70 42.13b 46.55b 59.63a 58.97a 1.780 <0.001
铜锌超氧化物歧化酶 35 39.10b 59.91a 65.48a 61.58a 1.829 <0.001
CuZn-SOD/(U/mL) 70 37.14c 54.13a 47.83ab 43.82b 1.472 <0.001
丙二醛 35 17.78ab 18.02a 13.14c 13.69ab 0.782 0.031
MDA/(nmol/mL) 70 23.10a 15.77b 13.86b 9.05c 1.108 <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 35 91.59b 102.26a 80.04c 98.27ab 0.987 <0.001
GSH-Px/(U/L) 70 60.26 57.54 58.65 54.44 1.867 0.765

2.3 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭肉品质的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,0.05%组和0.10%组胸肌的滴水损失率显著降低(P<0.05),0.10%组腿肌的pH45 min显著降低(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭胸肌的pH、肉色、剪切力、失水率以及腿肌的pH24 h、肉色、剪切力、失水率、滴水损失率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭肉品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on meat quality of Guangxi small hemp ducks

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照 Control 0.05% 0.10% 0.15%
胸肌
Breast
muscle		 pH45 min 6.37 6.42 6.27 6.43 0.036 0.241
pH24 h 6.31 6.21 6.19 6.19 0.040 0.728
肉色45 min Flesh color45 min 89.35 86.12 88.05 87.78 0.516 0.172
肉色24 h Flesh color24 h 88.57 87.12 86.62 89.07 0.477 0.221
剪切力 Shear force/N 10.39 8.43 11.87 10.19 0.714 0.458
失水率 Water loss rate/% 10.80 9.22 8.86 8.57 0.004 0.125
滴水损失率 Drip loss rate/% 5.60a 3.42b 2.34b 3.62ab 0.004 0.037
腿肌
Leg muscle		 pH45 min 6.61a 6.55a 6.39b 6.52ab 0.029 0.020
pH24 h 6.62 6.45 6.47 6.47 0.038 0.361
肉色45 min Flesh color45 min 89.43 89.96 88.73 89.70 0.177 0.055
肉色24 h Flesh color24 h 88.60 90.00 89.88 89.48 0.276 0.274
项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照 Control 0.05% 0.10% 0.15%
剪切力 Shear force/N 17.96 19.46 19.14 20.90 0.937 0.807
失水率 Water loss rate/% 7.60 7.38 6.72 7.83 0.004 0.823
滴水损失率 Drip loss rate/% 4.44 3.90 3.51 2.66 0.003 0.294

2.4 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭免疫指标的影响

2.4.1 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭免疫器官指数的影响

由表5可知,饲粮中添加0.05%沙棘黄酮可显著提高广西小麻鸭的胸腺指数和脾脏指数(P<0.05)。
表5 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭雌鸭免疫器官指数的影响

Table 5 Effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on immune organ indexes of Guangxi small hemp ducks

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照Control 0.05% 0.10% 0.15%
脾脏指数 Spleen index 0.81b 1.32a 0.72b 0.65b 0.074 0.001
胸腺指数 Thymus index 0.16b 0.55a 0.23b 0.29b 0.047 0.009

2.4.2 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭血清免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,试验第35天,0.05%组血清IgG含量显著高于对照组以及0.10%组和0.15%组(P<0.05),各试验组血清IgM含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.10%组和0.15%组血清IgA含量均显著低于对照组和0.05%组(P<0.05)。试验第70天,0.10%组和0.15%组血清IgG含量显著低于对照组和0.05%组(P<0.05),0.05%组血清IgA含量显著高于对照组和0.10%组(P<0.05),0.05%组血清IgM含量显著高于对照组以及0.10%组和0.15%组(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭血清试验第35和70天的血清TP和ALB含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on serum immune indexes of Guangxi small hemp ducksg/L

项目
Items		 时间
Time/d		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
对照 Control 0.05% 0.10% 0.15%
总蛋白 35 5.17 5.00 5.28 5.30 0.117 0.807
TP 70 10.25 9.69 10.07 10.84 0.231 0.453
白蛋白 35 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.28 0.007 0.068
ALB 70 2.91 3.33 3.25 3.67 0.122 0.138
免疫球蛋白 35 1.76b 2.09a 1.62b 1.76b 0.051 0.004
IgG 70 1.92a 2.04a 1.63b 1.14b 0.054 <0.001
免疫球蛋白 35 0.28a 0.27a 0.19c 0.23b 0.008 <0.001
IgA 70 0.21b 0.24a 0.17c 0.22ab 0.005 <0.001
免疫球蛋白 35 0.29b 0.38a 0.37a 0.39a 0.009 <0.001
IgM 70 0.41b 0.48a 0.37b 0.38b 0.011 <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭生长性能的影响

本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响,这与金赛勉等[16]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加沙棘提取物所得结果一致。沙棘黄酮中含有一种苷类物质,味酸涩,研究表明黄酮苷会影响绵羊的适口性[17]。在本试验中,饲粮中添加0.10%和0.15%的沙棘黄酮后,广西小麻鸭的平均日采食量较对照组有所降低,可能是沙棘黄酮的酸涩味影响了广西小麻鸭的采食量,具体原因需进一步研究。

3.2 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭血清脂质代谢与抗氧化指标的影响

血清生化指标可以反映机体内环境稳态、新陈代谢、蛋白质代谢、免疫力及组织细胞抗氧化情况等[18]。血清生化指标中的TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C含量可反映脂质代谢情况。本试验结果显示,试验第70天时,饲粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的沙棘黄酮不同程度地降低了广西小麻鸭血清TC含量。研究表明,3-羟基-3甲基戊二酰辅酶A (HMGCoA)还原酶是TC合成路径上的关键限速酶,沙棘黄酮参与抑制HMGCoA还原酶合成,从而抑制TC的合成[19],这是其降低血清TC含量的原因,与于云等[20]给大鼠饲喂沙棘叶提取物降低血液TC含量的结果相符。此外,试验第70天时,饲粮中添加0.10%~0.15%的沙棘黄酮还可降低广西小麻鸭血清TG含量,研究显示沙棘黄酮通过调控脂联素和胰岛素水平降低TG含量[21]。沙棘黄酮在试验第70天才降低血清TG含量,原因可能是生长前期能量主要用于动物机体生长发育,在生长后期动物机体生长发育趋于成熟,多余能量用于合成脂肪,此时沙棘黄酮降低TG含量的效果才显现。在本试验中,沙棘黄酮添加量为0.15%时降低血清TC和TG含量的效果较好,这与郑伟等[22]在蛋鸡生产上添加0.15%沙棘黄酮显著降低了血清TG含量的结果一致。HDL-C的功能是运载TC排出体外[23],LDL-C的功能是转运TC至组织器官[24]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加0.15%的沙棘黄酮显著降低广西小麻鸭血清LDL-C含量,并显著提高了血清HDL-C含量,说明沙棘黄酮可减少TC在体内沉积。总的来说,在饲粮中添加沙棘黄酮可以改善广西小麻鸭的血脂代谢。
已有报道,黄酮类化合物通过激活抗氧化系统增强抗氧化酶活性,从而提高抗氧化能力,减缓氧化应激[25]。T-SOD可催化超氧负离子发生歧化作用,生成的过氧化氢被分解为水和氧气[26]。Bao等[27]报道,沙棘黄酮化合物中的槲皮素、异鼠李素可提高细胞抗氧化防御和减少超氧化物产生。在本试验中,沙棘黄酮提高了血清T-SOD、ZnCu-SOD的活性,表明沙棘黄酮有益于清除广西小麻鸭体内的活性氧。GSH-Px能够有效清除机体代谢产生的活性过氧化物[28]。脂质过氧化产生的MDA对细胞有害[29],本试验结果显示沙棘黄酮降低了血清MDA含量,但在试验第70天时降低MDA含量的效果更明显,说明沙棘黄酮可提高广西小麻鸭的抗氧化能力,并在生产中起到减缓氧化应激的作用。

3.3 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭肉品质的影响

一般来说畜禽屠宰后45 min,肌肉的pH低于5.8为苍白色肉(PSE肉),高于6.5为暗黑色肉(DFD肉)。本试验所有组的胸肌pH45 min均在5.8~6.5,0.10%组腿肌pH45 min为6.39,显著低于其他各组,其余组pH45 min高于6.5。本试验所有组别广西小麻鸭肌肉pH24 h均高于优质肉的pH(5.4~5.7),但随着沙棘黄酮添加量的增加,肌肉pH有降低趋势[30],说明沙棘黄酮能调节肌肉pH至正常范围。研究显示,沙棘黄酮可通过降低肌糖原酵解产生的乳酸和脂质过氧化来提高肌肉pH[31],这是添加0.15%沙棘黄酮提高肌肉pH的原因。此外,本试验中,0.05%组和0.10%组胸肌的滴水损失率较对照组显著降低,腿肌的滴水损失率有降低的趋势,这与李垚等[11]在蛋鸡中饲喂沙棘黄酮使胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失率降低的结果一致。已有报道指出,增加GSH-Px活性可降低肉类的滴水损失率,并提高营养价值[32],抗氧化肽能保护肌肉蛋白质免受氧化[33],增加蛋白质中的肌原纤维基质膨胀和间隙,使肌肉持水能力增加,从而降低滴水损失率[34]。由此可见,沙棘黄酮通过影响广西小麻鸭肌肉pH和滴水损失率来改善肉品质,在本试验中,饲粮中添加0.10%沙棘黄酮对改善广西小麻鸭的肉品质效果最佳。

3.4 沙棘黄酮对广西小麻鸭免疫指标的影响

胸腺、脾脏作为机体免疫器官的代表,与细胞免疫和体液免疫有关,免疫器官指数可粗略估计机体免疫功能的强弱[35]。已有报道显示,饲粮中添加0.1%、0.2%的沙棘黄酮可以提高肉鸡的免疫器官指数[36]。辛晓斌[37]通过在饲粮中添加30%的沙棘果渣发现其可以显著提高羔羊的脾脏指数。本试验中,饲粮中添加0.05%的沙棘黄酮可提高广西小麻鸭的胸腺指数、脾脏指数,说明在饲粮中添加0.05%的沙棘黄酮即可促进广西小麻鸭免疫器官生长发育。此外,沙棘果实黄酮可以体外调节与免疫功能相关的调节因子,通过刺激促炎因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)来提高机体免疫力抵抗微生物的感染[38]。肠道是生物体最大的免疫器官,沙棘果汁可以改变肠道微生物结构,提高降结肠部位的双歧杆菌数量[39]。有研究表明双歧杆菌可激活巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和自然杀伤细胞,诱导产生抗体,调节仔猪免疫功能[40],并调控B淋巴细胞有丝分裂增加免疫球蛋白合成[41]。熟知的免疫球蛋白包含IgA、IgG、IgM,由B淋巴细胞产生[42]。吴占月等[43]报道,双歧杆菌可提高柴达木绒山羊血清IgG、IgA、IgM的含量。本试验结果与李垚等[36]在饲粮添加沙棘黄酮提高肉鸡血清IgM、IgA的含量的结果相符。在本试验中,饲粮中添加0.05%沙棘黄酮时广西小麻鸭血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量最高,值得注意的是添加0.05%沙棘黄酮时胸腺指数和脾脏指数也是最高,说明0.05%添加量的沙棘黄酮在提高广西小麻鸭免疫力方面效果最佳。随着沙棘黄酮添加量的增加,血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量逐渐降低,原因可能是过量的沙棘黄酮改变了广西小麻鸭的肠道菌群结构,不利于提高免疫力,甚至会降低广西小麻鸭的免疫力。

4 结论

饲粮中添加沙棘黄酮可改善广西小麻鸭的肉品质,促进免疫器官生长发育,并提高抗氧化能力和免疫力,调节血脂代谢。综合来看,在5~14周龄广西小麻鸭饲粮中添加0.05%沙棘黄酮最适宜。

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