Effects of Dietary Bile Acid on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates and Serum Biochemical Indices of Laying Japanese Quails from 16 to 23 Weeks of Age

YUAN Qi; XIAO Yuanyuan; YUAN Jianhua; XUE Junjing; QING Yiqing; HAO Junyi; ZHANG Sha; FANG Rejun

doi:10.12418/CJAN2023.156

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 1658 - 1665

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.156

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Bile Acid on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates and Serum Biochemical Indices of Laying Japanese Quails from 16 to 23 Weeks of Age

YUAN Qi ^,¹ ,
XIAO Yuanyuan ¹ ,
YUAN Jianhua ² ,
XUE Junjing ¹ ,
QING Yiqing ¹ ,
HAO Junyi ¹ ,
ZHANG Sha ¹ ,
FANG Rejun ^,¹^,^*

Expand

¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China
² Changsha Xiangjin Feed Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China

*professor, E-mail: fangrj63@126.com

Received date: 2022-08-16

Online published: 2023-03-16

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acid (BA) on performance, nutrient apparent metabolic rates and serum biochemical indices of laying Japanese quails from 16 to 23 weeks of age. Nine hundred and sixty healthy laying Japanese quails of 16-week-old with similar laying rates were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 40 quails per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg BA, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 1 week, and the experimental period lasted for 6 weeks. The results showed as follows, compared with the control group: 1) dietary 80 mg/kg BA significantly increased the laying rate (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the feed to egg ratio (P<0.05); 2) dietary 40 to 120 mg/kg BA extremely significantly increased the crude protein apparent metabolic rate (P<0.01), and dietary 40 mg/kg BA significantly increased the apparent metabolic rates of total energy and dry matter (P<0.05); 3) dietary 40 to 120 mg/kg BA significantly decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (P<0.05), and dietary 40 and 120 mg/kg BA significantly decreased the ratio of albumin to globulin in serum (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary BA can improve the performance, the apparent metabolic rates of crude protein, total energy and dry matter, and decrease the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of and the ratio of albumin to globulin of laying Japanese quails; under the present experimental conditions, the optimal dietary supplemental level of BA is 80 mg/kg.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(3):1658-1665]

Key words： bile acid; quails; performance; apparent metabolic rates; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

YUAN Qi , XIAO Yuanyuan , YUAN Jianhua , XUE Junjing , QING Yiqing , HAO Junyi , ZHANG Sha , FANG Rejun . Effects of Dietary Bile Acid on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates and Serum Biochemical Indices of Laying Japanese Quails from 16 to 23 Weeks of Age[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1658 -1665 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.156

随着蛋禽养殖业的规模化、集约化发展,生产中常在饲粮中添加油脂以满足蛋禽随之提高的能量需求,这易引发脂肪肝、营养性腹泻及肝炎等疾病,不仅给蛋禽肝脏带来了巨大压力^[1],也加重了其肠道的负担。胆汁酸(bile acid,BA)是胆汁的主要成分,作为有生物活性的乳化剂被开发于20世纪80年代。BA不仅可改善糖脂代谢^[2-3],促进脂类、脂溶性维生素等脂溶性物质的消化吸收^[4-5],还有益于肝脏^[6-7]和肠道健康^[8-9]。外源性BA可弥补幼禽体内BA分泌不足的缺陷,在畜禽养殖领域受到的关注与日俱增。研究表明,BA不仅可以显著提高肉雏鸡肠道胰蛋白酶活性^[5],改善肠道黏膜结构^[10];而且还可以提高产蛋后期海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋率^[11]。不过,目前BA在蛋鹌鹑生产上的应用研究鲜有报道。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑生产性能、养分表观代谢率和血清生化指标的影响,为BA在蛋鹌鹑生产中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

日本蛋鹌鹑由湖南省某公司提供;BA由山东某公司提供,纯度为20%。

1.2 试验设计

采用单因素试验设计,将960只16周龄体况和产蛋率相近的健康产蛋鹌鹑,随机分成4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鹌鹑。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加40、80和120 mg/kg BA(分别为BA1组、BA2组和BA3组)的饲粮。预试期1周,正试期6周。基础饲粮根据NRC(1994)、《中国饲料成分及营养价值成分表(2019年第30版)》配制而成,其组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items	含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	42.40
豆粕 Soybean meal	28.80
大豆油 Soybean oil	5.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS	10.00
国产膨化大豆 Domestic expanded soybean	2.65
苏氨酸 Threonine	0.03
赖氨酸 Lysine	0.18
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-methionine	0.21
食盐 NaCl	0.23
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.00
石粉 Limestone	8.50
预混料 Premix¹⁾	1.00
合计 Total	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg)	11.63
粗蛋白质 CP	19.70
蛋氨酸 Met	0.50
赖氨酸 Lys	1.14
苏氨酸 Thr	0.77
色氨酸 Try	0.22
钙 Ca	3.57
非植酸磷 NPP	0.32

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 11 550 IU,VD₃ 2 800 IU,VE 17.5 mg,VK₃ 1.75 mg,VB₁ 1.75 mg,VB₂ 3.5 mg,VB₆ 5.25 mg,VB₁₂ 0.175 mg,生物素 biotin 0.14 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.53 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 120 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 15 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.5 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.4 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验在湖南省岳阳市汨罗市鹌鹑养殖基地进行,采用6层立体笼养,日常通风并监测空气质量,环境控温为20~25 ℃,人工与自然光照结合,控光时间为16 h/d。给予鹌鹑自由采食(颗粒料)和饮水,按常规免疫程序进行免疫接种,试验期每日监测其健康状况。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生产性能

以重复为单位,记录正试期每日产蛋数、蛋重,及时记录鹌鹑死淘数;每周结料1次并记录余料量。计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比,计算公式如下:

产蛋率(%)=100×(日产蛋总数/存栏鹌鹑总数);

平均蛋重(g/个)=总蛋重/产蛋数;

平均日采食量(g/d)=总采食量/存栏鹌鹑数;

料蛋比=总耗料量/总蛋重。

1.4.2 养分表观代谢率

正试期第39~42天进行消化代谢试验。采用内源指示剂法,每日以重复为单位清理非粪杂物后收集鲜粪150 g,加10%硫酸固氮后置于-20 ℃冰箱中保存,再制成风干样待测;按四分法采集饲粮样品150 g,置于4 ℃冰箱待测。样品中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维和能量的测定参照《饲料分析与检测》,采用酸不溶灰分法计算养分表观代谢率,具体步骤和计算公式参照《饲料中盐酸不溶灰分的测定》(GB/T 23742—2009)。计算公式如下:

表观代谢率(%)=100-100×[(粪中某营养物质含量×饲粮酸不溶灰分含量)/(饲粮中某营养物质含量×粪便酸不溶灰分含量)]。

1.4.3 血清生化指标

试验结束时,每重复随机抽取5只体重相近的鹌鹑,空腹12 h后进行采血,静置30 min,在4 ℃、3 000 r/min下离心15 min,取上清液至于1.5 mL离心管中,置于-20 ℃冰箱保存。每重复5只鹌鹑的血清等量混合后作为1个样品,采用迈瑞BS-420全自动生化分析仪检测血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量以及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,并计算球蛋白(GLO)含量和白球比(白蛋白/球蛋白,A/G)。检测试剂盒由南京建成生物工程研究所提供。

1.5 数据处理与分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著,0.05<P<0.10为差异有显著趋势,结果用平均值和均值标准误表示。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮添加BA对16~23周龄日本蛋鹌鹑生产性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,BA2组产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05),且BA2组料蛋比显著低于BA1组(P<0.05);不同组间平均日采食量和平均蛋重均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表2 饲粮添加BA对16~23周龄日本蛋鹌鹑生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary BA on performance of laying Japanese quails from 16 to 23 weeks of age

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	BA1组 BA1 group	BA2组 BA2 group	BA3组 BA3 group	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
平均蛋重 Average egg weight/(g/个)	11.11	11.28	11.06	10.97	0.052	0.201
产蛋率 Laying rate/%	86.94^b	89.29^ab	91.02^a	87.87^ab	0.424	0.027
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d)	22.61	21.92	21.94	21.75	0.174	0.307
料蛋比 Feed/egg	2.36^a	2.30^a	2.19^b	2.28^ab	0.019	0.029

	同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著趋势(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑养分表观代谢率的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,各试验组粗蛋白质表观代谢率均极显著提高(P<0.01);各试验组总能和干物质表观代谢率均高于对照组,其中BA1组差异显著(P<0.05)。

表3 饲粮添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary BA on nutrient apparent metabolic rates of laying Japanese quails%

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	BA1组 BA1 group	BA2组 BA2 group	BA3组 BA3 group	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
干物质 DM	78.52^b	85.73^a	81.93^ab	83.00^ab	0.890	0.025
粗蛋白质 CP	58.67^Bb	78.27^Aa	72.61^Aa	74.49^Aa	1.920	<0.001
粗纤维 CF	63.41	62.48	61.69	59.82	0.850	0.975
总能 GE	85.18^b	90.20^a	87.67^ab	88.12^ab	0.610	0.023

2.3 饲粮添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,BA2组、BA3组日本蛋鹌鹑血清白蛋白含量有降低趋势(0.05<P<0.10);BA1组、BA3组血清白球比显著降低(P<0.05),BA2组差异不显著(P>0.05);BA1组、BA2组和BA3组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),且试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05);饲粮添加BA对血清谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性以及葡萄糖、总蛋白和球蛋白含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表4 饲粮添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary BA on serum biochemical indices of laying Japanese quails

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	BA1组 BA1 group	BA2组 BA2 group	BA3组 BA3 group	均值标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
总蛋白 TP/(g/L)	37.34	39.30	34.53	38.13	0.846	0.236
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L)	13.46	12.41	11.77	11.47	0.296	0.073
球蛋白 GLO/(g/L)	23.89	26.89	22.77	26.66	0.738	0.117
白球比 A/G	0.58^a	0.41^b	0.53^ab	0.43^b	0.020	0.022
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L)	17.34	15.61	16.17	15.29	0.478	0.451
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L)	6.06	6.09	5.72	7.09	0.359	0.686
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L)	369.04^a	278.44^b	270.94^b	265.11^b	13.940	0.014
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L)	652.35	541.12	467.33	541.77	33.430	0.339
乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(U/L)	518.35	372.05	473.63	512.33	30.413	0.307

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮添加BA对16~23周龄日本蛋鹌鹑生产性能的影响

BA具有调节胆固醇平衡、促进脂类消化吸收以及提高机体免疫力等功能,在畜禽生产中应用广泛^[12]。但目前国内外关于BA影响蛋禽料蛋比和产蛋率的相关研究十分少见。有研究表明,饲粮添加BA可提高海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋率^[11]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加40、80和120 mg/kg BA均可提高日本蛋鹌鹑产蛋率,其中80 mg/kg BA添加量效果显著,这与前人结果相似。有研究表明,饲粮添加BA可提高猪血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性^[13];红鳍东方鲀血清GSH-Px和SOD活性也有随BA添加水平升高而升高的趋势^[14]。产蛋率受卵泡生成激素、黄体生成激素、雌激素、雄激素、孕酮、自由基含量及卵巢芳香化酶活性等因素影响^[13],SOD可清除体内超氧阴离子自由基,从而使垂体、卵巢、输卵管和肝脏等高产自由基器官免受攻击,因此,BA可能通过提高SOD活性从而影响产蛋率,具体原因有待进一步研究。

曾佳佳等^[15]研究表明,中草药-益生菌-BA复合制剂可提高495日龄海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋率,降低其料蛋比。还有研究表明,肉鸡饲粮添加80、400和600 mg/kg BA可降低其料重比,提高生产性能^[16⇓-18]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加40~120 mg/kg BA均可不同程度降低日本蛋鹌鹑的料蛋比,其中添加80 mg/kg影响效果显著,这与前人结果相似。BA可能通过改善肠道黏膜结构^[10],提高胰蛋白酶活性^[5],促进肠道对脂溶性物质的消化吸收^[19-20],从而提高蛋鹌鹑的生产性能。

3.2 饲粮添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑养分表观代谢率的影响

养分表观代谢率可直接反映肠道整体机能的强弱,是衡量蛋禽对养分吸收利用的重要指标,数值越高表示养分吸收利用效果越好,也更有利于维持动物机体需要和进一步改善生产性能。有研究显示,外源性BA可提高蛋鸡和肉鸡的粗脂肪消化率^[21-22]。李元凤等^[23]研究也发现,饲粮添加300 mg/kg BA可显著提高7日龄樱桃谷肉鸭的能量表观代谢率;饲粮添加80、100 mg/kg BA可提高断奶仔猪干物质、能量和粗脂肪消化率^[24];还有试验结果显示,添加200 mg/kg BA可显著提高牛蛙干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率^[25];肖圆圆等^[20]研究也表明,饲粮添加40和120 mg/kg BA可极显著提高日本蛋鹌鹑粗脂肪表观代谢率。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加40、80和120 mg/kg BA可显著提高日本蛋鹌鹑粗蛋白质表观代谢率,饲粮添加40 mg/kg BA可显著提高其总能和干物质表观代谢率,这与前人结果相似。这也再次验证了BA可通过促进鹌鹑对养分的吸收利用,提高蛋鹌鹑的生产性能。

长期以来,人们都是将BA作为乳化剂使用,因为其可将脂质乳化为稳定的乳糜颗粒,增加脂质与消化酶的接触表面积^[12],从而促进脂质代谢。近年来,有大量研究表明,BA不仅可以提高十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度,降低隐窝深度,增加小肠表面积^[18],改善肠道屏障功能^[26];而且可以调节小鼠肠道菌群组成,影响肠道中抗炎菌和促炎菌的相对丰度^[27],降低肠道炎症。因此,BA还可通过改善肠道形态^[10,18]、调节菌群组成^[27],直接促进鹌鹑对养分的消化吸收,提高养分表观代谢率。

3.3 饲粮添加BA对日本蛋鹌鹑血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标可反映机体营养代谢水平及健康状况^[28]。血清总蛋白主要由白蛋白和球蛋白构成。白蛋白可影响体内代谢物质的运输与营养^[29],主要源于肝脏合成和肠道吸收。球蛋白可反映机体对外源性特异抗原的免疫水平。白球比可反映肝脏蛋白合成代谢水平,如果肝脏功能受损,会造成肝脏球蛋白合成功能障碍,导致肝脏合成球蛋白上升,表现为白球比下降。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加40、120 mg/kg BA显著降低日本蛋鹌鹑血清白球比,对血清球蛋白含量无显著影响,有降低血清白蛋白含量的趋势,从而导致白球比降低。这与赵惠媛等^[30]在乌苏里貉饲粮中添加100、300和500 mg/kg BA的研究结果相似,因此不存在鹌鹑肝脏功能受损的情况。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加BA能显著提高日本蛋鹌鹑粗蛋白质表观代谢率,显著降低料蛋比,而对血清总蛋白含量并显著影响,由此推测蛋白质沉积至鹌鹑蛋中,后续试验可对蛋品质作进一步研究。

谷草转氨酶作为胞内酶,广泛存在于细胞线粒体中。正常情况下谷草转氨酶仅随细胞凋亡进入血清,应激时肝脏功能受损会导致肝细胞膜通透性升高,从而加快胞内酶进入血液的速度,使血清中谷草转氨酶活性升高^[30],因此,谷草转氨酶活性可评估肝脏功能是否正常,其升高有病理意义。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加BA显著降低了日本蛋鹌鹑血清谷草转氨酶活性,说明饲粮添加BA可缓解应激,这也进一步验证了鹌鹑不存在肝脏功能受损的情况。这可能与BA可提高血清GSH-Px和SOD活性^[13-14],提升机体抗氧化能力^[7],并对急性、慢性炎症有明显的抑制作用^[31]有关。

4 结论

① 饲粮添加80 mg/kg BA可显著提高日本蛋鹌鹑产蛋率,显著降低料蛋比,改善生产性能。

② 饲粮添加40~120 mg/kg BA可极显著提高日本蛋鹌鹑粗蛋白质表观代谢率;饲粮添加40 mg/kg BA可显著提高总能和干物质表观代谢率。

③ 饲粮添加40~120 mg/kg BA可显著降低日本蛋鹌鹑血清谷草转氨酶活性;饲粮添加40、120 mg/kg BA可显著降低血清白球比。

④ 综合各项指标,建议16~23周龄日本蛋鹌鹑饲粮中BA适宜添加水平为80 mg/kg。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

[1]	LI H, WANG T A, XU C L, et al. Transcriptome profile of liver at different physiological stages reveals potential mode for lipid metabolism in laying hens[J]. BMC Genomics, 2015, 16:763. DOI PMID

[2]	POTTHOFF M J, BONEY-MONTOYA J, CHOI M, et al. FGF15/19 regulates hepatic glucose metabolism by inhibiting the CREB-PGC-1α pathway[J]. Cell Metabolism, 2011, 13(6):729-738. DOI PMID

[3]	HOU Y B, HOU Y, YAO L, et al. Effects of chromium yeast,tributyrin and bile acid on growth performance,digestion and metabolism of Channa argus[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2019, 50(3):836-846. DOI

[4]	HOFMANN A F, HAGEY L R. Bile acids:chemistry,pathochemistry,biology,pathobiology,and therapeutics[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2008, 65(16):2461-2483. DOI

[5]	武中会, 韩向敏. 胆汁酸复合乳化剂对肉鸡生产性能及肠道消化酶活性的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医杂志, 2008, 27(5):1-4. WU Z H, HAN X M. Effects of bile acid compound emulsifier on performance and digestive enzymatic activities of broilers[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2008, 27(5):1-4. (in Chinese)

[6]	WANG Y F, DING W X, LI T G. Cholesterol and bile acid-mediated regulation of autophagy in fatty liver diseases and atherosclerosis[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 2018, 1863(7):726-733.

[7]	刘敬盛, 杨玉芝, 王君荣, 等. 胆汁酸对“817”肉杂鸡营养物质利用率的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2010(14):20-22. LIU J S, YANG Y Z, WANG J R, et al. Effects of bile acid on nutrients utilization in 817-type hybrid broilers[J]. China Feed, 2010(14):20-22. (in Chinese)

[8]	王朋, 林森, 吴德, 等. 胆汁酸的营养生理作用及代谢调控研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(5):2002-2011. WANG P, LIN S, WU D, et al. Recent progress in nutrition physiology role and metabolism regulation of bile acids[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(5):2002-2011. (in Chinese)

[9]	LAVELLE A, SOKOL H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2020, 17(4):223-237.

[10]	王改玲. 胆汁酸盐对雏鸡生产性能和肠道形态学组织学的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 西宁: 青海大学, 2020. WANG G L. Effect of bile salts on the production performance and intestinal morphology and histology of chicks[D].Master's Thesis. Xining: Qinghai University, 2020. (in Chinese)

[11]	崔明明. 胆汁酸与氯化胆碱在蛋鸡生产上的应用研究[D].硕士毕业论文. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2018. CUI M M. Application of bile acid and choline chloride in laying hens[D].Master's Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[12]	刘敬盛, 杨玉芝, 王君荣, 等. 胆汁酸的营养特性及其在家禽生产中应用的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2010, 37(1):13-16. LIU J S, YANG Y Z, WANG J R, et al. Nutritive peculiarity of bile acid and its application in poultry production[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2010, 37(1):13-16. (in Chinese)

[13]	卢建军. 影响蛋禽产蛋率的主要生理因素[J]. 中国家禽, 2006, 28(1):42-44. LU J J. Main physiological factor on affecting laying rate of layers[J]. China Poultry, 2006, 28(1):42-44. (in Chinese)

[14]

毕清竹, 梁萌青, 廖章斌, 等. 饲料中胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2020, 29(6):829-839.

Q Z

, LIANG

M Q

, LIAO

Z B

, et al. Effect of dietary bile acid supplementation on fatty acid composition and anti-oxidative capacity of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2020, 29(6):829-839. (in Chinese)

[15]

曾佳佳, 陈静, 陈振, 等. 中草药-益生菌-胆汁酸复合制剂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及免疫指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2018, 45(4):940-946.

ZENG

J J

, CHEN

, et al. Effect of Chinese herbal-probiotics-bile acids compound on production performance,egg quality and immune indexes of laying hens[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2018, 45(4):940-946. (in Chinese)

[16]	GE X K, WANG A A, YING Z X, et al. Effects of diets with different energy and bile acids levels on growth performance and lipid metabolism in broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(2):887-895. DOI PMID

[17]	LAI W Q, CAO A Z, LI J T, et al. Effect of high dose of bile acids supplementation in broiler feed on growth performance,clinical blood metabolites,and organ development[J]. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2018, 27(4):532-539. DOI

[18]

王改玲, 陈凌云, 林昊, 等. 胆汁酸盐及其与蚕蛹饲料蛋白粉、冬虫夏草喷干粉联用对黄羽肉鸡生产性能、肠道健康的影响[J]. 中国家禽, 2019, 41(21):26-30.

WANG

G L

, CHEN

L Y

, LIN

, et al. Effects of bile acid salt, silkworm pupa feed protein powder and Cordyceps sinensis dry powder on production performance and intestinal health of yellow-feather broilers[J]. China Poultry, 2019, 41(21):26-30. (in Chinese)

[19]	ZOU L Q, LIU W, LIU C M, et al. Designing excipient emulsions to increase nutraceutical bioavailability:emulsifier type influences curcumin stability and bioaccessibility by altering gastrointestinal fate[J]. Food & Function, 2015, 6(8):2475-2486.

[20]

肖圆圆, 袁琪, 袁剑华, 等. 饲粮添加胆汁酸对16-23周龄日本鹌鹑生产性能、蛋壳品质和钙磷表观代谢率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(11):7158-7165.

DOI

XIAO

Y Y

, YUAN

J H

, et al. Effects of dietary bile acid on performance,eggshell quality and apparent metabolic rates of calcium and phosphorus of Japanese quails from 16 to 23 weeks of age[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(11):7158-7165. (in Chinese)

[21]	MAISONNIER S, GOMEZ J, BRÉE A, et al. Effects of microflora status,dietary bile salts and guar gum on lipid digestibility,intestinal bile salts,and histomorphology in broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2003, 82(5):805-814. DOI

[22]	ALZAWQARI M. The effect of desiccated ox bile supplementation on performance,fat digestibility,gut morphology and blood chemistry of broiler chickens fed tallow diets[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2011, 39(2):169-174. DOI

[23]

李元凤, 范明东, 敖翔, 等. 胆汁酸和脂肪酶对樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能及养分回肠表观消化率的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(6):210-214.

Y F

, FAN

M D

, AO

, et al. Effects of dietary bile acid and lipase on growth performance and slaughter performance and nutrients apparent ileal digestibility of cherry valley duck[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(6):210-214. (in Chinese)

[24]	CAO A Z, LAI W Q, ZHANG W W, et al. Effects of porcine bile acids on growth performance, antioxidant capacity,blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2021, 276:114931.

[25]

胡田恩, 王玲, 张春晓, 等. 饲料中添加胆汁酸对牛蛙生长性能、体组成和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 水生生物学报, 2015, 39(4):677-685.

T E

, WANG

, ZHANG

C X

, et al. Effects of dietary bile acid supplementation on the growth,whole-body composition and apparent nutrient digestibility of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2015, 39(4):677-685. (in Chinese)

[26]	VAN DER MEER Y, GERRITS W J J, VAN DEN BOSCH M, et al. Chenodeoxycholic acid reduces intestinal permeability in newly weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2012,90 (Suppl.4):302-304.

[27]	WANG W J, ZHAO J F, GUI W F, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid inhibits intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2018, 175(3):469-484. DOI PMID

[28]	MADRID J, VILLODRE C, VALERA L, et al. Effect of crude glycerin on feed manufacturing,growth performance,plasma metabolites,and nutrient digestibility of growing-finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(8):3788-3795.

[29]	ATTIA Y A, HASSAN R A, QOTA E M A. Recovery from adverse effects of heat stress on slow-growing chicks in the tropics 1:effect of ascorbic acid and different levels of betaine[J]. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2009, 41(5):807-818. DOI

[30]

赵惠媛, 申树瑞, 张海华, 等. 饲粮胆汁酸水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(5):3233-3240.

DOI

ZHAO

H Y

, SHEN

S R