1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物及试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diet (DM basis)% |
| 原料 Ingredients | 含量 Contents | 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | 含量 Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay | 70.00 | 干物质 DM | 89.52 | |
| 玉米 Corn | 9.00 | 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 17.24 | |
| 小麦 Wheat | 7.00 | 粗蛋白质 CP | 18.87 | |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 4.00 | 粗脂肪 EE | 1.10 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 3.00 | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 55.73 | |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 5.00 | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 33.86 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.50 | 铜 Cu/(mg/kg) | 22.0 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.50 | 铁 Fe/(mg/kg) | 126.3 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 锌 Zn/(mg/kg) | 46.8 |
1)每千克预混料含 One kg of the premix contained:Ca 6 g,P 4.5 g,Na 4.8 g,K 9 g,Mg 3.6 g,Cu 22 mg,Fe 126.3 mg,Zn 46.8 mg,Mn 54.18 mg,VA 60 000 IU,VD3 25 000 IU,VE 100 IU。 2)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集及指标测定
表2 矿物质元素的线性回归方程及相关系数Table 2 Linear regression equations and correlation coefficients of mineral elements |
| 项目 Items | 线性回归方程 Linear regression equation | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient |
|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | Y=11.195 0X-0.082 9 | 0.998 17 |
| 铁 Fe | Y=25.542 4X-0.096 0 | 0.998 07 |
| 锌 Zn | Y=7.621 6X-0.018 6 | 0.998 91 |
1.5 屠宰性能
1.6 净生长需要量预测模型
1.7 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 不同生长体重牦牛犊牛的生长性能和屠宰性能
表3 不同生长体重牦牛犊牛的生长性能Table 3 Growth performance of yak calves with different growth weights (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL | M | F | |||
| 宰前活重 SBW/kg | 70.86c | 79.47b | 90.46a | 5.67 | <0.001 |
| 空腹体重 EBW/kg | 59.03c | 70.01b | 75.40a | 4.82 | <0.001 |
| 干物质采食量 DMI/(g/d) | 1 509.08c | 1 658.77b | 1 800.94a | 84.26 | 0.003 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 444.33 | 501.33 | 474.33 | 0.49 | 0.185 |
| 料重比 F/G | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.072 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as |
表4 不同生长体重牦牛犊牛的屠宰性能Table 4 Slaughter performance of yak calves with different growth weights (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL | M | F | |||
| 胴体重 Carcass weight/kg | 34.82c | 42.32b | 46.69a | 1.44 | <0.001 |
| 骨重 Bone weight/kg | 13.27b | 14.79b | 16.95a | 0.35 | <0.001 |
| 肉重 Meat weight/kg | 23.50c | 28.58b | 31.52a | 0.95 | 0.002 |
| 内脏(含血液)重 Viscera (including blood) weight/kg | 8.84c | 9.53b | 10.68a | 0.24 | <0.001 |
| 脂肪重 Fat weight/kg | 2.07 | 2.24 | 2.40 | 0.08 | 0.224 |
| 皮重 Leather weight/kg | 4.63 | 5.25 | 5.50 | 0.17 | 0.078 |
| 毛重 Fleece weight/kg | 1.16c | 1.21b | 1.37a | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% | 49.00b | 53.20a | 49.20b | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| 净肉率 Net meat percentage/% | 33.20 | 35.80 | 33.40 | 0.84 | 0.083 |
| 胴体净肉率 Net meat percentage of carcass/% | 67.40 | 67.60 | 67.60 | 0.07 | 0.991 |
| 胴体肉骨比 Meat to bone ratio of carcass | 2.08 | 2.18 | 2.08 | 0.01 | 0.053 |
2.2 不同生长体重牦牛犊牛体内矿物质元素铜、铁、锌分布规律
表5 不同生长体重牦牛犊牛各组织中干物质含量Table 5 Dry matter content in each tissue of yak calves at different growth weights% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL | M | F | |||
| 骨骼 Bone | 51.17 | 51.99 | 53.02 | 0.60 | 0.480 |
| 肌肉 Meat | 29.42 | 28.22 | 29.57 | 0.36 | 0.266 |
| 内脏(含血) Viscera (including blood) | 28.14 | 29.19 | 29.47 | 0.28 | 0.114 |
| 脂肪 Fat | 74.64b | 79.13a | 81.32a | 0.98 | 0.006 |
| 皮 Leather | 37.48b | 39.35a | 37.76b | 0.31 | 0.015 |
| 毛 Fleece | 1.16b | 1.21b | 1.37a | 0.03 | <0.001 |
表6 铜在牦牛犊牛组织中的分布Table 6 Distribution of copper in tissue of yak calves (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组织 Tissues | 总量 Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 骨骼 Bone | 肌肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血) Viscera (including blood) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Fleece | |||
| BL组 | 含量 Content/mg | 11.97b | 17.95b | 6.61 | 126.10b | 6.71 | 10.18b | 179.52c |
| BL group | 占比 Proportion/% | 6.67 | 10.00 | 3.68 | 70.24 | 3.74 | 5.67 | |
| M组 | 含量 Content/mg | 13.47ab | 26.43a | 7.56 | 130.82b | 7.90 | 15.69a | 201.87b |
| M group | 占比 Proportion/% | 6.67 | 13.09 | 3.74 | 64.80 | 3.91 | 7.77 | |
| F组 | 含量 Content/mg | 17.07a | 29.64a | 6.80 | 146.71a | 7.84 | 16.39a | 224.45a |
| F group | 占比 Proportion/% | 7.61 | 13.21 | 3.03 | 65.36 | 3.49 | 7.30 | |
| 占比均值 Average proportion/% | 6.95 | 12.10 | 3.48 | 66.80 | 3.71 | 6.91 | ||
| SEM | 0.90 | 1.53 | 0.26 | 3.26 | 0.28 | 0.99 | 5.56 | |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as |
表7 铁在牦牛犊牛组织中的分布Table 7 Distribution of iron in tissue of yak calves (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组织 Tissues | 总量 Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 骨骼 Bone | 肌肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血) Viscera (including blood) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Fleece | |||
| BL组 | 含量 Content/mg | 143.23 | 1 164.75b | 306.78b | 3 135.83b | 147.42 | 732.11b | 5 630.11c |
| BL group | 占比 Proportion/% | 2.54 | 20.69 | 5.45 | 55.70 | 2.65 | 13.00 | |
| M组 | 含量 Content/mg | 172.77 | 1 489.75a | 360.70ab | 3 476.45b | 152.97 | 775.53b | 6 428.17b |
| M group | 占比 Proportion/% | 2.69 | 23.18 | 5.61 | 54.08 | 2.38 | 12.06 | |
| F组 | 含量 Content/mg | 203.14 | 1 525.90a | 438.69a | 4 007.37a | 183.45 | 979.93a | 7 338.48a |
| F group | 占比 Proportion/% | 2.77 | 20.79 | 5.98 | 54.61 | 2.50 | 13.35 | |
| 占比均值 Average proportion/% | 2.64 | 21.55 | 5.68 | 54.80 | 2.51 | 12.80 | ||
| SEM | 12.46 | 57.03 | 24.55 | 118.07 | 8.60 | 43.35 | 220.84 | |
表8 锌在牦牛犊牛组织中的分布Table 8 Distribution of zinc in tissue of yak calves (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组织 Tissues | 总量 Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 骨骼 Bone | 肌肉 Meat | 皮 Leather | 内脏(含血) Viscera (including blood) | 脂肪 Fat | 毛 Fleece | |||
| BL组 | 含量 Content/mg | 184.75 | 631.87b | 48.02b | 179.51b | 36.32 | 111.16b | 1 191.63c |
| BL group | 占比 Proportion/% | 15.50 | 53.03 | 4.03 | 15.06 | 3.05 | 9.33 | |
| M组 | 含量 Content/mg | 234.51 | 800.29ab | 62.65a | 173.65ab | 37.85 | 121.03b | 1 429.98b |
| M group | 占比 Proportion/% | 16.40 | 55.97 | 4.38 | 12.14 | 2.65 | 8.46 | |
| F组 | 含量 Content/mg | 265.05 | 938.69a | 67.80a | 217.14a | 49.35 | 148.48a | 1 686.51a |
| F group | 占比 Proportion/% | 15.72 | 55.66 | 4.02 | 12.88 | 2.93 | 8.80 | |
| 占比均值 Average proportion/% | 15.87 | 54.89 | 4.14 | 13.36 | 2.88 | 8.86 | ||
| SEM | 16.31 | 54.80 | 3.28 | 8.60 | 3.52 | 5.80 | 66.72 | |
2.3 70~90 kg牦牛犊牛矿物质元素铜、铁、锌净生长需要量的研究
表9 牦牛犊牛体内矿物质含量元素与空腹体重异速回归方程Table 9 Allometric regression of mineral element contents and empty body weight of yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 异速回归方程 Allometric equation | 相关系数 R2 |
|---|---|---|
| SBW | SBW=7.006 3+0.871 8×BW | 0.973 2 |
| EBW | EBW=7.961 5+0.741 4×SBW | 0.892 7 |
| Cu | lgCu=0.700 6+0.877 2×lgEBW | 0.813 2 |
| Fe | lgFe=1.973 4+1.003 9×lgEBW | 0.717 8 |
| Zn | lgZn=0.564 4+1.416 1×lgEBW | 0.831 9 |
SBW:宰前活重 slaughter body weight;EBW:空腹体重 empty body weight;BW:体重 body weight;Cu:铜 copper;Fe:铁 iron;Zn:锌 zinc。下表同 the same as below。 |
表10 70~90 kg牦牛犊牛矿物质元素净生长需要量预测方程Table 10 Predicted equation of net growth requirement for mineral element of 70 to 90 kg yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 体重 BW/kg | 方程 Equation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 | 80 | 90 | ||
| EBW/kg | 50.44 | 56.91 | 63.37 | |
| Cu/(mg/kg EBW) | 2.72 | 2.68 | 2.65 | NRG=4.402 5×EBW-0.122 8 |
| Fe/(mg/kg EBW) | 95.88 | 95.93 | 95.97 | NRG=94.425 8×EBW0.003 9 |
| Zn/(mg/kg EBW) | 26.55 | 27.91 | 29.19 | NRG=5.193 9×EBW0.416 1 |
NRG:净生长需要量 net growth requirement。 |
