Study on Energy Requirement of Yunshang Black Goat Growing and Fattening Rams

GAO Huan; YU Ye; YIN Yanhua; ZHAO Qi; WU Hongde; LI Haonan; CHEN Lan; LYU Yaqi; ZHANG Yuchen; LENG Jing

doi:10.12418/CJAN2023.164

Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 1740 - 1748

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.164

RESEARCH PAPER

Study on Energy Requirement of Yunshang Black Goat Growing and Fattening Rams

GAO Huan ^,¹^,² ,
YU Ye ¹^,²^,^* ,
YIN Yanhua ¹^,² ,
ZHAO Qi ³ ,
WU Hongde ³ ,
LI Haonan ¹ ,
CHEN Lan ¹ ,
LYU Yaqi ¹ ,
ZHANG Yuchen ¹ ,
LENG Jing ^,¹^,²^,^**

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
² Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
³ Yunnan Lixin Goat Industry Co., Ltd., Mile 652399, China

**professor, E-mail: 2370140328@qq.com

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2022-09-20

Online published: 2023-03-16

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the energy requirement of Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams. Fifty healthy Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams with similar body weight (about 30 kg) were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 goats per group. Goats in 5 groups were fed experimental diets with metabolic energy (ME) levels of 8.01 (group 1), 8.70 (group 2), 9.39 (group 3), 10.07 (group 4) and 10.75 MJ/kg (group 5), respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 15 days, and the experimental period lasted for 30 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain (ADG) of group 3 was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05), the dry matter intake (DMI) of group 3 was significantly higher than that of groups 1, 2 and 5 (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio (F/G) of group 3 was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05). 2) The crude protein apparent digestibility of group 3 was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05), the phosphorus apparent digestibility of group 1 was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05), the crude ash apparent digestibility of groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that of group 1 (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of group 5 was significantly higher than that of group 1 (P<0.05). 3) The gross energy intake, methane energy, digestible energy and ME of groups 3, 4 and 5 were significantly higher than those of groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05), and the gross energy apparent digestibility of group 5 was significantly higher than that of group 1 (P<0.05). 4) Regression analysis on ADG, ME and metabolic body weight (W^0.75) of Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams, the regression model of ME requirement was: ME=0.275 W^0.75+0.048 6 ADG (R²=0.824 5) Based on the above results, the maintenance ME requirement for Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams is 0.275 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d), and the ME requirement per 100 g weight gain is 8.385 MJ/d.

Key words： Yunshang black goats; growing and fattening rams; energy; requirement

Cite this article

GAO Huan , YU Ye , YIN Yanhua , ZHAO Qi , WU Hongde , LI Haonan , CHEN Lan , LYU Yaqi , ZHANG Yuchen , LENG Jing . Study on Energy Requirement of Yunshang Black Goat Growing and Fattening Rams[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1740 -1748 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.164

云上黑山羊是云南省畜牧兽医科学院与云南省种羊繁殖中心及相关企业联合培育的新品种,于2019年4月顺利通过国家畜禽遗传资源委员会的审定^[1]。云上黑山羊生长发育迅速、产肉性能好、适应性强^[2],目前已在我国南方各省区进行推广,具有广阔的应用前景^[3]。

能量作为羊的第一营养要素,是维持机体生命活动的基础,也是影响羊生长发育、生长性能、健康状况的重要因素之一。不同品种、不同生理阶段的羊对能量的需求有所差异^[4⇓-6]。研究肉羊能量需要量对提高饲料转化效率、提高生长性能、实现肉羊精准饲养具有重要意义。目前尚无云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊能量需要量相关研究报道。因此,本试验以云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊为研究对象,结合饲养试验和消化代谢试验探索云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊适宜能量需要量,结果可为云上黑山羊的科学养殖以及饲养标准的制定奠定基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物

选择体况良好、体重相近(约为30 kg)的6月龄断奶云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊50只,随机分为5组,每组10只羊。

1.2 试验设计及试验饲粮

试验饲粮依据我国《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)进行配制。5组试验羊分别饲喂代谢能(ME)水平为8.01(1组)、8.70(2组)、9.39(3组)、10.07(4组)和10.75 MJ/kg(5组)的试验饲粮,其他营养水平基本一致,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期45 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期30 d。

表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)%

项目 Items	1组 Group 1	2组 Group 2	3组 Group 3	4组 Group 4	5组 Group 5
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	10.00	17.50	22.00	26.50	31.50
玉米淀粉 Corn starch	5.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
麦麸 Wheat bran	22.50	16.00	11.50	7.00	1.00
豆粕 Soybean meal	3.00	4.00	5.00	5.00	6.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	2.00	1.00
玉米全株青贮 Whole plant corn silage	34.00	39.00	45.00	50.00	55.00
小麦秸 Wheat straw	21.00	16.00	10.00	5.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
预混料 Premix¹⁾	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
碳酸氢钠 NaHCO₃	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
氯化钠 NaCl	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg)	8.01	8.70	9.39	10.07	10.75
粗蛋白质 CP	10.90	10.82	10.85	10.86	10.86
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	45.94	43.09	40.09	37.62	34.22
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	24.08	23.01	22.12	21.33	20.39
钙 Ca	0.51	0.49	0.48	0.47	0.47
磷 P	0.46	0.46	0.44	0.43	0.43

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 10 000 IU,VD 1 000 IU,VE 50 IU,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 140 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 58 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 2.5 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.35 mg,Co (as cobalt sulfate) 0.65 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验期间试验羊于同一圈舍单栏饲养,精料和粗料分开饲喂,每天08:00饲喂精料,10:00饲喂粗料,16:00饲喂粗料,18:00饲喂精料,自由采食和饮水。饲喂量根据试验羊采食量进行调整,确保饲槽内有10%左右的剩料。每天准确称取并记录每只试验羊的投料量和剩料量;在正试期第1天、第15天和试验结束时,称量体重,计算每只羊在试验期间的干物质采食量(DMI)、平均日增重(ADG)及料重比(F/G)。

1.4 消化代谢试验

分别在正试期的第11~15天和第26~30天,从5个试验组中各选择健康、体重相近的5只试验羊进行消化代谢试验,试验羊提前3 d进入代谢笼适应。全收粪并称重,将每只试验羊5 d的粪便混合均匀后取2份样品。一份取鲜粪样50 g,加入10%的盐酸固氮用于测定粗蛋白质(CP)含量;另一份取鲜粪样500 g,烘干制成风干样用以测定其他营养物质含量。同期收集全部尿液,测量体积并加入10%的盐酸于-20 ℃冰箱保存,将每只试验羊5 d的尿液混合均匀后用粗纱布过滤,取总量的1/10于-20 ℃冰箱保存待测。

1.5 指标测定及方法

1.5.1 测定指标

参照张丽英^[7]的方法对饲粮、粪便和尿液中营养物质含量进行测定。

饲粮测定指标:干物质(DM)、粗灰分(Ash)、总能(GE)、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)。

粪样测定指标:DM、Ash、CP、NDF、ADF、EE、Ca、P、粪能(FE)。

尿样测定指标:尿能(UE)。

1.5.2 计算方法

DMI、ADG、F/G的计算公式如下:

DMI=(总给料量-总剩料量)×DM含量/试验天数;

ADG=试验期总增重/试验天数;

F/G=总DMI/总增重。

营养物质表观消化率和能量代谢相关指标的计算公式如下:

营养物质表观消化率(%)=100×(食入饲粮营养物质含量-粪中营养物质含量)/食入饲粮营养物质含量;

总能(MJ/d)=每日投料总能-每日剩料总能;

消化能(MJ/d)=总能-粪能;

代谢能(MJ/d)=总能-粪能-尿能-甲烷能;

甲烷能根据Zhao等^[8]的方程进行预测:

甲烷能=0.050GEI+0.17;

式中:GEI为总能摄入量。

1.6 统计分析

试验数据用Excel 2010进行整理,用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果均以“平均值±标准差”的形式表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊生长性能的影响

如表2所示,各组之间初始体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间终末体重差异不显著(P>0.05),但3组终末体重最高,为33.88 kg。3组的ADG显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。随着饲粮能量水平的提高,DMI呈先升高后降低的趋势,且3组的DMI显著高于1、2、5组(P<0.05)。随着饲粮能量水平的提高,F/G呈先降低后升高趋势,且3组的F/G显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。

表2 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary energy level on growth performance of Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams

项目 Items	1组 Group 1	2组 Group 2	3组 Group 3	4组 Group 4	5组 Group 5
初始体重 IBM/kg	30.37±2.13	29.44±2.34	30.45±2.29	30.08±2.12	30.09±2.37
终末体重 FBW/kg	31.90±2.26	31.61±2.54	33.88±2.37	32.99±2.23	32.67±2.08
总增重 TWG/kg	1.53±0.13^e	2.17±0.16^d	3.43±0.31^a	2.91±0.29^b	2.58±0.21^c
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d)	51.33±4.87^e	72.34±6.57^d	114.66±8.94^a	97.54±7.61^b	86.26±6.35^c
干物质采食量 DMI/(g/d)	658.80±22.10^d	721.40±21.09^c	784.60±12.45^a	775.50±17.70^ab	755.70±13.40^b
料重比 F/G	12.91±1.12^a	9.98±0.83^b	6.88±0.67^e	7.99±0.54^d	8.78±0.65^c

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

如表3所示,3组的CP表观消化率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。1组的P表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。2、3组的Ash表观消化率显著高于1组(P<0.05)。随着饲粮能量水平的提高,NDF和ADF表观消化率逐渐升高,且5组的NDF和ADF表观消化率显著高于1组(P<0.05)。

表3 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary energy level on nutrient apparent digestibility of Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams%

项目 Items	1组 Group 1	2组 Group 2	3组 Group 3	4组 Group 4	5组 Group 5
干物质 DM	72.26±4.35	76.93±6.33	78.13±4.67	77.30±5.64	77.67±4.12
粗蛋白质 CP	42.67±2.35^b	44.33±3.33^b	48.72±2.67^a	44.15±3.64^b	43.52±4.12^b
粗脂肪 EE	85.78±8.63	85.68±7.97	87.87±6.59	88.40±8.88	91.50±7.36
粗灰分 Ash	50.07±3.24^b	58.13±3.39^a	57.27±3.87^a	53.40±4.13^ab	54.36±3.91^ab
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	47.11±3.09^b	48.62±4.69^b	51.70±4.20^ab	53.42±5.13^ab	55.57±5.29^a
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	49.11±3.34^b	51.93±4.89^ab	52.78±3.30^ab	54.15±4.29^ab	56.59±3.64^a
钙 Ca	57.79±4.98	63.51±5.76	64.47±6.29	64.75±5.73	62.46±6.56
磷 P	45.66±3.77^b	56.12±4.21^a	55.28±4.78^a	55.14±5.01^a	54.55±4.49^a

2.3 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊能量代谢的影响

如表4所示,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,总能摄入量、甲烷能、消化能和代谢能逐渐增加,且3、4、5组的总能摄入量、甲烷能、消化能和代谢能显著高于1、2组(P<0.05)。5组的总能表观消化率显著高于1组(P<0.05)。

表4 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊能量代谢的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary energy level on energy metabolism of Yunshang black goat growing and fattening rams

项目 Items	1组 Group 1	2组 Group 2	3组 Group 3	4组 Group 4	5组 Group 5
总能摄入量 GE intake/(MJ/d)	9.56±0.76^c	10.96±0.99^b	12.40±1.22^a	12.66±1.09^a	12.70±1.18^a
粪能 FE/(MJ/d)	3.10±0.23	2.84±0.29	2.95±0.22	2.98±0.26	2.86±0.31
尿能 UE/(MJ/d)	0.22±0.01^b	0.18±0.02^c	0.29±0.02^a	0.20±0.01^ab	0.26±0.02^a
甲烷能 ECH₄/(MJ/d)	0.65±0.04^c	0.72±0.05^b	0.79±0.06^a	0.80±0.05^a	0.80±0.06^a
消化能 DE/(MJ/d)	6.46±0.47^c	8.12±0.76^b	9.45±0.84^a	9.68±0.89^a	9.84±0.81^a
代谢能 ME/(MJ/d)	5.59±0.74^c	7.21±0.83^b	8.38±1.15^a	8.68±1.06^a	8.77±1.20^a
总能表观消化率 GE apparent digestibility/%	67.57±5.89^b	74.09±6.65^ab	76.21±7.23^ab	76.46±6.92^ab	77.48±6.69^a
甲烷能/总能 ECH₄/GE/%	6.79±0.15^a	6.56±0.14^b	6.38±0.13^c	6.35±0.12^c	6.34±0.12^c

2.4 云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊能量需要量

对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的ADG、代谢能和代谢体重(W^0.75)进行回归分析,得到云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊代谢能需要量回归模型:

代谢能(MJ/d)=0.275 W^0.75+0.048 6 ADG(R²=0.824 5)。

当ADG为0时,能量需要量为云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的维持代谢能需要量,为0.275 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d),每增重100 g的代谢能需要量为8.385 MJ/d。每增重100 g需要的代谢能高于我国《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)(7.66 MJ/d)^[9],与我国《肉羊营养需要量》(NY/T 816—2021)(8.60 MJ/d)^[10]相近。

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊生长性能的影响

采食量是衡量动物营养物质摄入情况的主要指标。本研究结果显示,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的DMI先升高后降低,与Tovar-Luna等^[11]研究结果一致。Wang等^[12]、Yateem等^[13]研究发现,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,羊的ADG显著增加。但在其他报道中发现饲粮能量水平对羊ADG没有显著影响^[14-15]。本试验中,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的ADG呈现出先升高后降低趋势,这与前人的研究结果不一致,其原因可能是品种、生理阶段及能量水平的不同所致。研究表明,动物的F/G随饲料能量水平的提高先降低后增加^[16⇓-18],本研究结果与此一致,且3组的F/G最低,表明3组的饲料利用效率最高。

3.2 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

饲粮能量水平是影响机体对营养物质吸收效率的主要因素^[6]。本试验条件下,云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的DM表观消化率随着饲粮能量水平的提高呈先升高后趋于稳定的趋势。田春丽^[19]、李湘^[20]、康婧鹏等^[21]报道,羊的DM表观消化率随着饲粮能量水平的提高而升高,与本试验有一定的差异,其原因可能是本试验能量水平已满足了云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的生长需求,对能量的消化利用达上限。李秋凤等^[22]、王定发等^[23]研究结果表明,羊CP表观消化率随着饲粮能量水平的提高而增加。本试验中,CP表观消化率也随着饲粮能量水平的提高而升高,但到一定程度后降低,这可能是随着饲粮能量水平的提高,能氮比失衡,影响了瘤胃菌群结构,进而导致CP表观消化率降低。本研究中,NDF、ADF、EE表观消化率随着饲粮能量水平的提高而升高,这与田春丽^[19]、王定发等^[23]的试验结果相似。

3.3 饲粮能量水平对云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊能量代谢的影响

反刍动物瘤胃微生物在消化营养物质的同时产生大量二氧化碳(65%)和甲烷(31%),导致能量损失。以气体形式损失的能量主要为甲烷能^[24]。通过开路式呼吸测热法得到杜寒杂交公羔的甲烷能占食入总能的7.45%~8.75%^[25];杜寒杂交F1代羊的甲烷能占食入总能的7.50%^[26];杜泊羊公羔的甲烷能占食入总能的8.36%^[21]。李湘等^[27]利用Blaxter等^[28]的公式计算得到云南半细毛羊甲烷能占食入总能的7.54%~8.20%。本研究采用Zhao等^[8]的公式计算得出云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊甲烷能占总能的比例为6.34%~6.79%,低于上述结果。Fernández等^[29]和López等^[30]的研究得到甲烷能占食入总能的比例分别为2.7%和3.4%,低于上述研究的结果,造成这种差异的原因除了与动物的品种、生理阶段有关外,还与饲粮组成有关。

先前的研究表明羊对饲粮的总能表观消化率随着饲粮能量摄入量的升高而升高^[31],本试验结果与上述研究结果一致。但不同品种羊对饲粮的总能表观消化率有所差异。生长期萨阿杂交母羊对饲粮的总能表观消化率为69.17%^[32]。生长期陶塞特×小尾寒羊杂交F2代公羔对饲粮的总能表观消化率为60.61%^[33];生长期杜湖杂交肉羊对饲粮的总能表观消化率为59.17%^[34]。本研究中,云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊对饲粮的总能表观消化率为67.57%~77.48%,高于上述研究结果,表明不同品种羊对能量的利用效率有差异,且云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊对能量的利用效率高于其他品种羊。

3.4 云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊能量需要量

本试验采用代谢能体系,得出云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的维持代谢能需要量为0.275 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d),每增重100 g的代谢能需要量为8.385 MJ/d。许贵善等^[25]研究发现,杜寒杂交公羔维持代谢能需要量为0.374 21 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d);王晨等^[5]研究发现,高山美利奴育成公羊的维持代谢能需要量为0.283 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d);王鹏^[33]研究报道,20~35 kg生长期陶赛特和小尾寒羊杂交二代公羔羊维持代谢能需要量为0.335 47 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d);彭津津等^[35]研究发现,育肥期道寒杂交公羔维持代谢能需要量为0.423 89 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d),日增重100~350 g时代谢能需要量为3.21~13.72 MJ/d;Fernandes等^[36]研究得出,20~35 kg波萨杂交山羊维持代谢能需要量为0.431 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d);Galvani等^[37]研究得出,特克斯尔纯种羔羊的维持代谢能需要量为0.417 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d);吴璇^[38]研究发现,川中黑山羊公羊维持代谢能需要量为0.263 74 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d)。本试验得到的维持代谢能需要量与前人研究得到的结果有一定的差异,这可能是由于羊的品种、生理阶段、能量水平等因素所致。

4 结论

① 随着饲粮能量水平的提高,云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的DMI、ADG先升高后降低,F/G先降低后升高;CP表观消化率先升高后降低,ADF、NDF表观消化率均逐渐升高。

② 在本试验条件下,云上黑山羊生长育肥公羊的代谢能需要量回归模型为:代谢能=0.275 W^0.75+0.048 6 ADG (R²=0.824 5),其维持代谢能需要量为0.275 MJ/(kg W^0.75·d),每增重100 g的代谢能需要量为8.385 MJ/d。

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