Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 1938 - 1947

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.181

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Licorice Extract on Growth Performance, Digestion and Metabolism of Nutrients, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Fur Quality and Organ Indexes of Fur-Growing Raccoon Dogs

  • ZHAO Huiyuan , 1 ,
  • YANG Yahan 1 ,
  • ZHAO Yun 2 ,
  • KONG Lingyu 1 ,
  • LIU Yun 1 ,
  • ZHANG Chaosheng 1 ,
  • FAN Qingzhong 3 ,
  • ZHANG Haihua , 1, *
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  • 1 Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
  • 2 Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Hospital, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
  • 3 Shijiazhuang Huaren Feed Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-08-30

  Online published: 2023-03-16

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Abstract

The study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary different licorice extract levels on the growth performance, digestion and metabolism of nutrients, serum biochemical indexes, fur quality and organs indexes of raccoon dogs during the fur-growing period. A total of 75 male raccoon dogs of similar weight aged 135 d were randomly assigned to five groups with 15 repetitions each and 1 raccoon dog in each repetition. Raccoon dogs in each group were fed a basal diet adding different levels of licorice extract: 0 (group Ⅰ), 100 (group Ⅱ), 200 (group Ⅲ), 300 (group Ⅳ), 400 mg/kg (group Ⅴ), respectively. The pre-experimental periods lasted for 5 days, and experimental periods were performed for 62 days. The growth performance, digestion and metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, serum biochemical indexes, fur quality and organs indexes of raccoon dogs were determined. The results showed as follows: 1) the final weight and daily gain of raccoon dogs in group Ⅳ were significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P<0.05); the material-to-weight ratio in group Ⅳ and group Ⅴ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P<0.05). 2) The protein apparent digestibility in group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and no significant differences existed in the other digestion and metabolism indexes among five groups (P>0.05). 3) The nitrogen intake in group Ⅳ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅴ (P<0.05), and no significant difference existed between group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ (P>0.05); the nitrogen deposition in group Ⅳ and group Ⅴ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 4)The contet of serum albumin in group Ⅴ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ (P<0.05), serum aspartate aminotransferase activity in group Ⅴ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and alanine transaminase activity in group Ⅴ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P<0.05), but no significant differences existed in the other serum biochemical indexes among five groups (P>0.05). 5) The body length in group Ⅳ was significantly longer than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), pelt lengths in group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ were significantly longer than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and skin board score was no significant differences among different groups (P>0.05). 6) The liver index in group Ⅳ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and no significant differences existed in the other organs indexes among five groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, through analyzing the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and metabolism, serum biochemical indexes, fur quality and organ indexes, the diet adding 300 to 400 mg/kg licorice extract has better growth of raccoon dogs during the fur-growing period.

Key words： raccoon dogs; licorice extract; fur-growing period; growth performance; digestibility and metabolism; serum biochemical indexes; fur quality; organ indexes

Cite this article

ZHAO Huiyuan , YANG Yahan , ZHAO Yun , KONG Lingyu , LIU Yun , ZHANG Chaosheng , FAN Qingzhong , ZHANG Haihua . Effects of Licorice Extract on Growth Performance, Digestion and Metabolism of Nutrients, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Fur Quality and Organ Indexes of Fur-Growing Raccoon Dogs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(3) : 1938 -1947 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.181

甘草提取物是一类以甘草根茎部为原料提取的天然混合物,其含有多种活性物质,主要包括甘草酸、黄酮类化合物等[1-2],具有显著的抗肿瘤、抗炎杀菌、免疫调节功能[3⇓⇓-6];甘草酸作为甘草提取物中的主要成分,还可改善肠道菌群,促进肠道对蛋白质、脂肪、维生素等营养物质的消化和吸收,促进机体健康生长[7-8]。作为一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,甘草提取物在养殖业中有良好的应用前景。马艳华[9]研究表明,饲粮中添加适宜水平的甘草提取物,可显著提高肉兔日增重,并能对肠道菌群进行有效调节,降低病原菌数量,提高生产性能。李晓丽等[10]在基础饲粮中添加不同水平的甘草提取物,发现其可提高蛋鸡产蛋的质量、蛋黄颜色,降低料蛋比及胆固醇含量,从而达到提高蛋品质的目的。王曼等[11]研究发现,在饲粮中添加甘草提取物可以显著提高白羽肉鸡的生产性能,提高其血清中抗体水平,改善机体免疫功能。尤婷等[4]研究发现,甘草提取物可以提高断奶仔猪生长性能、机体抗氧化能力,通过检测血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体含量及免疫器官中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)等免疫因子含量发现其可提高仔猪免疫功能。由于貉的毛皮具有轻软且保暖性强的优点,其在我国养殖业中发展尤为迅猛,提高其生产性能可带来显著的经济效益。目前关于甘草提取物对其他动物生产性能的研究较为常见,其对貉生长的影响知之甚少。因此,本试验探讨了添加不同水平甘草提取物对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化代谢、血清生化指标、毛皮品质及脏器指数的影响,旨在为貉生产实践中甘草提取物的应用提供一定的参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验用甘草提取物由石家庄某饲料有限公司提供,该产品为醇提物,有效成分含量:甘草酸≥2%,甘草多糖≥20%,蛋白质≥50%,水分≤10%,氨基酸总和≥48%。

1.2 试验动物与分组

选用135日龄的健康乌苏里公貉75只,随机分为5组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只貉。各组间公貉初重无显著差异(P>0.05),饲养于河北华夏新农科技股份公司昌黎莫各庄养殖场。

1.3 试验设计及饲粮

采用单因素试验设计,5组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(Ⅰ组)、100(Ⅱ组)、200(Ⅲ组)、300(Ⅳ组)、400 mg/kg(Ⅴ组)甘草提取物的试验饲粮。基础饲粮参照NRC(1982)配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。预试期5 d,正试期62 d。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredinets
膨化玉米 Extruded corn 42.50
大豆粕 Soybean meal 15.00
膨化大豆 Extruded soybean 5.00
玉米胚芽饼 Corn germ meal 11.00
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 10.00
鱼粉 Fish meal 1.00
肉骨粉 Meat and bone meal 3.50
鸡肉粉 Chicken meal 2.00
血浆蛋白粉 Spray-dried plasma protein 1.50
葡萄糖 Glucose 1.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.50
食盐 NaCl 0.40
豆油 Soybean oil 4.50
石粉 Limestone 0.30
预混料 Premix1) 1.00
苏氨酸 Thr 0.09
蛋氨酸 Met 0.30
赖氨酸 Lys 0.41
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
总能 GE/(MJ/kg) 13.82
粗蛋白质 CP 22.75
粗灰分 Ash 6.94
钙 Ca 0.89
总磷 TP 0.84
赖氨酸 Lys 1.35
蛋氨酸 Met 0.63
苏氨酸 Thr 0.88
粗脂肪 EE 8.16

1)每千克预混料含有 Per kilogram of premix contained the following:VA 312 500 IU,VB1 625 mg,VB2 450 mg,VB6 375 mg,VB12 1.125 mg,VC 3 125 mg,VD3 50 000 IU,VE 3 000 IU,VK3 100 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 5 mg,生物素 biotin 5 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 875 mg,烟酸 nicotinic 1 250 mg,Cu 0.9 g,Fe 4.8 g,Zn 3.9 g,Mn 2.4 g,I 0.072 g,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 45 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 25 mg,Se 0.015 g,Co 0.012 g。

2)总能为计算值,其他为测定值。GE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验前对饲喂工具进行消毒,单笼单只,每日07:00及17:00各饲喂1次,自由饮水,充足光照的条件下进行饲养管理。

1.5 消化代谢试验

消化代谢试验于正试期第45~47天进行,为期3 d。采用全收粪法,每组选取10只公貉进行样品收集。尿样中需加入20 mL浓度为10%的硫酸进行固氮及防腐,随后混匀、过滤置于-20 ℃保存待测;粪样进行称重并喷洒5%鲜重量的10%浓度硫酸,烘干、研磨过筛后置于-20 ℃保存待测,具体参照赵惠媛等[12]研究方法进行。

1.6 测定指标及方法

1.6.1 生长性能指标测定

分别于正式试验开始和结束时空腹记录各组貉体重,即为初重和末重,记录日采食量,由此计算各组貉的平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比。

1.6.2 营养物质表观消化率测定

依据国家标准GB/T 6433—2006使用恒温干燥箱及索氏浸提管测定粗脂肪含量,依据国家标准GB/T 6435—2014使用干燥器测定干物质含量,依据国家标准GB/T 6432—2018使用凯氏定氮仪测定粗蛋白质含量。各营养物质表观消化率测定公式[12-13]如下:
干物质采食量(g/d)=给料量×给料中干物质含量-剩料量×剩料中干物质含量;
干物质排出量(g/d)=鲜粪重×粪中干物质含量;
干物质表观消化率(%)=[(干物质采食量-干物质排出量)/干物质采食量]×100;
粗脂肪表观消化率(%)=[(粗脂肪进食量-粪便中粗脂肪排出量)/粗脂肪进食量]×100;
粗蛋白质表观消化率(%)=[(粗蛋白质进食量-粪中粗蛋白质排出量)/粗蛋白质进食量]×100。

1.6.3 氮代谢指标测定

通过尿样及粪样中粗蛋白质含量的测定,利用以下公式计算各组貉食入氮、粪氮、尿氮及氮沉积指标:
食入氮(g/d)=干物质采食量×饲粮中粗蛋白质含量/6.25;
粪氮(g/d)=粪干物质量×粪中粗蛋白质含量/6.25;
尿氮(g/d)=尿体积×尿中粗蛋白质含量/6.25;
氮沉积(g/d)=食入氮-尿氮-粪氮。

1.6.4 血清生化指标测定

冬毛期试验结束时,每组随机选取6只公貉于空腹条件下进行后肢静脉取血,待血液凝固后置于离心机中4 000 r/min条件下离心10 min,分离上层血清,使用试剂盒(购自中生北控生物科技公司)利用VITAL-E全自动生化分析仪测定各血清生化指标,包括胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性。

1.6.5 毛皮品质测定

综合比较各组体长、皮长及皮板评分,进行毛皮品质测定。将貉平放于地面,测量其从鼻尖至尾根的长度即为体长;将刮油后的貉皮晾干,测量从鼻尖至尾根的长度即为皮长;结合貉毛密度、针/绒比等指标进行皮板评分,可参照赵惠媛等[12]研究方法进行。

1.6.6 脏器指数测定

冬毛期试验结束时,每组随机选取8只公貉处死,取心脏、肝脏、脾脏及肾脏分别称重,将各器官重量除以貉体重即为相应的脏器指数[12,14]。

1.7 数据统计分析

使用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据的单因素方差分析,LSD检验法进行多重比较。P<0.05表示显著差异,P>0.05表示差异不显著。结果用“平均值±标准差”表示。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响

如表2所示,各组间貉初重无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅳ组貉末重、平均日增重显著高于试验Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其余组间无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅳ组及Ⅴ组料重比显著低于试验Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其余组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary licorice extract level on growth performance of fur-growing raccoon dogs

项目
Items		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ		 Ⅲ组
Group Ⅲ		 Ⅳ组
Group Ⅳ		 Ⅴ组
Group Ⅴ		 P值
P-value
初重 IBW/kg 5.21±0.42 5.30±0.39 5.16±0.46 5.29±0.53 5.26±0.44 0.813
末重 FBW/kg 8.16±0.49b 8.21±0.34b 8.37±1.42ab 8.68±0.38a 8.52±0.63ab 0.045
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 315.26±20.36 310.65±22.65 321.32±31.56 322.18±24.82 320.43±30.96 0.698
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 47.56±6.75b 46.90±5.47b 51.72±5.12ab 54.36±6.21a 52.49±5.12ab 0.036
料重比 F/G 6.52±1.02a 6.51±0.86a 6.19±0.93ab 6.01±0.89b 6.09±0.63b 0.021

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示显著差异(P<0.05)。下表同。

Values in the same row with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响

如表3所示,试验Ⅴ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其他组间无显著差异(P>0.05);各组间其余消化代谢指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary licorice extract level on nutrient apparent digestibility of fur-growing raccoon dogs

项目
Items		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ		 Ⅲ组
Group Ⅲ		 Ⅳ组
Group Ⅳ		 Ⅴ组
Group Ⅴ		 P值
P-value
干物质采食量
DM intake/(g/d)		 496.81±41.81 497.83±50.20 492.92±60.88 481.52±57.17 487.64±53.42 0.782
干物质排出量
DM output/(g/d)		 93.69±15.41 96.88±16.31 94.70±15.47 91.12±25.47 91.43±12.45 0.566
干物质表观消化率
DM apparent digestibility/%		 81.17±3.30 81.84±3.05 81.82±3.04 82.86±3.43 82.91±2.33 0.341
粗蛋白质表观消化率
CP apparent digestibility/%		 74.23±5.14b 78.21±2.86ab 76.93±3.42ab 79.87±2.87ab 80.92±4.12a 0.041
有机物表观消化率
OM apparent digestibility/%		 73.28±2.14 72.77±2.10 72.64±1.81 71.65±2.89 72.93±2.42 0.218
粗脂肪表观消化率
EE apparent digestibility/%		 93.39±1.24 91.88±1.72 92.95±1.56 93.07±1.20 93.78±2.52 0.053

2.3 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉氮代谢的影响

如表4所示,各组间粪氮、尿氮无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅳ组食入氮显著低于试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组及Ⅴ组(P<0.05),与试验Ⅲ组无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅳ组及Ⅴ组氮沉积显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉氮代谢的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary licorice extract level on nitrogenous metabolism of fur-growing raccoon dogsg/d

项目
Items		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ		 Ⅲ组
Group Ⅲ		 Ⅳ组
Group Ⅳ		 Ⅴ组
Group Ⅴ		 P值
P-value
食入氮 Nitrogen intake 18.08±1.12a 18.12±0.95a 17.94±0.88ab 17.53±1.21b 17.75±0.56a 0.027
粪氮 Fecal nitrogen 4.62±0.51 3.96±0.23 4.15±0.32 3.54±0.39 3.37±0.31 0.212
尿氮 Urine nitrogen 10.53±2.22 10.94±1.08 10.44±0.99 10.43±1.02 10.72±1.13 0.489
氮沉积 Nitrogen retention 2.89±0.83b 3.23±0.64ab 3.36±0.77ab 3.58±1.08a 3.64±0.92a 0.032

2.4 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响

如表5所示,试验Ⅴ组血清白蛋白含量显著低于试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组及Ⅲ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅴ组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅴ组血清谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于试验Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);各试验组间的其余血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary licorice extract level on serum biochemical indexes of fur-growing raccoon dogs

项目
Items		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ		 Ⅲ组
Group Ⅲ		 Ⅳ组
Group Ⅳ		 Ⅴ组
Group Ⅴ		 P值
P-value
尿素UREA/(mmol/L) 5.25±0.71 4.17±1.10 4.04±0.58 5.27±2.46 4.10±0.44 0.306
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 75.72±9.13 74.63±5.19 75.77±17.06 66.35±6.08 71.25±10.50 0.333
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 31.68±2.94a 31.47±5.06a 31.13±2.05a 27.39±0.97ab 25.12±0.66b 0.011
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 37.56±4.00a 34.77±3.20ab 33.81±2.54ab 33.60±7.01ab 28.72±3.84b 0.038
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 29.60±4.21a 29.53±1.64a 27.30±3.59ab 25.85±8.69ab 20.20±1.01b 0.025
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 35.88±7.86 41.63±9.57 27.39±9.25 36.76±12.91 33.61±4.99 0.183
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 5.35±0.23 6.93±2.12 7.54±2.53 5.64±0.42 4.74±1.30 0.077
胆固醇CHO/(mmol/L) 3.19±0.41 3.14±0.56 3.29±0.62 3.52±0.67 2.71±0.57 0.141
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.77±0.40 1.17±0.79 0.56±0.35 0.68±0.18 0.77±0.14 0.124

2.5 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉毛皮品质的影响

如表6所示,试验Ⅳ组体长显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅲ组及Ⅳ组皮长显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);各组间皮板评分无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉毛皮品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary licorice extract level on fur quality of fur-growing raccoon dogs

项目
Items		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ		 Ⅲ组
Group Ⅲ		 Ⅳ组
Group Ⅳ		 Ⅴ组
Group Ⅴ		 P值
P-value
体长 Body length/cm 62.63±1.62b 63.88±1. 47ab 64.13±2.14ab 65.13±1.21a 64.25±1.36ab 0.033
皮长 Pelt length/cm 107.46±3.22b 108.11±2.65ab 109.98±3.17a 109.22±3.14a 108.64±3.69ab 0.041
皮板评分 Fur score/分 8.01±1.21 8.25±2.14 8.14±1.96 8.87±1.34 9.11±2.31 0.054

2.6 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉脏器指数的影响

如表7所示,各组间心脏、脾脏、肾脏指数无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅳ组肝脏指数显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉脏器指数的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary licorice extract level on organ indexes of fur-growing raccoon dogs

项目
Items		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ		 Ⅲ组
Group Ⅲ		 Ⅳ组
Group Ⅳ		 Ⅴ组
Group Ⅴ		 P值
P-value
心脏指数 Heart index 0.45±1.14 0.46±0.36 0.44±0.24 0.47±0.35 0.48±0.47 0.112
肝脏指数 Liver index 4.98±0.78a 4.66±0.79ab 4.64±0.75ab 4.07±0.70b 4.22±0.42ab 0.049
脾脏指数 Spleen index 0.29±0.18 0.24±0.12 0.31±0.16 0.21±1.00 0.22±0.59 0.201
肾脏指数 Kidney index 0.30±0.42 0.35±0.05 0.34±0.04 0.34±0.11 0.36±0.89 0.139

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能的影响

在本试验条件下,甘草提取物添加水平为300 mg/kg时,貉末重、平均日增重显著高于试验Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组,甘草提取物添加水平为300~400 mg/kg时,料重比显著优于试验Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组,说明饲粮中添加适量的甘草提取物可提高冬毛期乌苏里貉的生长性能。
马艳华[9]研究发现,在基础饲粮中添加9 g/kg甘草提取物,可显著提高肉兔生长后期的日增重。罗宗刚等[15]研究发现,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg甘草提取物,肥育猪末重、平均日增重提高,料重比降低,可改善其生长性能,这与本试验研究结果一致。甘草提取物对机体生长性能的影响与其所含有的甘草酸、甘草多糖等生物活性成分相关,这些物质具有抗氧化、免疫调节等功能,其中甘草酸还可通过调节机体肠道菌群促进对营养物质的吸收从而促进生长[3⇓⇓⇓⇓-8]。

3.2 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉营养物质表观消化率的影响

在本试验条件下,当甘草提取物添加水平为400 mg/kg时,冬毛期乌苏里貉粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅰ组,说明适量添加甘草提取物可以提高机体对蛋白质的消化吸收。矫丽娟等[16]研究表明,甘草提取物可提高分解酶的活性促进营养物质的分解;马艳华等[9]研究表明,甘草提取物可调节肉兔肠道菌群,降低病原菌的数量,肠道菌群包括益生菌、病原菌及中性菌3种类型,当病原菌数量降低时,益生菌及中性菌比例提高;董永军等[17]研究表明,饲粮中添加甘草多糖利于肉仔鸡肠道优势菌群生长,抑制有害菌群生长[18],从而有益于食物消化吸收,提高机体代谢水平。在本试验条件下,甘草提取物可促进机体对蛋白质的消化,具体机制有待于进一步研究。饲粮中添加甘草提取物对干物质表观消化率、有机物表观消化率及粗脂肪表观消化率均没有产生显著影响,说明在本试验条件下甘草提取物不会影响机体对这些物质的消化吸收。

3.3 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉氮代谢的影响

乌苏里貉在冬毛期主要进行肌肉的增长,可对其采食的蛋白质进行调节[12,19]。本试验中各组尿氮氮、粪氮无显著差异,当甘草提取物添加水平为300 mg/kg时,食入氮显著低于试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ及Ⅴ组,该指标与貉采食量相关。当甘草提取物添加水平为300~400 mg/kg时,氮沉积显著高于试验Ⅰ组,表明在此试验条件下可提高貉对蛋白质的利用率。研究表明,饲粮中添加适量的甘草提取物可改善家畜生长性能,提高营养物质利用率[2],与本试验研究结果一致。

3.4 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉血清生化指标的影响

在本试验中,各组间貉血清总蛋白、葡萄糖、胆固醇及甘油三酯的含量无显著差异,这些指标可在一定程度上反映动物机体健康状况[12,20],说明甘草提取物的添加未对貉机体健康产生不良影响。当甘草提取物添加水平为400 mg/kg时,血清谷草转氨酶及谷丙转氨酶活性均显著低于试验Ⅰ组,这是参与肝脏氨基酸代谢的2种重要酶类,肝细胞损伤及坏死会导致这2种酶活性升高[13],因此其活性可作为判断机体肝脏功能是否正常的重要指标[21]。张霞等[22]研究表明,甘草提取物在酒精性小鼠肝脏损伤模型中起到显著的保护作用。胡骞[23]利用雷公藤甲素建立了大鼠急性肝损伤模型,研究表明甘草提取物可通过诱导肝脏中脲苷葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1及多药耐药相关蛋白2的表达起到保护肝脏的作用。在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg的甘草提取物可显著降低血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶的活性,说明适量的甘草提取物具有保护乌苏里貉肝脏的作用。

3.5 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉毛皮品质的影响

毛皮品质是体现貉经济价值的重要指标,主要依据体长、皮长及皮板评分等指标进行综合评价[12,24]。在本试验中,甘草提取物添加水平为300 mg/kg时,貉体长及皮长均显著高于试验Ⅰ组;甘草提取物添加水平为200 mg/kg时,皮长显著高于试验Ⅰ组;各组间的皮板评分虽无显著差异,但随着甘草提取物水平的提高,评分有提高的趋势。研究表明,甘草提取物中的一些活性物质具有抗氧化功能[25]。陈晶晶等[26]利用氧化应激损伤模型研究发现,甘草苷可通过上调抗氧化反应元件超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)及儿茶酚-1等含量,下调半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2关联X蛋白(Bax)水平抑制细胞凋亡,其可有效修复中波紫外线(UVB)照射后引起的皮肤损伤[27];邢燕等[28]研究发现,甘草酸的水解产物甘草次酸可能通过抑制磷酸肌醇3激酶-蛋白激酶B(PI3K-AKT)信号通路抑制细胞氧化损伤。饲粮中添加适宜水平的甘草提取物可能通过这些活性物质发挥抗氧化功能从而提高毛皮品质。在本试验条件下,当甘草提取物的添加水平为300 mg/kg时,貉具有较优良的毛皮品质。

3.6 饲粮甘草提取物水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉脏器指数的影响

脏器指数可在一定程度上反映动物机体的健康状况[12,29]。本试验中,甘草提取物的添加对心脏、脾脏、肾脏指数无显著影响,当添加水平为300 mg/kg时,肝脏指数显著降低。肝脏是机体重要的物质合成及代谢器官,可以合成胆固醇、磷脂等物质,其对蛋白质代谢极为活跃。甘草提取物中含有甘草酸、18β-甘草次酸、异甘草素等活性成分,甘草酸可影响小鼠肝脏细胞的形态结构,显著降低肝细胞分泌转氨酶水平[4,30],18β-甘草次酸可促进肝脏的发育[4,31],异甘草素通过激活核因子E2相关因子/抗氧化反应元件(Nrf/ARE)信号通路促进胆汁酸外排保护肝脏[32-33]。本试验条件下,适宜水平的甘草提取物可能通过其所含有的活性成分协调作用从而影响肝脏发育及功能。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,通过对冬毛期乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化代谢、血清生化指标、脏器指数和毛皮品质的测定,得出饲粮中甘草提取物添加水平为300~400 mg/kg时,末重、平均日增重、粗蛋白质表观消化率、氮沉积、体长及皮长指标显著提高,料重比降低,血清谷丙转氨酶及谷草转氨酶活性降低,肝脏指数降低,此时对冬毛期乌苏里貉的生长较为有利。

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