REVIEW

Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Yaks

  • WANG Bingyi , 1 ,
  • MA Hongcai 2, 3 ,
  • DONG Hailong 1 ,
  • WU Qingxia , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China
  • 2 Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850009, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-09-28

  Online published: 2023-04-12

Abstract

The gastrointestinal tract is an important organ for digestion and absorption of yaks. Microorganisms in the rumen and intestine play an important role in healthy growth, reproduction and development of yaks. At present, high-throughput sequencing technology is used to analyze the composition, distribution, diversity and functional prediction of gastrointestinal microbiota of yaks. In this paper, the domestic and foreign research papers on gastrointestinal microbiota of yaks were reviewed, and the effects of different diets, ages and altitudes on gastrointestinal microbiota of yaks were expounded, so as to provide theoretical basis for the production and breeding of yaks in the future.

Cite this article

WANG Bingyi , MA Hongcai , DONG Hailong , WU Qingxia . Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Yaks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(4) : 2096 -2104 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.197

牦牛作为我国青藏高原地区特有的珍稀牛种之一,主要分布于青海、西藏、四川、甘肃等地区,与当地牧民的衣食住行息息相关[1]。牦牛主要用于牛奶和肉类的目的,在某些地区,牦牛被用作耕种农田的役力,其粪便也可作为燃料供牧民使用。此外,牦牛还以其独特性促进当地旅游业的发展。牦牛的生活环境在3 000 m以上的海拔高、氧气少、昼夜温差大的高原高山地带[2-3],因此造就了牦牛对生态环境的极强适应性。我国牦牛总数约1 400余万头,占世界牦牛总数的90%[4],可分为“横断高山型”和“青藏高原型”两大类型[5]
反刍动物的瘤胃拥有多样化的微生物种群,可以将摄入的纤维物质含量高的粗饲料转化为微生物蛋白和挥发性脂肪酸及其衍生物,为动物机体提供必要的营养物质,以促进新陈代谢。因此,瘤胃微生物在反刍动物的生产力和健康中起着关键作用[6]。在瘤胃中未被充分降解的食物会进入肠道,在肠道微生物的作用下被进一步消化吸收,为机体提供能量[7]。肠道不仅是动物机体消化吸收的重要场所,同时也是动物机体的一大免疫器官。大量研究表明,肠道微生物的失调与许多疾病有直接关系,如牛白血病、寄生虫病、牛结核病、乳腺炎、腹泻[8-12]。近年来,国内外对牦牛胃肠道微生物的研究越来越多[13-15],进一步说明了瘤胃及肠道中的微生物对牦牛的健康起着至关重要的影响,使人们对牦牛胃肠道微生物相关的研究有更深的了解。

1 牦牛胃肠道微生物的多样性

反刍动物的胃肠道中有数万亿微生物,这些微生物在新陈代谢、消化吸收、肠道内稳态和宿主健康中发挥着关键作用[16-17]。从数量上讲,在微生物群落中以细菌为主,其余包括真菌、古菌和原虫等[18-19]。因此,本文着重讨论牦牛胃肠道内细菌的多样性。

1.1 牦牛瘤胃细菌多样性

与所有牛家族成员一样,牦牛胃肠道的消化吸收由瘤胃主导。基于扩增子测序的研究中发现,在门水平上,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌群;在属水平上,拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)为优势菌群[20]。Ren等[21]发现牦牛瘤胃的固体、液体、背侧上皮和腹侧上皮部分的细菌群落存在显著差异;其中,理研菌科RC9(Rikenellaceae RC9)、毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)和疣微菌科(Verrucomicrobiaceae)以及纤维杆菌属(Cellulomonas)在固体部分中富集,而普雷沃氏菌属和雷沃氏菌科UCG-003(Prevotellaceae UCG-003)在液体部分中富集;弯曲杆菌属(Campylobater)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)在背侧上皮部分富集,而霍瓦德拉属(Howardella)、雷沃氏菌科UCG-001(Prevotellaceae UCG-001)、瘤胃球菌科UCG-005(Ruminococcaceae UCG-005)和密螺旋体属2(Treponema 2)在腹侧上皮富集。黄色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus flavefacien)、白色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus albuss)、琥珀酸纤维杆菌(Fibrobacter succinogenes)是主要的纤维降解菌,而栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella ruminicola)和双发酵梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium bifermentans)是主要的蛋白质降解菌,右旋糖苷琥珀酸弧菌(Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens)、溶淀粉琥珀弧菌(Succnivibrio amylolytica)、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌(Ruminobacter amylophilus)和瘤胃硒单胞菌(Selenomonas ruminantium)是主要的淀粉降解菌[22]。Guo等[23]采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对牦牛瘤胃微生物区系进行分析,共获得7 200个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),其中6 642个OTU均为细菌。拟杆菌门(39.68%)和厚壁菌门(45.90%)是主要门类,与粟雨芯[24]报道结果一致。在属水平上,理研菌科RC9、普雷沃氏菌属、克里斯滕森菌科R-7(Christensenellaceae R-7)和普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001(Prevaliaceae UCG-001)是瘤胃中优势菌属。普雷沃氏菌属细菌在瘤胃中非常普遍,但其数量由网胃向皱胃呈下降趋势。

1.2 牦牛肠道细菌多样性

肠道分为小肠(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)和大肠(盲肠、结肠、直肠),由于其庞杂的结构组成,因此每个肠段的菌群分布和功能各不相同。Ma等[25]比较了青藏高原生长迟缓和正常牦牛肠道细菌群落,α多样性分析表明,正常组十二指肠和回肠的Shannon指数高于生长迟缓组;然而,在空肠和盲肠中发现了相反的趋势;主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)表明,正常组和生长迟缓组之间各肠段的细菌结构存在差异。Wang等[26]研究包括了在牦牛所有发育阶段中细菌门(厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋藻门、软毛菌门、变形菌门和蓝藻菌门)和真菌门(壶菌门、摩苔菌门、新缘乳菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)的丰度和比例的变化,结果发现随着牦牛年龄的增长,变异减少,而多样性增加。粟雨芯[24]还发现厚壁菌门的丰度在牦牛的十二指肠、回肠、盲肠到结肠呈增加趋势。Zhang等[22]报道,在牦牛的各肠段中还存在大量厌氧菌,如消化链球菌科(Peptostreptococcaceae)、普雷沃氏菌科和琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae),并且在属水平上,拟杆菌属在盲肠中大量存在。Qin等[27]比较了家养牦牛粪便和其他7个肠道部位(瘤胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠)的肠道微生物多样性和功能,结果发现粪便和其他7个肠道部位的肠道微生物群在β多样性水平上差异显著;然而,粪便与盲肠、粪便与结肠之间微生物群的功能无显著差异,根据来源追踪分析,大多数粪便微生物群起源于盲肠和结肠。Liu等[28]从香格里拉、拉萨和玉树3个地区收集了18份牦牛粪便样本,并通过高通量测序进行了分析,α多样性水平在香格里拉地区牦牛粪便样本中最高,PCoA发现不同地区牦牛肠道微生物群组成存在显著差异;牦牛粪便样本共鉴定出6个门、21个科、29个属,优势菌门是厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,优势菌科是瘤胃球菌科;此外,瘤胃球菌科UCG-005是主要菌属,在玉树地区牦牛粪便样品中比其他地区牦牛粪便样品更丰富。

2 影响牦牛胃肠道微生物群落的因素

影响动物胃肠道微生物区系的因素有很多,包括海拔、健康状况、饲粮组成等。Han等[29]比较了西藏不同海拔地区牦牛瘤胃发酵参数和微生物群落;Wu等[30]通过16S rRNA基因序列表征腹泻成年牦牛肠道微生物群落失调;Pang等[31]分析了高精饲粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵和微生物群落的影响,并且评估了饲粮粗精比对牦牛瘤胃微生物群落和代谢物的影响[32];Yi等[33]研究了饲粮浓缩饲料比对牦牛瘤胃细菌群落组成的影响;Liu等[34]表征了饲粮类型对牦牛瘤胃微生物群落和代谢物的影响。综上可以看出,牦牛胃肠道微生物的组成受诸多因素影响,因此,深入了解各因素与微生物之间群落的关系,可以为牦牛的营养吸收、环境的适应能力以及免疫机制等方面提供理论指导。

2.1 饲粮

大量研究表明,饲粮是影响胃肠道微生物的主要原因之一,因为饲粮直接决定了微生物可利用的营养物质[35-37]。Ahmad等[38]研究探讨了饲粮不同能量水平对牦牛瘤胃细菌群落的影响,随着饲粮能量水平的增加,牦牛瘤胃中优势菌种的相对丰度在属水平上显著变化。Zhang等[39]发现牦牛瘤胃微生物群落随着采食高蛋白质饲粮而波动更大。有研究表明,粗饲牦牛比精饲牦牛更有利于健康养殖,长期高比例的浓缩饲喂抑制了放线菌(Actinomyces)、变形菌(Proteus)、子囊菌(Ascomycetes)、拟杆菌(Bacteriodes)的生长,刺激了链藻(Thalassiosira)、蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)、梭杆菌(Fusobacterium)和衣原体(Chlamydia)的生长[40]。Liu等[41]比较了不同能量水平的低蛋白质饲粮对牦牛和柴达木牛瘤胃细菌群落的影响,发现随着饲粮能量水平的增加,厚壁菌门的相对丰度呈线性增加,而拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低。有研究指出,饲粮代谢能和氮含量之比也会影响到牦牛瘤胃细菌的多样性,并且在门水平上,厚壁菌门的相对丰度较高,而拟杆菌门的相对丰度较低[42]。饲粮的营养水平还直接关系到动物的繁殖性能和动物产品品质,进一步对人类的生产生活造成一定影响。

2.2 年龄

Sha等[43]分析研究了不同年龄(2和3岁)犏牛(黄牛与牦牛杂交)瘤胃微生物群落组成和功能特征,发现瘤胃微生物群落组成在2个年龄段相似,厚壁菌门、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteria)、拟杆菌门和变形菌门是主要菌门,在成年犏牛瘤胃中检测到参与木质纤维素降解的细菌种类,包括黄色瘤胃球菌、白色瘤胃球菌、琥珀酸纤维杆菌和栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌,其中琥珀酸纤维杆菌含量最高。聂远洋等[44]研究发现,随着牦牛年龄变化,肠道菌群呈一个动态并趋于稳定的过程。郭文杰等[45]发现各年龄组牦牛在门水平上的优势菌门相同;在属水平上,拟普雷沃菌属相对丰度随着年龄的增加而增加;功能预测结果表明,氨基酸代谢、信号传导、细胞运动和功能基因表达相关代谢通路在2.5岁组显著富集,但0.5、1.5和3.5岁组之间功能基因表达丰度差异不显著。Li等[46]分析了3、4、5、6月龄牦牛粪便中菌群多样性,结果表明随着月龄的增加牦牛粪便中疣微菌门和阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)相对丰度呈下降趋势,并且通过对粪便微生物的功能预测发现,各功能途径的差异与某些微生物的丰度差异有关。年龄一直被推测是影响动物胃肠道微生物群落的重要因素,并且随动物年龄的增长,其胃肠道微生物群落多样性逐渐丰富并趋于稳定。但也有研究发现,某些反刍动物在成年和幼年之间的微生物群落多样性差异并不显著[47]

2.3 性别

外部环境被认为是影响胃肠道微生物的多数因素,人们往往忽略了动物自身性别不同而造成的差异。关于性别对胃肠道微生物的影响,大量研究集中在人类和啮齿动物[48-51],但是有关性别与反刍动物胃肠道微生物之间的关系的研究较少。韩学平等[52]研究了牦牛瘤胃微生物区系特征和性别之间的差异,结果显示,在门水平上,公、母牦牛瘤胃微生物组成基本相同;α多样性指数中,公牦牛的Sobs指数为2 689,极显著高于母牦牛,公、母牦牛其余α多样性指数无显著差异;PCoA和相似性分析(analysis of similarities,Anosim)结果表明公、母牦牛瘤胃微生物区系存在显著差异。Qin等[53]研究了家养大同牦牛(公、母)和野生公牦牛的肠道微生物群落组成,发现3组牦牛的肠道微生物多样性存在显著差异,且野生公牦牛的肠道微生物群落α多样性最高;在门水平上,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门均为3组的优势菌门;在属水平上,野生公牦牛肠道中的优势菌属瘤胃球菌科UCG-005的相对丰度较高,家养大同公牦牛肠道中理研菌科RC9和毛螺菌科的相对丰度较高。有研究指出,雌激素和雄激素的代谢与肠道微生物差异有关[54],因此性别也是引起动物之间肠道微生物群落出现差异的原因之一。

2.4 海拔

牦牛是一种具有很强区域适应性的反刍动物,因此牦牛胃肠道的微生物群落与栖息地之间也存在一定关系。Fan等[55]发现高海拔地区的牦牛具有更高的纤维消化能力,并且高海拔地区的牦牛瘤胃中富含螺旋体和密螺旋体。Wu等[56]指出生活在高海拔地区和低海拔地区的牦牛,纤维降解菌的比例存在显著差异,淀粉降解菌的比例差异不显著;功能预测表明,不同海拔地区牦牛的甲烷代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、离子耦合转运蛋白和细菌分泌系统存在显著差异。王保宁等[57]随机采集海拔2 897~4 717 m的12头牦牛新鲜粪便样本,结果显示,有8个菌在属水平上差异显著,并且低海拔地区牦牛肠道菌群OTU数量比高海拔地区的更为丰富。Han等[29]研究发现,与日喀则地区(海拔3 800 m)和拉萨地区(海拔3 650 m)相比,那曲地区(海拔4 500 m)牦牛的瘤胃丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著增多,而微生物相对丰度和多样性水平显著降低;PCoA和功能预测显示,不同地区牦牛瘤胃微生物组成差异显著。马艳等[58]分别采集海拔4 220和2 745 m放牧牦牛的22份新鲜粪便品进行测序分析,结果发现,在高海拔地区检测到的厚壁菌门和瘤胃球菌科UCG-005的相对丰度显著高于低海拔地区,而拟杆菌门和理研菌科RC9的相对丰度呈相反趋势。

2.5 季节

Huang等[59]研究发现,牦牛瘤胃微生物随季节变化而发生改变。Wei等[60]收集了牦牛和藏羊在不同季节(夏季和冬季)的粪便样本,聚类分析数据显示,肠道微生物群落组成是随季节不同而发生改变,并非由遗传引起。Ma等[61]对青藏高原高寒草甸的10头全放牧牦牛瘤胃原核生物群落组成的多样性进行了监测,发现春季牧草中粗蛋白质含量(13.22%)较高,而冬季牧草中中性洗涤纤维含量(59.00%)较高;在春季期间牦牛瘤胃微生物的多样性和丰富度最高,随牧草生长阶段不同,微生物的相对丰度也发生变化。Jiang等[62]研究调查了温暖季节自然放牧阶段(夏季和秋季)和寒冷季节补充饲喂阶段(春季和冬季)中牦牛瘤胃微生物群落的变化,结果表明拟杆菌门在补充饲喂阶段发挥比厚壁菌门更重要的作用,但在自然放牧阶段的作用较小。Guo等[63]发现牦牛会根据温暖和寒冷季节之间的饮食变化改变肠道微生物群落的组成,以最好地利用氮和能量。

2.6 疾病

腹泻是牦牛的常发疾病,对牦牛的健康状况带来威胁,造成其生产力、产奶量和繁殖能力的降低,如果腹泻发生在怀孕牦牛分娩前,还会导致犊牛营养不良甚至死亡[64]。引起牦牛腹泻的原因有很多,其中胃肠道菌群失调是引起腹泻的一大原因。Liu等[65]发现腹泻牦牛肠道细菌和真菌群落的α多样性明显下降;细菌分类学分析表明,腹泻导致1个菌门和8个菌属的相对丰度显著增加,以及3个菌门和30个菌属的相对丰度显著减少;真菌分类学分析表明,腹泻期间1个菌门和2个菌属的相对丰度显著增加,而2个菌门和43个菌属的相对丰度显著减少。这表明牦牛肠道的细菌和真菌组成以及多样性在腹泻期间发生了显著变化。张玉莹等[66]研究发现,在门水平上,健康与腹泻牦牛的优势菌门相似;在属水平上,腹泻牦牛的梭杆菌属相对丰度显著高于健康牦牛;功能预测结果表明,聚糖生物合成与代谢、运转和分解代谢,脂代谢等相关通路在腹泻牦牛中显著富集,而氨基酸代谢、信号传导、细胞运动、遗传信息在健康牦牛中显著富集。Han等[67]研究了腹泻对围产期牦牛肠道菌群数量和结构的影响,发现腹泻牦牛的肠道菌群中细菌种类低于健康牦牛,但2组之间差异不显著。Li等[68]比较了健康牦牛和腹泻牦牛肠道菌群的差异,发现在门水平上,健康成年牦牛和腹泻犊牦牛之间有1个菌门差异显著;在属水平上,健康成年牦牛与腹泻成年牦牛之间有23个菌属差异显著,健康成年牦牛与腹泻犊牦牛之间有28个菌属差异显著,腹泻成年牦牛与腹泻犊牦牛之间有23个菌属差异显著。

2.7 饲养方式

我国牦牛大多分布在青藏高原地区,以丰富的天然优质牧场为主要的饲养方式。近年来,由于人为、气候和经济等方面的原因,越来越多的牦牛被转为养殖场集约化管理。从牧草到饲料、从牧场到饲养场的突然转变,牦牛胃肠道内环境也会发生一定变化。Wen等[69]研究发现,与圈养牦牛相比,放养牦牛的胃肠道瘤胃球菌科、真杆菌科、脱硫弧菌科的相对丰度较高,而琥珀弧菌科、梭菌目、毛螺菌科、普雷沃氏菌科、罗氏菌属和巴氏杆菌属的相对丰度相对较低。Shah等[15]研究了自然放牧(放牧组)和饲养场系统饲养(饲喂组)的牦牛粪便微生物多样性,结果发现在门水平上,厚壁菌门是放牧组和饲喂组的主要菌门;在科水平上,放牧组瘤胃球菌科和理研菌科的相对丰度显著高于饲喂组,但饲喂组普雷沃氏菌科的相对丰度显著高于放牧组;在属水平上,饲喂组粪杆菌属、拟普雷沃氏菌属和琥珀弧菌的相对丰度显著高于放牧组。Han等[70]分析了青藏高原全放牧牦牛胃肠道细菌群落特征,从20 799 614个有效标签中总共获得了6 959个OTU,在所有样品中共获得了16个菌门和66个菌属;Sob、Shannon、Chao1指数在胃中最大,其次是大肠,而小肠中最低;拟杆菌门数量在瘤胃至十二指肠切片中较多,而厚壁菌门数量在空肠切片中较多。因牦牛特殊的生活环境,导致其独特的饲养方式。与其他反刍动物相比,牦牛现多以半放牧加半舍饲的形式进行管理,因此这也是造成牦牛胃肠道微生物群落发生改变的重要原因。

2.8 饲料添加剂

饲料添加剂越来越受到饲料生产者和相关研究人员的重视,它可以增加基础饲粮的营养价值,提高动物对饲料的利用率;确保动物健康生长,节约饲料加工成本,同时对动物胃肠道的微生物也有一定影响。Wu等[71]和Cui等[72]发现在饲粮中添加发酵剂和苜蓿干草刺激了牦牛胃肠道淀粉分解菌和纤维素分解菌的增殖。Liu等[73]发现在饲粮中添加瘤胃保护氨基酸和精料改变了泌乳牦牛瘤胃微生物群落的组成和瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸含量。Wang等[74]发现添加益生菌对犊牦牛的生长性能有积极影响,同时降低了犊牦牛肠道内威胁宿主健康的微生物的定植。Wei等[75]发现给早期断奶犊牦牛补充黄芪根提取物增加了犊牦牛瘤胃内纤维降解菌的相对丰度。

3 小结

动物机体与其胃肠道的微生物之间是一种相辅相成、互惠互利的动态平衡。这种平衡对于维持动物的健康生长、繁殖发育、提高动物的生产性能、保证产品质量等方面具有重要作用。虽然牦牛胃肠道微生物群落已有大部分被鉴定,但尚缺乏将完整的群落结构与相关功能基因联系起来的技术。并且,目前关于牦牛胃肠道微生物的研究也多集中在瘤胃细菌与肠道细菌方面,关于真菌、古菌等方面的研究较少。因此,研究人员需要进一步探索与牦牛共生的胃肠道微生物领域。研究饲粮组成、饲养方式和饲料添加剂等因素对牦牛胃肠道微生物群落的影响,发现有利于饲料消化和营养物质吸收的重要菌群,可以有效提高饲料利用率。研究年龄、海拔、季节、性别等因素,发现微生物多样性和功能的变化,为日后牦牛养殖提供理论依据。同时,研究在健康与疾病状况下胃肠道微生物与牦牛机体的相互作用,利用益生菌、益生元来代替抗生素的使用,以避免药物滥用而导致微生物的耐药性,可以在牦牛发病初期做出检测和紧急防治措施。最后,通过深入了解牦牛胃肠道微生物群落结构、功能与各影响因素之间的关系,可以优化牦牛的繁殖育种,以促进牦牛养殖业的安全快速发展,保证牦牛副产品品质。这不仅对当地牧民具有重要的生产生活价值,同时对满足人们生活需求具有重要意义。

致谢

感谢西藏自治区农牧科学院畜牧兽医研究所传染病课题组曾江勇研究员对文稿所提的宝贵意见。

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