REVIEW

Research Progress of Rumen Fluid Transplantation in Ruminants

  • LI Yan , 1, 2 ,
  • YANG Yingkui 1, 2 ,
  • CHAI Shatuo 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Shuxiang , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences in Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-09-16

  Online published: 2023-04-12

Abstract

Rumen fluid transplantation (RT) is a technique for transferring rumen fluid from healthy donor animals to recipient animals. Currently, the reports on RT are relatively limited, but more and more research results show that rumen fluid transplantation can affect the dry matter intake and milk production of ruminants, and has the potential to reconstruct the rumen microbiota structure. In this paper, the methods of rumen fluid transplantation and its application in practice were reviewed, and the influences of RT on growth performance, rumen fermentation and rumen microflora of ruminants and its role in the treatment of certain diseases were analyzed to provide reference for the research and application of RT in ruminants.

Cite this article

LI Yan , YANG Yingkui , CHAI Shatuo , WANG Shuxiang . Research Progress of Rumen Fluid Transplantation in Ruminants[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(4) : 2105 -2110 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.198

瘤胃是反刍动物消化和营吸收养物质的主要场所,其中含有大量的细菌、真菌、原生虫和古生菌等[1]。反刍动物的瘤胃含有丰富的微生物区系[2],具有相对稳定的微生态平衡系统,该平衡对于瘤胃内环境的稳定、维持反刍动物的机体健康有着重要的作用[3]。反刍动物瘤胃菌群结构会受到动物的生理状况、饲料类型、饲养方法和环境等多种因素的影响,这也是反刍动物饲料转化效率不同的主要原因。瘤胃液移植(rumen fluid transplantation,RT)是一种将健康供体动物的瘤胃液转移给受体动物的技术,可以重塑受体动物瘤胃微生物群落结构,能够让受体动物的微生物区系快速恢复到新的稳态,具有改善受体动物机体健康、提高生产效率的作用[4]。有研究发现,接种同一物种的消化道微生物菌群能够定向地改善受体动物的干物质采食量(DMI)[5],因此,通过人工干预消化道微生物定植可能是改善反刍动物生长性能、提高饲料转化效率的有效方式。近年来,瘤胃液移植技术在改善反刍动物消化不良以及重塑反刍动物瘤胃菌群结构方面逐渐被关注[7],重塑瘤胃微生物结构可能是提高反刍动物饲料利用效率的替代策略。因此,探讨瘤胃液移植对反刍动物的影响具有重要意义,本文将从瘤胃液移植的方法,瘤胃液移植对反刍动物生长性能、瘤胃发酵、瘤胃微生物区系的影响以及治疗某些疾病方面的研究进展进行综述,为后续瘤胃液移植在反刍动物生产实践中的应用提供理论参考。

1 瘤胃液移植的方法

瘤胃液移植的重点和难点在于技术本身的操作,用于给受体动物移植的瘤胃液可以在屠宰场将供体动物屠宰后获得,但使用未经筛选的供体动物可能会引入传染性病原体,进行试验前应挑选统一饲养条件下健康、体况良好的供体动物[4]。这种方式可以收集大量的瘤胃液,但屠宰前的运输应激和停食及瘤胃液收集过程中屠宰环境和实际操作对瘤胃液质量有一定的影响[7],且屠宰成本较高。需要瘤胃液的数量较少或者在幼龄反刍动物上进行试验时,可通过瘤胃导管经口腔插入供体动物瘤胃内抽取瘤胃液[8]。这种方法对操作人员的要求比较高,对人和动物都存在一定的安全风险。在保定过程中动物会对操作人员产生攻击行为(尤其是野性较强的牦牛),获取瘤胃液的过程中对瘤胃导管的不规范操作可能会对动物口腔、呼吸道和瘤胃造成伤害,严重时会导致出血甚至死亡。使用瘤胃瘘管动物可以有效、快捷的收集大量瘤胃液体,这也是目前获取瘤胃液较为常用的方式,通常瘤胃瘘管动物在日常的饲养和管理中难度较大,存在引入未知疾病的风险[6-7]
瘤胃液中的微生物量通常会受到动物饮水和饲粮摄入方面的影响。给哺乳奶牛饲喂高淀粉饲粮后的2~4 h,瘤胃液pH会明显降低,瘤胃原生动物减少[9]。因此,避免在喂食后的4 h内收集瘤胃液。一般在晨饲前进行瘤胃液的获取[6],这样可以保证瘤胃液pH不会发生显著变化。收集好的瘤胃液应该采用4层纱布过滤,尽可能去除堵塞胃管的大颗粒物质。收集后应尽快转移瘤胃液,减少在空气中暴露的时间,避免使用起泡的瘤胃液[7]。有研究表明应在收集后30 min将瘤胃液转移至受体动物[10],也有研究表明瘤胃液在室温下可储存9 h,在较低温度下可储存24 h[11]。而在非厌氧环境下瘤胃液中纤毛虫原生动物的数量会减少,纤维素分解和淀粉分解活性降低[12],所以转移瘤胃液的时间越短越好。冻干瘤胃液已成功用于培养基[12],但在养殖场中还不太适应。移植瘤胃液采用口服或灌服的方法即可。

2 瘤胃液移植的应用

2.1 瘤胃液移植对反刍动物生长性能的影响

平均日增重(ADG)可以直观地表现反刍动物的生长发育状况,干物质采食量是反映反刍动物健康状况和营养物质摄取能力的重要指标,对反刍动物的生长发育具有决定性作用。蒋涛[13]、Steiner等[14]研究发现,经过瘤胃液移植后的受体奶牛达到了瘤胃微生物重塑的目的,并且显著提高了围产期奶牛的干物质采食量和采食频率,也提高了消化不良奶牛的干物质采食量以及瘤胃原虫数量,改善了瘤胃功能。Zhou等[15]研究发现,交换肉牛瘤胃内容物后有18种微生物门型与宿主发酵参数有关联,表明这些微生物门型应被视为提高宿主饲料效率的调节目标。Ribeiro等[16]和He等[17]都曾在肉牛上做过移植野牛瘤胃内容物的研究,发现受体组牛的营养物质表观消化率并未受到影响,但提高了氮的消化率,还发现野牛的瘤胃接种物在体外降解纤维饲料的能力更高,可能会改善肉牛纤维饲料的瘤胃消化率。瘤胃液移植后反刍动物干物质采食量提高可能是由于受体动物的瘤胃菌群结构发生了变化,刺激了反刍,进而使食欲增强,使得干物质采食量有所提高。Muscato等[18]给新生犊牛移植高压灭菌后的瘤胃液后发现,新生犊牛瘤胃液中的微生物蛋白(MCP)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度有所提高,平均日增重也有所提高。Yu等[19]给羔羊口服成年绵羊的冻干瘤胃液,结果表明粗蛋白质(CP)的总消化率增加,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和半纤维素的消化率有增加趋势。但也有相关研究表明瘤胃液移植在改善反刍动物的生长性能方面没有明显效果。Bu等[20]和Cersosimo等[21]给新生犊牛移植荷斯坦成年牛的瘤胃液后发现,受体牛的生长性能没有发生显著变化,采食量也没有明显变化。
反刍动物拥有独特的瘤胃微生物群,有助于将低质饲料成功转化为高质量蛋白质,并与饲料效率、甲烷产量和其他关键生产特性有关[22]。饲粮在决定瘤胃或肠道微生物群落组成方面起着主要作用[23]。还有研究表明瘤胃微生物群落因反刍动物宿主的品种而异,这就说明宿主的遗传变异也可能影响微生物群落的组成[24]。大量研究表明,瘤胃液移植对反刍动物的生长性能产生了积极地影响,但也有研究表明移植瘤胃液之后并未对受体动物的生长性能产生显著影响,有关瘤胃液移植对反刍动物的生长性能的影响还需进一步研究。

2.2 瘤胃液移植对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的影响

瘤胃中的挥发性低级脂肪酸即使在小剂量下也会刺激瘤胃乳头发育和瘤胃上皮代谢和吸收[25]。pH可以直接反映瘤胃发酵情况,MCP是瘤胃微生物的主要氮源,氨态氮(NH3-N)是合成MCP的前体物质,其浓度是限制MCP合成的重要因素[26]。VFA是饲粮中碳水化合物和蛋白质经过瘤胃微生物发酵而来[27]。VFA的浓度受微生物种类、NDF的采食量和底物利用率等多种因素的影响[28-29]。郭延菲[30]通过给犊牛移植成年牛的瘤胃液发现,瘤胃液pH和NH3-N浓度均在正常范围内,瘤胃液中总VFA、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度没有显著变化,但有增加的趋势。Ribeiro等[16]研究牛瘤胃与野牛瘤胃液的重复接种时发现,瘤胃液转移后,总VFA、丁酸和戊酸的摩尔浓度增加,而乙酸的摩尔浓度有所下降。张鑫[31]通过给新生犊牛移植新鲜的成年荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液发现,移植新鲜瘤胃液对犊牛瘤胃液pH、NH3-N浓度以及各类VFA浓度并没有显著影响,但显著降低了乙酸/丙酸,说明移植新鲜瘤胃液会更好的保证瘤胃的发酵模式。俞少博[32]的研究表明,瘤胃液移植提高了瘤胃液中异戊酸与戊酸的比值,其中异戊酸是纤维降解菌生长繁殖所需要的营养物质[33],说明移植瘤胃液不仅可以促进瘤胃中VFA的产生,还可促进瘤胃中MCP的合成和纤维降解菌的定植。

2.3 瘤胃液移植对反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系的影响

瘤胃微生物区系是目前反刍动物研究的热点,其是由细菌、古细菌、原生动物和真菌组成的复杂的微生物群落。这些微生物群落的代谢将复杂的纤维基质转化为用于维持生长和哺乳的VFA和MCP[15]。反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系会受到多种因素的影响,如饲粮结构、宿主基因型、抗生素及生活环境都会导致菌群的变化。瘤胃液移植在重塑反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系方面被逐渐关注,并被证实有较好的应用效果[5]
Weimer等[34]研究表明,通过将2头奶牛的瘤胃液进行互换,每头奶牛恢复瘤胃微生物区系到原有的水平至少需要14 d,这表示瘤胃微生物区系具有可恢复性。纪守坤[35]研究发现,瘤胃菌群移植可以影响瘤胃菌群的多样性和瘤胃菌群结构,并证实了瘤胃中菌群的丰度、多样性均高于粪便菌群。De Barbieri等[36]在研究新生犊牛接种成年牛的瘤胃液时发现,新生犊牛移植成年牛的瘤胃液后更容易改善瘤胃菌群的发育。Yu等[19]研究表明,给断奶羔羊移植成年羊新鲜瘤胃液可以促进瘤胃液菌群在羔羊体内定植,并且调节瘤胃微生物区系的建立。Ribeiro等[16]研究发现,接种野牛瘤胃液内容物改变了牛瘤胃微生物区系,原生动物的相对数量和几个细菌家族的序列丰度发生了变化,而且这些变化随着时间的推移而保持。Huuki等[25]给断奶前犊牛移植成年牛瘤胃液后发现,成年牛瘤胃液移植促进了断奶前犊牛瘤胃中细菌群落的成熟。Liu等[37]研究绵羊瘤胃酸中毒模型时发现,瘤胃液移植后增加了绵羊瘤胃内淀粉分解菌(瘤胃球菌)、纤维分解菌(未分类拟杆菌门、未分类瘤胃球菌科、密螺旋体)、蛋白质分解菌(未分类普雷沃氏菌科)的数量与乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐的含量,加速了瘤胃内稳态的恢复,并对瘤胃酸中毒引起的瘤胃黏膜形态和功能改变有一定的调节作用。

2.4 瘤胃液移植对反刍动物某些疾病的治疗作用

微生物群落在调节瘤胃内环境、食物摄入和疾病治疗方面有着十分重要的作用。有研究表明,瘤胃液移植可以调节反刍动物瘤胃微生物群的平衡[34],对治疗厌食症、反刍无力、腹泻、真胃移位以及瘤胃酸中毒等疾病具有较好的效果[6,35,37-38]
在一项对经历过腹泻和断奶前小牛死亡的牛群的研究发现,瘤胃液移植改善了小牛的机体健康和存活率[14,39]。Jasmin等[40]给羊喂食颗粒化精料模拟亚急性瘤胃酸中毒,绵羊表现出瘤胃无力、摄食量减少50%以上、原生动物运动能力减少了25%~50%,给受体动物灌注新鲜瘤胃液后发现瘤胃液移植对患有瘤胃酸中毒的绵羊产生了有益影响,改善了受体动物单纯消化不良,恢复了健康。Weimer等[34]研究发现,瘤胃液移植可以加速瘤胃微生物平衡的恢复,使受体动物从明显的酸中毒状态恢复到与供体动物相似的健康水平,加速了瘤胃细菌预测的宏基因组功能的恢复,有助于减轻瘤胃酸中毒绵羊瘤胃上皮形态和功能的损害。还有研究发现瘤胃液移植有助于在不影响核心微生物群的情况下恢复患有瘤胃酸中毒奶牛的瘤胃微生物稳态和瘤胃发酵[38]。Rager等[41]用瘤胃液移植方法对奶牛真胃左侧移位(LDA)进行辅助治疗,促进了奶牛的术后恢复,还发现乳脂较低的奶牛恢复正常乳脂的速度加快[42]。Muscato等[18]研究发现,用成年奶牛的瘤胃微生物群重复接种断奶前犊牛可减少犊牛腹泻。Leo-Penu等[43]研究表明,对长期运输的牛进行瘤胃液移植可以增加其干物质采食量并减少运输压力的影响。

2.5 瘤胃液移植后产生不同影响的原因分析

由于宿主特异性、定植抗性和成年反刍动物瘤胃微生物群落固有的弹性,为了实现理想的调节,瘤胃液移植需要进行连续多次的接种[19]。高效和低效荷斯坦奶牛进行瘤胃内容物交换可以改变奶牛的瘤胃细菌群落,并改善产奶效率低的奶牛的泌乳性能[34],但成年奶牛的瘤胃微生物群落具有相当强的弹性。因此,幼龄反刍动物的早期生活为调节瘤胃微生物群落提供了机会[44]。早期的饮食干预也被证明在调节奶牛微生物群发育方面也有效[45]。从微生态学的角度看,年轻的瘤胃微生态系统更容易修复,因为其简单的微生物群落比成年动物的定植抗性要小的多,而口服接种通过降低瘤胃微生物群落发育的随机性来减少小牛的可变瘤胃微生物[20]。综上可知,瘤胃液移植对动物产生不同影响的原因可能与动物自身的生产性能、所处的生理阶段、移植的方法和次数、转移瘤胃液的时间有关。

3 小结

从健康供体获得微生物为患病动物治疗是比较常见的做法,微生物的移植也在人体医学上取得不错的效果。而瘤胃微生物群落的物种组成和结构以及相关功能决定了反刍动物最重要的生产性能,包括饲料利用效率、氮效率以及宿主的健康状况。移植瘤胃液可以引起瘤胃微生物群落的弹性变化,具有治疗反刍动物消化疾病的潜力,也可为受体动物瘤胃微生物群落提供营养和能量。当前瘤胃液移植过程中瘤胃液的获取难度较大、成本较高,对生产实践来说瘤胃微生物的体外精准培养及利用可能会成为瘤胃液移植技术的重要环节。而目前对瘤胃液移植的相关研究较少,如何调节瘤胃微生物的群落发育机制仍难以捉摸,未来仍需从不同的研究切入点加大瘤胃液移植对反刍动物影响机制的研究力度。
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