REVIEW

Biological Functions of Sodium Butyrate and Its Application in Animal Production

  • HOU Dongqiang , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHAO Hongxia , 1, * ,
  • PENG Kai 1 ,
  • CAO Junming 2
Expand
  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-08-26

  Online published: 2023-04-12

Abstract

Sodium butyrate can be used as a good substitute for antibiotics and can be divided into coated sodium butyrate and non-coated sodium butyrate depending on the production process. As a kind of green functional additives, sodium butyrate can pass in the gut in release of butyric acid to promote the growth and development of intestinal epithelial cells, improve the intestinal villi morphological structure, strengthen the intestinal digestion and absorption and damage repair ability, at the same time regulate the intestinal acidic environment, inhibit the harmful pathogens and promote the acid bacteria proliferation; it can inhibit the expression of proinflammatory factors, enhance immune ability, reduce liver function damage and protect liver health, and enhance antioxidant capacity by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In addition, sodium butyrate can regulate lipid metabolism, reduce fat accumulation. On the basis of related researches at home and abroad, this paper expounded the biological functions of sodium butyrate in regulating animal intestinal health, immunity, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism and its application in swine, poultry and ruminants, aquatic animal breeding, in order to provide a scientific basis for the research and reasonable application of sodium butyrate in animal production.

Cite this article

HOU Dongqiang , ZHAO Hongxia , PENG Kai , CAO Junming . Biological Functions of Sodium Butyrate and Its Application in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(4) : 2119 -2128 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.200

动物养殖生产中使用抗生素可以提高生产性能和控制一些疾病的发生,但是过度使用抗生素将导致动物产生免疫抑制、病原菌产生抗药性和抗生素在产品中的残留。研究发现,丁酸具有提高动物生长性能[1]、调节肠道功能[2]、增强免疫力[3]和抗氧化能力[4]等作用,其作为抗生素替代品具有广泛的应用前景。丁酸进入肠道可被肠道上皮细胞迅速吸收,转化为用于ATP合成的酮体[5-6],因此可作为结肠细胞提供能量的主要营养物质。丁酸改变胞内某些蛋白的磷酸化、乙酰化和甲基化水平,进而影响相关基因表达和细胞信号传递,参与细胞增殖分化、免疫调节和减少氧化应激、控制腹泻[7-8]。此外,丁酸还可以通过G蛋白耦联受体促进肠道黏液分泌和上皮屏障形成,降低致病菌及其代谢产物对机体的影响[9-10]。但是,丁酸的易挥发、气味难闻、适口性差等特点导致其不宜作为动物饲料添加剂使用。丁酸钠是一种有机化合物,有效成分为丁酸,分子式为C4H7O2Na,为固体,不易挥发[11]。根据生产工艺不同,丁酸钠可分为包被丁酸钠和非包被丁酸钠,不同制剂的丁酸钠在肠道中释放的时间不同,其作用效果也不相同,包被丁酸钠具有缓释作用,可以抑制后肠病原菌的繁殖,而丁酸钠释放较早可促进小肠绒毛生长和营养物质的消化吸收[12]。大量研究证明,丁酸钠可改善肠道形态结构、增加绒毛高度与隐窝深度、降低肠道pH、促进益生菌增殖、增强机体免疫功能、保护肝脏健康、减少脂肪堆积和促进脂质代谢[4,13-16]。丁酸钠在畜禽及水产动物养殖中具有广阔的应用前景,本文就国内外研究现状总结了丁酸钠的生物学功能及其在动物养殖中的应用研究进展,以期为丁酸钠在畜禽和水产养殖中的应用提供科学依据和参考。

1 丁酸钠的生物学功能

1.1 改善肠道形态结构

肠道不仅是消化吸收营养物质的重要场所,也是机体抵御外来病原微生物的重要防御屏障。丁酸作为肠道黏膜上皮细胞主要的能量物质,能够促进肠道上皮细胞增殖、分化,改善肠道黏膜的形态结构,提高绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值,增强肠道吸收能力[17-18]。研究显示,饲喂种鸽添加包被丁酸钠的饲粮可显著增加肠道绒毛高度,提高绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值,改善种鸽十二指肠和回肠的形态结构[19]。闭锁小带蛋白(ZO)在肠道内的表达增加可以改善肠黏膜的通透性,封闭蛋白(Claudin)-1可以收紧紧密连接并降低细胞旁渗透能力[20]。Li等[20]发现,饲粮中添加丁酸钠可增强家兔小肠中ClaudinZO-1和ZO-2的表达,降低肠道细胞旁路的通透性,并且增加肠黏膜的通透性,增强肠道对营养物质的吸收和肠道物理屏障功能。采用高脂饲粮饲喂小鼠可导致小鼠肠道黏膜损伤,饲喂丁酸钠通过上调ZO-1蛋白的表达水平来促进紧密连接屏障的恢复,修复高脂饲粮对肠黏膜的损伤并加强肠道紧密连接[21]。高脂肪饮食能够破坏小鼠肠道通透性,丁酸钠可减少肥胖模型小鼠的肠道通透性异常,显著增加Claudin-1和ZO-1的表达[22]。脂多糖(LPS)可诱导大鼠肠道炎症,而给大鼠饲喂丁酸钠则可缓解LPS诱导的细胞凋亡、核萎缩,减轻线粒体损伤,表明丁酸钠可通过调节肠道屏障改善LPS诱导的炎症反应[23]

1.2 调节肠道菌群

肠道微生态是由许多微生物组成的复杂的生态系统,肠道微生物区系的变化会影响肠道健康,微生物在维持肠道健康方面起着重要作用[20]。丁酸钠进入肠道后分解产生丁酸,游离的丁酸可通过微生物细胞壁,改变细胞内pH,抑制病原体的繁殖,酸性环境可促进耐酸益生菌乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌等的增殖,增加肠道有益菌群的丰度,改善肠道微生态,从而提高动物存活率[24-25]。在种鸽饲粮中添加适量的包被丁酸钠可显著提高回肠中乳酸菌属和气斯氏菌属的相对丰度[19]。饲粮中添加丁酸钠可显著增加家兔肠道中厚壁菌门的数量,提高纤维素的消化率,促进能量的吸收,而肠道中拟杆菌门的数量显著降低[20]。肠道正常菌群在鱼类生长发育过程中至关重要,丁酸钠可以促进益生菌的增殖,游离的丁酸能够破坏病原菌的DNA,抑制病原菌蛋白质的合成,从而减少病原菌的分裂增殖[11]。LPS增加了大鼠肠道拟杆菌的含量,使有益菌的丰度降低,丁酸钠可恢复LPS破坏的肠道菌群平衡,降低拟杆菌数量,增加双歧杆菌和臭杆菌数量[23]。由此可知,丁酸钠可通过促进动物肠道益生菌的增殖,降低致病菌在肠道中的占比,促进肠道健康。

1.3 增强免疫功能

丁酸能抑制调节核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路,通过增加细胞浆中的p50浓度和抑制NF-κB抑制蛋白(IκB)的磷酸化,抑制NF-κB-IκBα复合物释放NF-κB并防止其从细胞质转移到细胞核,最终抑制促炎细胞因子的表达[26-27]。丁酸钠可减轻高脂饮食导致的小鼠脂肪性肝炎,明显下调单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1、IL-2、IL-6和γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)等促炎因子表达,显著降低肝功能指标谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性,减轻高脂饮食对小鼠肝脏的损害[21]。小鼠腹腔注射丁酸钠可显著下调IL-1βIL-6、TNF-α等炎症因子的表达,并调控核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/NF-κB通路[28]。在饲喂丁酸钠的小鼠中,相对于M1巨噬细胞群和CD4+ T细胞,M2巨噬细胞(CD206+)和调节性T细胞(Tregs,CD25+)的数量显著增加,这表明其在减轻炎症谱中的潜在作用[22]。Huang等[29]在研究丁酸钠对幽门螺旋杆菌感染小鼠炎症反应中发现,丁酸钠能够通过抑制幽门螺旋杆菌的毒性和活力,从而减轻由幽门螺旋杆菌产生的炎症反应。孙寒雪等[19]在种鸽饲粮中添加不同剂量的包被丁酸钠,其中275 mg/kg的添加量显著提高了血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)的含量,增强了种鸽的非特异性免疫力。丁酸钠在增强动物非特异性免疫力方面发挥着重要作用,但其在不同动物机体内增强免疫功能的机制还有待进一步探究。

1.4 提高抗氧化能力

脂质过氧化作用易产生剧毒副产物丙二醛(MDA),这种醛是一种剧毒分子,不仅被视为脂质过氧化的标志物,而且它能与DNA和蛋白质相互作用导致突变和动脉粥样硬化[30]。MDA含量降低和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)升高表明抗氧化能力有所提高,脂质过氧化降低[31]。Nrf2和NF-κB是2个可调节细胞对氧化应激和炎症反应的关键转录因子,两者功能存在相互联系[28]。Nrf2是一种保护细胞免受氧化应激的调节剂,并控制许多抗氧化基因的诱导表达,丁酸钠可能通过激活Nrf2增强抗氧化作用。Nrf2可在应激条件下调节抗氧化和解毒基因的表达,NF-κB和Nrf2互为拮抗作用,丁酸盐可通过促进Nrf2 mRNA的表达增强抗氧化能力,且抑制NF-κB信号通路[32-33]。Yuksel等[34]研究了丁酸钠对癌细胞凋亡和遗传毒性变化的影响,发现低浓度丁酸钠孵育的癌细胞中MDA含量略有减少,癌细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性随着丁酸钠浓度的增加而降低,表明低剂量丁酸钠可减少癌细胞的脂质过氧化。

1.5 调节脂质代谢和保护肝脏健康

短链脂肪酸(SCFA)可降低3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A合酶(HMGCS)的活性,从而抑制胆固醇的合成,激活游离脂肪酸受体(FFAR)-2和FFAR-3,促进胰腺胰岛素分泌和减少胰高血糖素分泌,降低血浆葡萄糖含量,并抑制脂肪分解和从头合成[35-37]。丁酸钠可恢复高脂饮食引起的小鼠肠黏膜损伤,增加ZO-1的表达,通过调节小鼠肠道菌群生态来减轻脂肪性肝炎,并显著降低肝脏脂肪积累及胆固醇含量[21]。饲喂小鼠富含果糖的营养液,营养过剩可导致肠道屏障损伤,是非酒精性脂肪肝发展的关键因素,口服丁酸钠的小鼠脂肪堆积较少,肝脏中无炎症病灶,肝脏脂肪变性和肝脏炎症显著降低[38]。白蛋白(ALB)含量可以反映出机体蛋白质吸收和代谢的状态。包被丁酸钠能够显著增加蛋鸡血清中ALB和钙的含量,显著降低血清中甘油三酯的含量[17]。血液中AST与ALT的比值是反映动物肝细胞功能健康状况的重要指标,当肝脏损伤时,细胞膜通透性增加,肝脏中的AST和ALT释放到血液中,血液中AST和ALT活性随肝脏受损程度增加而升高[39]。缺血再灌注前后6 h饲喂丁酸钠,可显著降低小鼠血液中ALT、AST活性和TNF-α含量,说明丁酸钠能够减轻小鼠肝脏缺血再灌注造成的损伤[40]。腹腔注射丁酸钠能够减轻LPS引起的小鼠肝细胞损伤,显著减轻炎性细胞浸润和肝细胞凋亡,表明丁酸钠对LPS诱导的小鼠肝细胞损伤具有保护作用[41]

2 丁酸钠在动物生产中的应用

2.1 在猪生产中的应用

丁酸钠可提高仔猪抗大肠杆菌能力,减少肠道中大肠杆菌的数量,并修复肠道形态和屏障功能损伤,缓解大肠杆菌感染引起的仔猪肠道组织巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞免疫浸润[42]。Lin等[43]在研究包被丁酸钠和丁酸钠对断奶后仔猪肠道菌群影响的试验中发现,饲喂添加1 000 mg/kg丁酸钠的饲粮可显著降低空肠菌群中乳酸杆菌和大肠杆菌的比例,随着包被丁酸钠添加量的增加,空肠和结肠菌群中乳酸杆菌和大肠杆菌的比例呈直线下降;饲粮中添加300或450 mg/kg的包被丁酸钠可改善断奶后仔猪腹泻,改善肠道菌群。Morel等[44]饲喂30~90 kg的育肥猪添加丁酸钠的饲粮,发现对育肥猪肉质无显著影响,但日均采食量显著增加,最终体重的增加可能与采食量增加有关。在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.2%的丁酸钠可促进肠上皮细胞发育和生长,增强肠道消化吸收能力,降低腹泻指数和腹泻率,提高断奶仔猪的平均日增重[456]。给猪饲喂添加丁酸钠的饲粮2周后发现,血浆葡萄糖、乳酸、胰岛素、胰高血糖素样肽1和酪氨酸肽含量无显著变化[46]。周腊枚等[47]研究发现,饲粮中添加丁酸钠显著提高了断奶仔猪的平均日增重,提高血清中SOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低了血清MDA含量,提高了断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力。Wang等[48]研究证明,丁酸钠对断奶仔猪肠道形态的改善效果显著,同时提高了断奶仔猪的日增重,这可能与丁酸钠改善了肠道环境密切相关;此外,丁酸钠还降低了肥大细胞特异性类胰蛋白酶、TNF-αIL-6 mRNA的表达。由此可见,丁酸钠改善了猪肠道健康,增强了抗氧化和免疫能力,减少了肠道疾病的发生,提高了猪的生长性能。

2.2 在家禽生产中的应用

研究显示,饲喂肉鸡包被丁酸钠可显著增加肠道绒毛高度、杯状细胞数量以及肠道黏液分泌、相对重量和长度,改善肠道形态结构,增强肉鸡肠道的吸收能力[4,13,16,49-50],Miao等[17]在蛋鸡的研究中也得出相似结论。在肉鸡饲粮中添加丁酸钠后发现小肠段中含有酸性黏蛋白的杯状细胞数量显著增加,并且丁酸钠可增加肠绒毛和隐窝中细胞有丝分裂,显著增加肉鸡空肠和十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛面积,减轻肠炎损伤[51-52]。研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠或非包被丁酸钠均可显著增加肠道厚壁菌门[4,13]、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌[13,49]等的数量,并降低拟杆菌门的数量[4],改善肉鸡肠道微生态环境,增加肠道菌群相对丰度。丁酸钠可通过改善肉鸡免疫器官发育、减少细胞凋亡、抑制病原菌活性、增加抑炎因子和降低促炎因子表达,从而提高肉鸡的非特异性免疫力[16]。饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠可显著改善肉鸡的免疫器官发育,对肉鸡免疫功能产生积极的影响,显著降低了肉鸡的死亡率[50,53]。Gupta等[54]研究发现,丁酸钠通过降低鸡肠道细胞的附着能力和巨噬细胞的侵袭力,从而降低沙门氏菌的定植潜力。Luo等[16]研究发现,饲喂添加150 mg/kg包被丁酸钠的饲粮42 d,对肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响,但可显著增强免疫功能,推测包被丁酸钠可能优先刺激肉鸡免疫而不是改善生长性能。Lan等[55]在肉鸡饲粮中添加1 200 mg/kg丁酸钠(含量为54%)后发现,肉鸡血清中AST和ALT的活性显著降低,肝脏功能得到改善。综述所述,饲粮中添加一定量的丁酸钠可以改善鸡肠道的形态结构,优化肠道菌群,并增强鸡的免疫和抗氧化应激能力,表明丁酸钠对提高鸡的生长性能起到重要的作用。

2.3 在反刍动物生产中的应用

丁酸钠是犊牛瘤胃功能的刺激剂,可促进犊牛瘤胃上皮细胞增殖,减少其凋亡,也可导致瘤胃中最丰富的菌门厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)扩增[56]。在平均日龄为84日龄的母牛饲粮中添加不同剂量(0.25、0.50和0.75 g/kg)的丁酸钠,发现随着丁酸钠添加量的逐渐增加,母牛的饲料效率、平均体重和总体重逐渐增加,这可能是因为丁酸钠增加了肠道绒毛高度,改善了瘤胃上皮细胞发育,进而增强了对营养物质的吸收能力[57]。通过饲喂高浓缩饲粮降低瘤胃pH、增加LPS的浓度可引起泌乳中期山羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒,LPS通过门静脉进入肝脏可激活Toll样受体4(TLR4)-NF-κB信号通路,增强TLR4、NF-κB和促炎细胞因子的表达,加快肝细胞的凋亡,而饲粮中添加丁酸钠可显著改善瘤胃pH,降低LPS的浓度,降低TNF-αNF-κB和细胞凋亡相关基因半胱天冬酶(Caspase)-3和Caspase-8 mRNA的表达水平,减轻肝脏炎症反应和肝细胞凋亡[27,58]。Xu等[59]关于丁酸钠减轻LPS对牛肝细胞影响的研究结果与Chang等[27]的研究结果相似,丁酸钠可抑制NF-κB信号传导,降低促炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-8的表达,减少促炎细胞因子的产生,增加抗炎细胞因子IL-10的表达。丁酸钠可显著增加奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系(MAC-T)的SOD活性、T-AOC,显著降低MDA含量,从而提高了其抗氧化能力[60]。丁酸钠可提高奶牛乳汁合成效率和乳脂含量,减缓产奶量下降,降低血液中的白细胞数以及乳腺中模式识别受体、促炎细胞因子基因的表达[61]。综上所述,丁酸钠可改善反刍动物的瘤胃上皮细胞发育,减少细胞凋亡,增强免疫力和抗氧化能力,减轻炎症反应,但具体作用机制还有待进一步研究。

2.4 在水产动物生产中的应用

研究发现,包被丁酸钠或丁酸钠能够促进尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)[62-63]、巨骨舌鱼(Arapaima gigas)[64]幼鱼肠细胞增殖和分化,增加绒毛高度、宽度和杯状细胞数量,并减少固有层的宽度,改善其肠道形态结构。NF-κB作为关键转录因子参与调控炎症反应和控制编码促炎细胞因子基因的表达。研究显示,高豆粕饲料可显著提高大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)肠道NF-κB和促炎因子TNF-α基因的表达,并抑制抗炎因子转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)基因的表达,但在高豆粕饲料中添加丁酸钠可显著降低TNF-α基因表达水平和抑制NF-κB信号通路,减轻了高豆粕饲料对大菱鲆造成的肠道炎症反应,并显著增加了栖热菌的相对丰度,降低拟杆菌的相对丰度,表明丁酸钠可减轻高豆粕饲料对肠道微生物的负面作用[65]。Yin等[14]在杂交石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus ♂)的研究中得出相同结论。Chen等[66]研究发现,饲料中添加0.2%的丁酸钠可以显著降低肠道中IL-1βTNF-α的表达水平,提高大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的非特异性免疫反应,并能够显著增加大口黑鲈肠道菌群中厚壁菌门的数量,降低软壁菌门、拟杆菌门的数量,减轻由高豆粕引起的肠炎反应,改善大口黑鲈的肠道健康。饲料中添加2 000 mg/kg的丁酸钠可显著提高草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)前肠和中肠绒毛高度和肠道重量,显著提高饲料效率,而饲喂添加3 000 mg/kg丁酸钠饲料的草鱼的生长率最低[15]。丁酸钠可恢复被大豆球蛋白破坏的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)肠道微生物丰富度,降低致病菌数量,增加芽孢杆菌、乳杆菌、几丁质杆菌等益生菌的丰富度,还可通过提高中华绒螯蟹抗菌肽基因mRNA的表达水平,降低促炎因子TNF-α的含量,增强肠道免疫力[67]。钱希逸等[68]发现,饲料中添加丁酸钠植物精油复合剂显著提高了南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的增长率,改善了南美白对虾的生长性能,推断可能与其增强非特异性免疫力、优化肠道菌群有关。丁酸钠能够显著提高南美白对虾[69]、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[70]肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性,显著提高饲料转化率,改善生长性能。L型氨基酸转运体2(LAT2)主要在肠道上皮细胞的基底外侧膜中表达,在肠内氨基酸转运中起重要作用,寡肽转运蛋白1(PepT1)位于肠上皮的刷状缘膜上,在蛋白质消化、吸收二肽和三肽中起重要作用。研究显示,丁酸钠可显著提高草鱼肠道中LAT2和PepT1的表达水平,显著提高肠道蛋白质消化和氨基酸吸收能力,刺激二肽和三肽的吸收,提高草鱼的生长性能[15]。饲喂尼罗罗非鱼添加丁酸钠的饲料对其血清中ALT和AST的活性无显著影响,表明丁酸钠对尼罗罗非鱼肝脏无毒副作用[71]。Zhao等[72]研究发现,氨应激可显著增加黄颡鱼血清中ALT和AST的活性,饲喂黄颡鱼添加1 000 mg/kg丁酸钠的饲料能够显著降低血清中ALT和AST的活性,表明丁酸钠可缓解黄颡鱼应激时对肝脏造成的损伤。综上可知,饲料中添加适量的丁酸钠可显著改善不同种类水产动物肠道形态结构、肠道菌群,减轻肠道炎症反应,但丁酸钠在水产动物中的应用效果及作用机理仍需要进一步探究。

3 小结与展望

饲料行业被全面禁止添加抗生素,丁酸钠作为安全环保的功能性饲料添加剂在动物生产中具有广泛的应用前景。研究表明,丁酸钠能够通过增加肠道绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值、促进益生菌的增殖维持肠道健康;通过调节NF-κB信号通路抑制炎症因子的表达,缓解炎症反应对机体的损伤;通过调节Nrf2 mRNA的表达增强抗氧化能力,提高动物在胁迫条件下的生存能力;通过提高消化酶活性和改善肠道环境调节机体脂质代谢。然而,丁酸钠发挥生物学功能的具体作用机理尚未充分阐明,在这些过程中涉及的酶、激素、转录因子和信号通路还需要进一步地研究并阐明。我国是畜牧、水产养殖大国,养殖品种众多,不同地区的气候、环境、养殖品种、养殖模式存在较大差异,关于丁酸钠对不同养殖条件、不同生长阶段、不同养殖动物的作用效果以及丁酸钠在不同动物中的添加量和添加形式的研究较少。因此,今后应深入研究丁酸钠在不同养殖动物和生长阶段的适宜添加量和添加形式,明确其对动物吸收、代谢、生理功能的作用及代谢产物对水环境的影响。
[1]
AALAMIFAR H, SOLTANIAN S, VAZIRZADEH A, et al. Dietary butyric acid improved growth,digestive enzyme activities and humoral immune parameters in Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2020, 26(1):156-164.

DOI

[2]
ZHANG Q Y, ZHANG S, WU S, et al. Supplementing the early diet of broilers with soy protein concentrate can improve intestinal development and enhance short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes and short-chain fatty acids,especially butyric acid[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2022, 13(1):97.

DOI

[3]
IMRAN M, AHMED S, DITTA Y A, et al. Effect of microencapsulated butyric acid supplementation on growth performance,ileal digestibility of protein,gut health and immunity in broilers[J]. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2018, 52(11):1618-1622.

[4]
WU W, XIAO Z B, AN W Y, et al. Dietary sodium butyrate improves intestinal development and function by modulating the microbial community in broilers[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(5):e0197762.

DOI

[5]
MACFARLANE G T, MACFARLANE S. Fermentation in the human large intestine:its physiologic consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics[J]. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2011, 45(Suppl):S120-S127.

[6]
GONÇALVES P, ARAÚJO J R, MARTEL F. Characterization of butyrate uptake by nontransformed intestinal epithelial cell lines[J]. The Journal of Membrane Biology, 2011, 240(1):35-46.

DOI PMID

[7]
BEDFORD A, GONG J. Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2018, 4(2):151-159.

DOI PMID

[8]
BERNI CANANI R, DI COSTANZO M, LEONE L. The epigenetic effects of butyrate:potential therapeutic implications for clinical practice[J]. Clinical Epigenetics, 2012, 4(1):4.

DOI

[9]
LIU Q, YU Z M, TIAN F W, et al. Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier[J]. Microbial Cell Factories, 2020, 19(1):23.

DOI PMID

[10]
LOUIS P, HOLD G L, FLINT H J. The gut microbiota,bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014, 12(10):661-672.

DOI

[11]
李祥, 何金环, 潘春梅, 等. 丁酸钠对鱼类肠道消化吸收的影响研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(1):131-139.

LI X, HE J H, PAN C M, et al. Research progress on effects of sodium butyrate on intestinal digestion and absorption of fish[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(1):131-139. (in Chinese)

[12]
姜飞, 黄怀萱, 黄艺珠, 等. 不同丁酸钠制剂在肠道的释放和作用[J]. 中国畜牧业, 2021(22):32-34.

JIANG F, HUANG H X, HUANG Y Z, et al. Release and effects of different sodium butyrate preparations in intestine[J]. China Animal Industry, 2021(22):32-34. (in Chinese)

[13]
ZHAO H B, BAI H, DENG F L, et al. Chemically protected sodium butyrate improves growth performance and early development and function of small intestine in broilers as one effective substitute for antibiotics[J]. Antibiotics, 2022, 11(2):132.

DOI

[14]
YIN B, LIU H Y, TAN B P, et al. Dietary supplementation of β-conglycinin,with or without sodium butyrate on the growth,immune response and intestinal health of hybrid grouper[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1):17298.

DOI

[15]
LIU M M, GUO W, WU F, et al. Dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate may benefit growth performance and intestinal function in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2017, 48(8):4102-4111.

DOI

[16]
LUO D, LI J L, XING T, et al. Combined effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and coated sodium butyrate on growth performance,immune function,and intestinal physical barrier function of broilers[J]. Animal Science Journal, 2021, 92(1):e13545.

DOI

[17]
MIAO S S, ZHOU W T, LI H Y, et al. Effects of coated sodium butyrate on production performance,egg quality,serum biochemistry,digestive enzyme activity,and intestinal health of laying hens[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 20(1):1452-1461.

DOI

[18]
王继凤, 陈耀星, 王子旭, 等. 丁酸钠对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态结构的影响[J]. 中国兽医科技, 2005, 35(4):298-301.

WANG J F, CHEN Y X, WANG Z X, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on structure of small intestine mucous epithelium in weaning piglets[J]. Chinese Veterinary Science, 2005, 35(4):298-301. (in Chinese)

[19]
孙寒雪, 刘雅丽, 曾涛, 等. 包被丁酸钠或蝉花多糖对种鸽哺育期减重、血清免疫球蛋白含量、肠道组织形态及回肠菌群的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(10):5955-5964.

DOI

SUN H X, LIU Y L, ZENG T, et al. Effects of coated sodium butyrate or cordyceps cicadae polysaccharide on weight loss during lactation,serum immunoglobulin contents,intestinal morphology and ileal microflora of breeding pigeons[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(10):5955-5964. (in Chinese)

[20]
LI C Y, CHEN J L, ZHAO M, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on slaughter performance,serum indexes and intestinal barrier of rabbits[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2022, 106(1):156-166.

DOI

[21]
ZHOU D, PAN Q, XIN F Z, et al. Sodium butyrate attenuates high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice by improving gut microbiota and gastrointestinal barrier[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017, 23(1):60-75.

DOI PMID

[22]
KUSHWAHA V, RAI P, VARSHNEY S, et al. Sodium butyrate reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress by modulating CHOP and empowers favorable anti-inflammatory adipose tissue immune-metabolism in HFD fed mice model of obesity[J]. Food Chemistry.Molecular Sciences, 2022, 4:100079.

[23]
DOU X J, MA Z W, YAN D, et al. Sodium butyrate alleviates intestinal injury and microbial flora disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharides in rats[J]. Food & Function, 2022, 13(3):1360-1369.

[24]
VAN DER WIELEN P W, BIESTERVELD S, NOTERMANS S, et al. Role of volatile fatty acids in development of the cecal microflora in broiler chickens during growth[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66(6):2536-2540.

DOI PMID

[25]
WULLAERT A, BONNET M C, PASPARAKIS M. NF-κB in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and inflammation[J]. Cell Research, 2011, 21(1):146-158.

DOI PMID

[26]
刘庆春, 张峰, 黄川锋, 等. 丁酸钠对内毒素性肝损伤小鼠炎症因子表达的影响[J]. 中国临床研究, 2016, 29(7):954-956.

LIU Q C, ZHANG F, HUANG C F, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on expression of inflammatory factors in mice with endotoxin-induced liver injury[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Research, 2016, 29(7):954-956. (in Chinese)

[27]
CHANG G J, LIU X X, MA N N, et al. Dietary addition of sodium butyrate contributes to attenuated feeding-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in dairy goats[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66(38):9995-10002.

DOI PMID

[28]
卞中博, 张秋玉, 秦勇, 等. 丁酸钠对DSS诱导小鼠炎症性肠病的作用及对Nrf2/NFκB表达影响[J]. 营养学报, 2022, 44(1):72-78.

BIAN Z B, ZHANG Q Y, QIN Y, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on inflammatory bowel disease induced by DSS and expression of Nrf2/NFкB in mice[J]. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, 2022, 44(1):72-78. (in Chinese)

[29]
HUANG Y M, DING Y H, XU H Y, et al. Effects of sodium butyrate supplementation on inflammation,gut microbiota,and short-chain fatty acids in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice[J]. Helicobacter, 2021, 26(2):e12785.

[30]
DEL RIO D, STEWART A J, PELLEGRINI N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress[J]. Nutrition,Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2005, 15(4):316-328.

DOI

[31]
MA N N, ABAKER J A, BILAL M S, et al. Sodium butyrate improves antioxidant stability in sub-acute ruminal acidosis in dairy goats[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2018, 14(1):275.

DOI PMID

[32]
RUSSO I, LUCIANI A, DE CICCO P, et al. Butyrate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in intestinal cells and Crohn's mucosa through modulation of antioxidant defense machinery[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3):e32841.

DOI

[33]
YAKU K, ENAMI Y, KURAJYO C, et al. The enhancement of phase 2 enzyme activities by sodium butyrate in normal intestinal epithelial cells is associated with Nrf2 and p53[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2012, 370(1):7-14.

DOI

[34]
YUKSEL B, DEVECI OZKAN A, AYDIN D, et al. Evaluation of the antioxidative and genotoxic effects of sodium butyrate on breast cancer cells[J]. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2022, 29(3):1394-1401.

DOI PMID

[35]
DEN BESTEN G, VAN EUNEN K, GROEN A K, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet,gut microbiota,and host energy metabolism[J]. Journal of Lipid Research, 2013, 54(9):2325-2340.

DOI

[36]
GE H F, LI X F, WEISZMANN J, et al. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids[J]. Endocrinology, 2008, 149(9):4519-4526.

DOI PMID

[37]
LE POUL E, LOISON C, STRUYF S, et al. Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2003, 278(28):25481-25489.

DOI PMID

[38]
JIN C J, SELLMANN C, ENGSTLER A J, et al. Supplementation of sodium butyrate protects mice from the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2015, 114(11):1745-1755.

DOI

[39]
张楠, 叶水文, 王新露, 等. 罗伊氏乳酸杆菌FLRE5K1补充改善顺铂致小鼠肝损伤及肠道菌群紊乱的效果[J]. 实验与检验医学, 2022, 40(1):35-39.

ZHANG N, YE S W, WANG X L, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri FLRE5K1 supplementation on cisplatin-induced liver injury and intestinal flora disorder in mice[J]. Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, 2022, 40(1):35-39. (in Chinese)

[40]
赵海峰, 孙备, 陈国富. 正丁酸钠对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用的研究[J]. 黑龙江医药科学, 2007, 30(2):1-3.

ZHAO H F, SUN B, CHEN G F. Protective effects of sodium butyrate on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver:an experimental study[J]. Heilongjiang Medicine and Pharmacy, 2007, 30(2):1-3. (in Chinese)

[41]
罗千江, 李林, 魏振宇, 等. 丁酸钠减轻小鼠内毒素诱导肝脏损伤的研究[J]. 新医学, 2018, 49(1):19-24.

LUO Q J, LI L, WEI Z Y, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on mitigating endotoxin-induced liver injury in mice[J]. Journal of New Medicine, 2018, 49(1):19-24. (in Chinese)

[42]
熊海涛. 丁酸钠对仔猪抗大肠杆菌感染的作用及其机制研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2016.

XIONG H T. Effects and mechanism of butyrate on disease resistant in piglets[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[43]
LIN F H, LI X, WEN J S, et al. Effects of coated sodium butyrate on performance,diarrhea,intestinal microflora and barrier function of pigs during the first 2-week post-weaning[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2020, 263:114464.

DOI

[44]
MOREL P C H, CHIDGEY K L, JENKINSON C M C, et al. Effect of benzoic acid,sodium butyrate and sodium butyrate coated with benzoic acid on growth performance,digestibility,intestinal morphology and meat quality in grower-finisher pigs[J]. Livestock Science, 2019, 226:107-113.

DOI

[45]
寇莎莎, 王诏升, 徐德旺, 等. 日粮中添加不同水平丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及血液生化指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2018, 45(7):1841-1848.

KOU S S, WANG Z S, XU D W, et al. Effects of adding different levels of sodium butyrate on growth performance,diarrhea rate and blood biochemical indexes of weaned piglets[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2018, 45(7):1841-1848. (in Chinese)

[46]
VAL-LAILLET D, GUÉRIN S, COQUERY N, et al. Oral sodium butyrate impacts brain metabolism and hippocampal neurogenesis,with limited effects on gut anatomy and function in pigs[J]. The FASEB Journal, 2018, 32(4):2160-2171.

DOI

[47]
周腊枚, 张博, 黄强, 等. 丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、表观消化率和肠道微生物的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2021, 44(15):32-36.

ZHOU L M, ZHANG B, HUANG Q, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on growth performance,antioxidant capacity,apparent digestibility and intestinal microbes in weaned piglets[J]. Feed Research, 2021, 44(15):32-36. (in Chinese)

[48]
WANG C C, WU H, LIN F H, et al. Sodium butyrate enhances intestinal integrity,inhibits mast cell activation,inflammatory mediator production and JNK signaling pathway in weaned pigs[J]. Innate Immunity, 2018, 24(1):40-46.

DOI

[49]
罗丹, 李蛟龙, 邢通, 等. 低聚木糖和包膜丁酸钠对肉鸡肠道发育、肠黏膜免疫功能和盲肠微生物组成的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2022, 45(1):131-140.

LUO D, LI J L, XING T, et al. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and coated sodium butyrate on intestinal development,intestinal mucosal immunity function and cecal microbial composition of broilers[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2022, 45(1):131-140. (in Chinese)

[50]
LAN R X, LI S Q, ZHAO Z H, et al. Sodium butyrate as an effective feed additive to improve growth performance and gastrointestinal development in broilers[J]. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2020, 6(3):491-499.

DOI PMID

[51]
SIKANDAR A, ZANEB H, YOUNUS M, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on performance,immune status,microarchitecture of small intestinal mucosa and lymphoid organs in broiler chickens[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2017, 30(5):690-699.

DOI

[52]
ZOU X, JI J, QU H, et al. Effects of sodium butyrate on intestinal health and gut microbiota composition during intestinal inflammation progression in broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(10):4449-4456.

DOI PMID

[53]
袁文菊, 崔玉良. 包被丁酸钠对夏季高温肉鸡生长性能、免疫及肠道健康的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2021(22):23-26.

YUAN W J, CUI Y L. Effects of coated sodium butyrate on growth performance,immune and intestinal health of broilers under high temperature[J]. China Feed, 2021(22):23-26. (in Chinese)

[54]
GUPTA A, BANSAL M, WAGLE B, et al. Sodium butyrate reduces Salmonella enteritidis infection of chicken enterocytes and expression of inflammatory host genes in vitro[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020, 11:553670.

DOI

[55]
LAN R X, ZHAO Z H, LI S Q, et al. Sodium butyrate as an effective feed additive to improve performance,liver function,and meat quality in broilers under hot climatic conditions[J]. Poultry Science, 2020, 99(11):5491-5500.

DOI

[56]
GÓRKA P, KOWALSKI Z M, ZABIELSKI R, et al. Invited review:use of butyrate to promote gastrointestinal tract development in calves[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(6):4785-4800.

DOI

[57]
RICE E M, ARAGONA K M, MORELAND S C, et al. Supplementation of sodium butyrate to postweaned heifer diets:effects on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and health[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019, 102(4):3121-3130.

DOI

[58]
DAI H Y, LIU X X, YAN J Y, et al. Sodium butyrate ameliorates high-concentrate diet-induced inflammation in the rumen epithelium of dairy goats[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017, 65(3):596-604.

DOI PMID

[59]
XU T L, MA N N, WANG Y, et al. Sodium butyrate supplementation alleviates the adaptive response to inflammation and modulates fatty acid metabolism in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bovine hepatocytes[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66(25):6281-6290.

DOI PMID

[60]
李林, 宫彬彬, 许长锋, 等. 丁酸钠对脂多糖诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系炎性损伤的修复作用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(2):1276-1284.

DOI

LI L, GONG B B, XU C F, et al. Repair effects of sodium butyrate on inflammatory injury of lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine mammary epithelial cell line[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(2):1276-1284. (in Chinese)

[61]
WU Y J, SUN Y W, ZHANG R M, et al. Sodium butyrate more effectively mitigates the negative effects of high-concentrate diet in dairy cows than sodium β-hydroxybutyrate via reducing free bacterial cell wall components in rumen fluid and plasma[J]. Toxins, 2021, 13(5):352.

DOI

[62]
JESUS G F A, PEREIRA S A, OWATARI M S, et al. Use of protected forms of sodium butyrate benefit the development and intestinal health of Nile tilapia during the sexual reversion period[J]. Aquaculture, 2019, 504:326-333.

DOI

[63]
DAWOOD M A O, EWEEDAH N M, ELBIALY Z I, et al. Dietary sodium butyrate ameliorated the blood stress biomarkers,heat shock proteins,and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to heat stress[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2020, 88:102500.

DOI

[64]
LUZ J R, RAMOS A P S, MELO J F B, et al. Use of sodium butyrate in the feeding of Arapaima gigas (Schinz,1822) juvenile[J]. Aquaculture, 2019, 510:248-255.

DOI

[65]
LIU Y, CHEN Z C, DAI J H, et al. Sodium butyrate supplementation in high-soybean meal diets for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.):effects on inflammatory status,mucosal barriers and microbiota in the intestine[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019, 88:65-75.

[66]
CHEN W J, CHANG K, CHEN J L, et al. Dietary sodium butyrate supplementation attenuates intestinal inflammatory response and improves gut microbiota composition in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed with a high soybean meal diet[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021, 47(6):1805-1819.

DOI PMID

[67]
HAN F L, XU C, QI C L, et al. Sodium butyrate can improve intestinal integrity and immunity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) fed glycinin[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020, 102:400-411.

[68]
钱希逸, 李慧, 徐亚飞, 等. 丁酸钠植物精油复合制剂对南美白对虾生长性能、致病性弧菌和非特异性免疫的影响[J]. 水产养殖, 2022, 43(1):14-20.

QIAN X Y, LI H, XU Y F, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate plant essential oil compound preparation on growth performance,pathogenic vibrio and non-specific immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Aquaculture, 2022, 43(1):14-20. (in Chinese)

[69]
SILVA B C, JESUS G F A, SEIFFERT W Q, et al. The effects of dietary supplementation with butyrate and polyhydroxybutyrate on the digestive capacity and intestinal morphology of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)[J]. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 2016, 49(6):447-458.

DOI

[70]
ZHAO H X, WANG G X, WANG H R, et al. Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on growth,digestive enzymes,body composition and nutrient retention-related gene expression of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2021, 7(2):539-547.

DOI

[71]
EL-SAYED ALI T, EL-SAYED A M, EISSA M A R, et al. Effects of dietary biogen and sodium butyrate on hematological parameters,immune response,and histological characteristics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings[J]. Aquaculture International, 2018, 26(1):139-150.

DOI

[72]
ZHAO H X, PENG K, WANG G X, et al. Metabolic changes,antioxidant status,immune response and resistance to ammonia stress in juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) fed diet supplemented with sodium butyrate[J]. Aquaculture, 2021, 536:736441.

DOI

Outlines

/