Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 4: 2230 - 2240

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.210

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza Extract, Dandelion Extract and Their Compound on Growth Performance, Immune Function and Antioxidant Ability of Broilers

  • GUO Mengyu , 1 ,
  • SUN Haixia 1 ,
  • HAN Shuyu 1 ,
  • LIU Jing 1 ,
  • WANG Xuejing 2 ,
  • AN Shengying , 1, * ,
  • LIU Guanzhong , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2 Hebei Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Baoding 071000, China
*AN Shengying, associate professor, E-mail: ;
LIU Guanzhong, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-10-04

  Online published: 2023-04-12

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Abstract

This experiment was to investigate the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, dandelion extractand their compound on the growth performance, immune function and antioxidant ability of broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old male Cobb-500 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, and broilers in the experimental groups were fed diets with 0.1% Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (Salvia miltiorrhiza extract group), 0.1% dandelion extract (dandelion extract group) and 0.05% Salvia miltiorrhiza extract+0.05% dandelion extract (compound group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, from 22 to 42 days of age, the average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in the compound group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the feed/gain ratio of broilers in dandelion extract group and compound group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); from 1 to 42 days of age, the ADG of broilers in experimental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed/gain ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, at 42 days of age, the thymus index of broilers in Salvia miltiorrhiza extract group and compound group were significantly increased (P<0.05), moreover, the spleen index of broilers in compound group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, the spleen index of broilers in compound group at 42 days of age was significantly higher than that in the dandelion extract group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) contents of broilers at 21 days of age and the serum IgG, IgM contents at 42 days of age in experimental groups were extremely significantly increased (P<0.05), moreover, the serum IgA content at 42 days of age in compound group was significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum lysozyme (LZM) activity of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age in experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum Newcastle disease (ND) antibody titer of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age in dandelion extract group and compound group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, the contents of IgA, IgG, IgM in serum at 21 days of age and the contents of IgG, IgM in serum at 42 days of age in compound group were extremely significantly higher than those in Salvia miltiorrhiza extract group and dandelion extract group (P<0.01). 3) Compared with the control group, the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of broilers at 21 days of age in dandelion extract group and compound group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the plasma GSH-Px activity of broilers at 42 days of age in experimental group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), the contents of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age in Salvia miltiorrhiza extract group and compound group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, the content of plasma MDA in compound group at 42 days of age was significantly lower than that in dandelion extract group (P<0.05). To sum up, adding 0.1% Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, 0.1% dandelion extract or 0.05% Salvia miltiorrhiza extract+0.05% dandelion extract into the diet can enhance the immune function, improve the antioxidant ability, and finally improve the growth performance of broilers, moreover, the effect of adding Salvia miltiorrhiza extract and dandelion extract together is better than adding them alone.

Key words： dandelion extract; Salvia miltiorrhiza extract; broilers; growth performance; immune function; antioxidant ability

Cite this article

GUO Mengyu , SUN Haixia , HAN Shuyu , LIU Jing , WANG Xuejing , AN Shengying , LIU Guanzhong . Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza Extract, Dandelion Extract and Their Compound on Growth Performance, Immune Function and Antioxidant Ability of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(4) : 2230 -2240 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.210

自我国2020年7月1日实施饲料禁抗以来,寻求高效、绿色的饲料添加剂成为动物营养领域的研究热点。植物提取物是从植物中提取的有效成分,其活性物质含量高,添加的比例小,且效果安全可靠[1]。
丹参是我国常用的传统中药,具有活血化瘀、保肝利心等功效[2]。研究表明,丹参提取物中含有大量的酚酸类活性成分[3],具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等功效[4-5]。李伟娟等[6]研究发现,丹参提取物可以显著提高肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白的含量,降低血清中丙二醛的含量。卢春雨等[7]研究表明,肉鸡饮水中添加丹参多糖可以显著提高肉鸡的日增重,降低血清促炎因子含量。李鹏等[8]研究表明,丹参提取物剩余物(丹参渣)能够提高肉鸡的血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性。研究表明,蒲公英提取物含有黄酮类、多糖类等多种功能物质[9],具有改善家禽繁殖性能、防治禽类疾病等功效[10]。蒲公英可以提高雏鸡巨噬细胞的吞噬率[11],增加外周血中T淋巴细胞数量[12],显著提高肉鸡的新城疫抗体效价和免疫器官指数[13],改善肉鸡的生长性能[14]。李赵嘉等[15]研究发现,蒲公英可以提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能,改善蛋黄颜色。王珅等[16]研究发现,在肉鸡饮水中添加蒲公英多糖可以显著提高肉鸡血清中超氧化物歧化酶的活性,同时降低血清中丙二醛的含量,表明蒲公英具有抗氧化作用。
目前,有关丹参和蒲公英提取物在肉鸡方面的研究报道很少,并且二者联合应用的效果鲜见报道。因此,本试验拟在饲粮中添加丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方,通过探究其对肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响,为丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物在肉鸡生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

1日龄科宝-500雄性肉仔鸡,由某农牧有限公司提供。丹参提取物(批号:BWDS20211008)、蒲公英提取物(批号:BWPGY20210907)由某生物科技有限公司提供,提取方式为水提,简要步骤如下:水提、浓缩、醇沉、浓缩去醇、喷雾干燥、过筛,即得干浸膏粉。丹参提取物为棕红色粉末,主要活性物质为丹参黄酮(2.02%)、丹参总酚酸(1.78%)。蒲公英提取物为棕黄色粉末,主要活性物质为蒲公英多糖(5.09%)、蒲公英黄酮(2.15%)。

1.2 试验设计

将192只1日龄、健康、体重相近的科宝-500雄性肉仔鸡随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.1%的丹参提取物(丹参提取物组)、0.1%的蒲公英提取物(蒲公英提取物组)、0.05%的丹参提取物+0.05%的蒲公英提取物(复方组),试验期42 d。

1.3 基础饲粮

参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)和《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》配制基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。饲粮类型为颗粒料,按照试验设计的添加量将丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物用水溶解后,均匀地喷洒在颗粒料表面,并于风干后使用。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 41.30 45.15
豆粕Soybean meal (43%) 25.00 17.00
面粉Flour 8.00 8.00
小麦Wheat 10.00 13.00
花生粕Peanut meal 2.50 3.20
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal (60%) 3.50 4.80
大豆油Soybean oil 1.40 3.00
羽毛粉Feather powder 0.80 1.00
石粉Limestone 1.15 1.15
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.40 1.20
项目
Items		 含量Content
1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age
氯化胆碱Choline chloride (75%) 0.60 0.60
氯化钠NaCl 0.25 0.25
赖氨酸硫酸盐Lysine sulfate (70%) 0.90 0.90
固体蛋氨酸Solid methionine 2.70 0.25
预混料Premix1) 0.50 0.50
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.56 12.97
粗蛋白质CP 21.53 20.20
钙Ca 1.04 0.98
总磷TP 0.73 0.68
有效磷AP 0.48 0.45
赖氨酸Lys 1.43 1.25
蛋氨酸Met 0.60 0.57
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.98 0.93
苏氨酸Thr 0.95 0.83

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 50 IU,VK 3 mg,烟酸 niacin 35 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 15 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,Fe 40 mg,Cu 16 mg,Se 0.3 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 0.6 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.4 饲养管理

饲养试验于河北农业大学动物房进行。试验前对鸡舍的地面、墙壁、鸡笼等进行喷雾消毒。试验鸡采用4层笼养,自由采食和饮水,每日喂料2次(08:00和17:00)。严格控制温湿度和光照,适当通风。鸡群的免疫按常规免疫程序进行。

1.5 测定指标与方法

1.5.1 生长性能

以重复为单位记录肉鸡每周的耗料量,试验第21天和第42天以重复为单位空腹称重,计算各阶段平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。
平均日采食量=总耗料量/(试验鸡只数×试验天数);
平均日增重=总增重/(试验鸡只数×试验天数);
料重比=总耗料量/总增重。

1.5.2 血清免疫指标和免疫器官指数

试验第21天和第42天早上空腹称重后,每个重复随机抽取2只鸡,翅下采血5 mL于促凝管中,3 000 r/min离心10 min制备血清,于-20 ℃保存待测血清免疫指标。血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量均采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定,试剂盒均购自上海江莱生物有限公司。血清新城疫抗体效价参照《新城疫诊断技术》(GB/T 16550—2020)设计血凝抑制试验进行测定。溶菌酶活性采用比浊法测定,试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。采血结束后处死肉鸡,摘取胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊,称重并计算免疫器官指数。
免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官重(g)/宰前活重(kg)。

1.5.3 血浆抗氧化指标

试验第21天和第42天早上空腹称重后,每个重复随机抽取2只鸡,翅下采血5 mL于抗凝管中,3 000 r/min离心10 min制备血浆,于-20 ℃保存待测血浆抗氧化指标。血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)采用比色法进行测定,总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性采用5,5'-二硫双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)法测定,丙二醛(MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定,试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.6 数据处理与分析

试验数据利用Excel 2021进行初始整理,再采用SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较。结果用平均值±标准误来表示,以P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,P>0.05表示差异不显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物或二者同时添加对肉鸡前期(1~21日龄)、后期(22~42日龄)、全期(1~42日龄)的平均日采食量均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物显著提高了全期的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了全期的料重比(P<0.05);饲粮中单独添加蒲公英提取物显著提高了全期的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了后期和全期的料重比(P<0.05);饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物显著提高了肉鸡后期和全期的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了后期和全期的料重比(P<0.05)。
表2 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, dandelion extract and their compound on growth performance of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 丹参提取物组
Salvia miltiorrhiza
extract group		 蒲公英提取物组
Dandelion extract
group		 复方组
Compound
group		 P值
P-value
1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age
平均日采食量ADFI/g 69.25±1.10 69.00±1.36 69.48±1.39 69.55±0.46 0.985
平均日增重ADG/g 53.11±0.90 54.82±0.84 54.40±1.13 54.53±0.37 0.528
料重比F/G 1.30±0.02 1.26±0.04 1.28±0.04 1.28±0.01 0.772
22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age
平均日采食量ADFI/g 176.43±3.44 179.27±5.14 175.25±3.64 177.54±1.77 0.884
平均日增重ADG/g 99.79±1.58b 108.66±3.49ab 107.82±1.12ab 113.64±3.95a 0.031
料重比F/G 1.77±0.03a 1.65±0.03ab 1.63±0.04b 1.57±0.05b 0.031
1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age
平均日采食量ADFI/g 122.84±1.25 124.14±3.04 122.36±2.23 123.55±0.92 0.930
平均日增重ADG/g 76.45±0.85b 81.74±1.35a 81.11±0.45a 84.08±2.05a 0.010
料重比F/G 1.61±0.03a 1.52±0.02b 1.51±0.02b 1.47±0.04b 0.026

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中单独添加蒲公英提取物对各免疫器官指数的影响均不显著(P>0.05);饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物显著提高了42日龄肉鸡的胸腺指数(P<0.05);饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物显著提高了42日龄肉鸡的胸腺指数和脾脏指数(P<0.05)。3个试验组相比,复方组42日龄肉鸡的脾脏指数显著高于蒲公英提取物组(P<0.05)。
表3 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响

Table 3 Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, dandelion extract and their compound on immune organ indexes of broilers g/kg

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 丹参提取物组
Salvia miltiorrhiza
extract group		 蒲公英提取物组
Dandelion
extract group		 复方组
Compound
group		 P值
P-value
21日龄21 days of age
胸腺指数Thymus index 3.01±0.11 2.97±0.10 3.05±0.12 3.05±0.11 0.949
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.83±0.06 0.83±0.04 0.85±0.04 0.88±0.06 0.904
法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index 1.81±0.12 1.83±0.09 1.81±0.20 1.86±0.18 0.994
42日龄42 days of age
胸腺指数Thymus index 2.07±0.09b 2.33±0.07a 2.21±0.09ab 2.43±0.06a 0.027
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.90±0.04b 1.03±0.11ab 0.97±0.04b 1.26±0.13a 0.047
法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index 0.43±0.02 0.45±0.04 0.46±0.02 0.51±0.02 0.171
由表4可知,21日龄时,与对照组相比,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物或二者同时添加均极显著提高了肉仔鸡血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量(P<0.01),显著提高了血清溶菌酶活性(P<0.05),使血清新城疫抗体效价分别提高了19.1%(P>0.05)、33.4%(P<0.05)、42.8%(P<0.05)。42日龄时,与对照组相比,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物或二者同时添加均极显著提高了肉仔鸡血清IgG和IgM含量(P<0.01),显著提高了血清溶菌酶活性(P<0.05),使血清IgA含量分别提高了6.8%(P>0.05)、10.2%(P>0.05)、18.8%(P<0.05),使血清新城疫抗体效价分别提高了10.4%(P>0.05)、24.2%(P<0.05)、31.1%(P<0.05)。3个试验组相比,21日龄时,复方组肉鸡血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量均极显著高于丹参提取物组和蒲公英提取物组(P<0.01),同时其血清新城疫抗体效价显著高于丹参提取物组(P<0.05);42日龄时,复方组肉鸡血清IgA含量显著高于丹参提取物组(P<0.05),血清IgM和IgG含量均极显著高于丹参提取物组和蒲公英提取物组(P<0.05)。
表4 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡血清免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, dandelion extract and their compound on serum immune indexes of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 丹参提取物组
Salvia miltiorrhiza
extract group		 蒲公英提取物组
Dandelion
extract group		 复方组
Compound
group		 P值
P-value
21日龄21 days of age
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 224.00±10.17Cc 281.09±10.38Bb 267.53±9.82Bb 322.27±8.98Aa <0.001
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) 1 631.82±21.44Cc 1 784.57±30.84Bb 1 719.47±25.56Bb 2 305.37±27.94Aa <0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 317.32±8.92Cc 479.87±4.38Bb 473.15±5.51Bb 544.56±7.78Aa <0.001
溶菌酶LZM/(U/mL) 243.24±8.53b 271.83±9.18a 279.22±9.14a 286.89±11.48a 0.024
新城疫抗体效价NDV/log2 3.50±0.34b 4.17±0.31ab 4.67±0.42a 5.00±0.37a 0.021
42日龄42 days of age
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 202.81±10.34b 216.57±8.63b 223.55±5.58ab 241.02±5.95a 0.021
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) 1 375.63±17.20Dd 1 696.36±20.92Bb 1 513.72±25.27Cc 1 775.20±21.86Aa <0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 283.40±5.36Dd 401.41±9.48Bb 340.84±4.40Cc 458.39±7.91Aa <0.001
溶菌酶LZM/(U/mL) 148.95±9.64b 175.45±8.68a 173.08±6.12a 188.28±7.57a 0.020
新城疫抗体效价NDV/log2 4.83±0.31b 5.33±0.37ab 6.00±0.31a 6.33±0.33a 0.035

2.3 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡血浆抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物极显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血浆GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),显著降低了21和42日龄肉鸡血浆MDA含量(P<0.05);饲粮中单独添加蒲公英提取物显著提高了21日龄肉鸡血浆GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),极显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血浆GSH-Px活性(P<0.01);饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物显著提高了21日龄肉鸡血浆GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),极显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血浆GSH-Px活性(P<0.01),显著降低了21和42日龄肉鸡血浆MDA含量(P<0.05)。3个试验组相比,42日龄时,复方组肉鸡血浆MDA含量显著低于蒲公英提取物组(P<0.05),低于丹参提取物组(P>0.05)。
表5 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡血浆抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, dandelion extract and their compound on plasma antioxidant indexes of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 丹参提取物组
Salvia miltiorrhiza
extract group		 蒲公英提取物组
Dandelion
extract group		 复方组
Compound
group		 P值
P-value
21日龄21 days of age
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 461.16±10.20b 476.74±11.08ab 504.95±12.85a 510.42±13.04a 0.024
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 62.66±0.52 64.67±0.62 63.12±1.17 65.06±1.10 0.202
总抗氧化力T-AOC/(U/mL) 12.06±0.79 12.43±1.27 14.21±1.31 14.58±0.69 0.281
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 4.62±0.29a 3.54±0.22b 3.89±0.25ab 3.41±0.20b 0.018
42日龄42 days of age
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 540.84±6.73Bb 682.11±14.82Aa 687.88±12.68Aa 711.79±13.15Aa <0.001
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 88.66±0.86 88.49±0.76 89.51±0.96 90.92±0.55 0.154
总抗氧化力T-AOC/(U/mL) 12.74±1.08 13.46±0.59 13.24±1.13 15.81±1.01 0.155
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 4.30±0.39a 3.31±0.19bc 3.76±0.22ab 2.79±0.33c 0.013

3 讨论

3.1 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡生长性能的影响

生长性能是准确反映肉仔鸡生长发育好坏的指标之一,也是评估经济效益的重要指标。李伟娟等[6]研究表明,饲粮中添加丹参提取物可以提高肉鸡21~42日龄的平均日增重,同时降低料重比。本试验中,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物可显著提高肉鸡全期的平均日增重,同时显著降低全期的料重比,与李伟娟等[6]得出的21~42日龄肉鸡的研究结果基本一致。李鹏等[8]研究表明,丹参提取剩余物对肉鸡的平均日增重和料重比均无显著影响,其原因可能与丹参提取物剩余物(丹参渣)中的有效成分含量较低有关。毛金菊等[14]研究表明,饲粮中添加蒲公英粉可提高肉仔鸡的平均日增重,同时显著降低料重比,与本试验所得结果相似。此外,本研究发现,饲粮中单独添加蒲公英提取物对肉鸡前期生长性能的影响不显著,但显著提高了肉鸡后期的平均日增重,显著降低了肉鸡后期的料重比,这可能与蒲公英提取物促进早期肉鸡肠道发育[17]、增强肠道屏障功能[18],进而提高后期养分消化吸收有关。本试验中,同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物的复方组肉鸡后期和全期的平均日增重显著提高,同时后期和全期料重比显著降低,且效果优于单独添加丹参提取物和蒲公英提取物,说明二者具有协同提高生长性能的作用,具体机制仍需进一步研究。

3.2 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

免疫器官的发育与免疫能力密切相关。目前尚未有关于丹参提取物影响肉鸡免疫器官发育的研究报道,但有研究表明,丹参多糖可显著提高由环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠的胸腺指数,同时调节T淋巴细胞亚群,促进胸腺增生,增强小鼠的免疫功能[19]。本试验中,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物显著提高了肉鸡42日龄的胸腺指数,同时脾脏指数和法氏囊指数均有一定提高,提示丹参提取物可以通过提高肉鸡的免疫器官指数来改善免疫功能。王珅等[12]研究表明,在肉鸡饮水中添加0.2%的蒲公英多糖可显著提高肉鸡的脾脏指数和法氏囊指数,但对胸腺指数的影响不显著,与本试验研究结果不尽相同。本试验中,蒲公英提取物组肉鸡的胸腺指数、脾脏指数和法氏囊指数均有一定的提高,但未达显著水平,原因可能与提取物的添加方式或剂量有关。本试验结果表明,饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物显著提高了42日龄肉鸡的胸腺指数和脾脏指数,与靖吉强等[20]的研究结果相似。此外,复方组对免疫器官指数的提高效果要优于丹参提取物组和蒲公英提取物组,说明饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物可以协同促进肉鸡免疫器官的发育。体液免疫是机体重要的免疫方式,血清免疫球蛋白是参与机体体液免疫的重要物质,其含量的高低反映了机体免疫功能的强弱。本试验中,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物极显著提高了肉鸡42日龄血清IgG、IgM含量,与李伟娟等[6]的研究结果不同,李伟娟等[6]研究的是丹参提取物对肉仔鸡后期(21~42日龄)的影响,而本试验研究的是丹参提取物对肉仔鸡全期(1~42日龄)的影响,可能是丹参提取物发挥作用的时间不同导致试验结果出现差异。Hussain等[21]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.1%的蒲公英粉可显著提高20日龄肉鸡血清中IgG含量,与本试验结果基本一致。此外,本试验中,饲粮中单独添加蒲公英提取物不同程度地提高了21和42日龄肉鸡血清中IgA和IgM的含量,表明蒲公英可通过提高血清中3种免疫球蛋白的含量来提高肉鸡的免疫功能。本研究结果表明,复方组21和42日龄肉鸡血清IgA、IgG、IgM含量显著或极显著提高,且效果均明显优于丹参组提取物和蒲公英提取物组,表明二者可协同提高肉鸡的免疫功能。溶菌酶可由单核细胞、巨噬细胞分泌,主要通过溶解细菌细胞壁致其破裂而达到杀菌抑菌的作用,其活性与巨噬细胞功能状态密切相关[22-23]。赵洪明等[24]研究表明,饲粮中添加含有黄芪、红花等复方植物提取物(主要活性成分为多糖、黄酮)可显著提高肉鸡血清中溶菌酶活性,且效果要优于单独添加黄芪。本试验中,丹参提取物组、蒲公英提取物组和复方组21和42日龄肉鸡血清中溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组,且复方组效果优于丹参提取物组、蒲公英提取物组,与前人的研究结果基本一致,表明丹参提取物或蒲公英提取物均可通过提高肉鸡血清中溶菌酶的活性来增强肉鸡的非特异性免疫机能,可能与植物提取物中含有的黄酮类、多糖类等活性物质活化巨噬细胞、增强巨噬细胞的活性有关[24]。鸡新城疫是由病毒引起的一种急性败血性传染病,肉鸡在注射新城疫疫苗后,体内会产生免疫应答,进而分泌抗体,抗体效价越高,则代表抗病能力越强[25]。本试验研究表明,丹参提取物组21和42日龄肉鸡的血清新城疫抗体效价分别较对照组提高了19.1%和10.4%,但未达显著水平,与李伟娟等[6]研究结果相似;而饲粮中添加蒲公英提取物显著提高了21和42日龄肉鸡的血清新城疫抗体效价,与杨云云等[13]、王树艳等[25]的研究结果基本一致。此外,本试验中,饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物显著提高了肉鸡血清新城疫抗体效价,且效果优于单独添加丹参提取物或蒲公英提取物,这表明丹参提取物和蒲公英提取物可协同刺激机体的免疫系统,促进新城疫抗体的产生。

3.3 丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物及其复方对肉鸡抗氧化能力的影响

GSH-Px、SOD等抗氧化酶是机体清除自由基的主要内源酶,若体内自由基未能及时清除,会导致MDA的堆积,因此MDA含量的高低能反映机体被氧化的程度[15-16]。研究表明,丹参中含有的黄酮类、酚酸类等多酚类等物质均具有良好的抗氧化活性[26]。核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(ARE)信号通路作为体内重要的抗氧化防线,为内源性酶抗氧化系统,机体可通过该系统来阻断自由基反应,清除超氧阴离子等自由基,降低机体的氧化应激水平。Khadrawy等[27]研究发现,槲皮素(活性物质为黄酮)可通过诱导Nrf2的转录活性,促进过氧化氢酶(CAT)、SOD等抗氧化酶的合成释放,降低氧化应激。Liu等[28]研究证实,多酚提取物可以提高小鼠肝脏组织中锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)、Nrf2等蛋白的表达。本试验中,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物显著降低了21和42日龄肉鸡血浆MDA含量,极显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血浆GSH-Px活性,血浆T-AOC和SOD活性也均有所提高,与李鹏等[8]的研究结果相似,提示丹参提取物中的抗氧化活性较强的多酚类物质可能通过调控Nrf2/ARE信号通路提高抗氧化蛋白的表达,进而提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力[29]。Hu等[30]研究表明,蒲公英提取物中含有木犀草素等天然黄酮类化合物,具有较高的抗氧化活性,可以有效清除体内的活性氧。Noor等[31]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.1%的蒲公英粉可以显著提高肉鸡血清中GSH-Px的活性,显著降低血清中MDA的含量。本试验中,饲粮中单独添加蒲公英提取物显著或极显著提高了肉鸡21和42日龄血浆GSH-Px活性,降低了血浆MDA含量,与Noor等[31]的研究结果基本一致,表明蒲公英提取物可通过提高相关抗氧化酶的活性、降低MDA的含量来提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力,其原因可能与蒲公英提取物中含有的黄酮类等活性物质提高抗氧化酶的活性,抑制羟基自由基和活性氧的形成,阻断脂质过氧化的进程,减少自由基对机体新陈代谢的干扰有关。本试验中,饲粮中同时添加丹参提取物与蒲公英提取物显著或极显著提高了肉鸡21和42日龄血浆GSH-Px活性,显著降低了21和42日龄肉鸡血浆MDA含量,且效果优于单独添加丹参提取物或蒲公英提取物,表明二者可协同提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中单独添加丹参提取物、蒲公英提取物或二者同时添加均可改善肉鸡的生长性能,同时提高肉鸡的免疫功能和抗氧化能力,且二者同时添加效果更佳。在本试验条件下,建议在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.05%的丹参提取物+0.05%的蒲公英提取物。

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