Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 4: 2241 - 2250

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.211

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Copra Meal on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Wenchang Chickens

  • QI Qi , 1 ,
  • WEI Limin 2, 3, * ,
  • ZHAO Guiping 2 ,
  • SUN Ruiping 3 ,
  • OUYANG Kun 3 ,
  • XIE Yali 3 ,
  • LI Xiang 3 ,
  • WANG Xiuping 4 ,
  • HU Chengjun 5 ,
  • LIU Quanwei , 2, 3, ** ,
  • ZHANG Haojie , 1, **
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 2 Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hainan Experimental Animal Research Center), Sanya 572025, China
  • 3 Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
  • 4 Hainan(Tanniu)Wengchang Chicken Co., Ltd., Haikou 571133, China
  • 5 Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
** LIU Quanwei, professor, E-mail: ;
ZHANG Haojie, assistant professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2022-10-13

  Online published: 2023-04-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different levels of copra meal on growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality of Wenchang chickens. A total of 480 healthy Wenchang chickens of eighty-day-old were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 20 chickens per replicate. Chickens in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the other three groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.50%, 4.50% and 7.50% copra meal, respectively. The experiment lasted for 40 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the feed/gain in the 1.50% and 7.50% groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in final body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake among the different groups (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the slaughter rate in the 1.50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was no significant change in the slaughter performance of the other groups (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the pH of breast muscle at 24 h in the 4.50% group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), but the pH at 45 min, drop loss at 24 h, cooking rate, shear force and pH at 24 h of thigh muscle in each group were not significantly different (P>0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, there were no significant changes in muscle fiber diameter and average cross sectional area in each group (P>0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the crude protein content in the breast muscle of the 1.50% and 7.50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), but the moisture content, intramuscular fat content and crude protein content in the thigh muscle in each group were not significantly different (P>0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, dietary addition of 1.50% to 7.50% copra meal has no adverse effects on growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality of Wenchang chickens. Dietary addition of 1.50% copra meal significantly can reduce the feed/gain while increase the slaughter rate.

Key words： copra meal; Wenchang chickens; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality

Cite this article

QI Qi , WEI Limin , ZHAO Guiping , SUN Ruiping , OUYANG Kun , XIE Yali , LI Xiang , WANG Xiuping , HU Chengjun , LIU Quanwei , ZHANG Haojie . Effects of Copra Meal on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Wenchang Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(4) : 2241 -2250 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.211

我国居民对肉蛋奶等畜产品的需求日益增加,豆粕作为常规饲料主要的蛋白质来源,严重依赖进口,价格一路上涨,严重限制我国养殖业持续健康发展,寻找蛋白质饲料原料替代品,优化饲料需求结构十分重要[1]。椰子粕(copra meal)是椰子胚乳经过压榨和溶剂浸提椰子油的副产物,价格低廉、产量丰富,粗蛋白质含量在20%左右[2],粗纤维含量较高,主要包括甘露聚糖、半甘露聚糖和纤维素,除此之外椰子粕还有质地松散、容重低、持水力高的特点[3]。作为畜禽饲料蛋白质来源主要受氨基酸不平衡及缺乏赖氨酸、含硫氨基酸和粗纤维含量高的限制[4]。因此,配制饲粮时应注意控制椰子粕用量和平衡氨基酸比例。Prayoonthien等[5]研究发现,鸡的回肠和盲肠微生物可以利用水解脱脂的椰子粕,且效果理想,表明椰子粕具有作为鸡饲料原料的潜力。Diarra等[6]用椰子粕作为主要蛋白质来源的木薯-椰子粕型饲粮,饲喂21日龄Cobb肉鸡21 d后,尽管生产性能和屠宰性能显著下降,但同时降低了肉鸡生产成本和腹部脂肪含量。Sundu等[7]在肉鸡上的研究发现,椰子粕添加水平超过10%显著降低了肉鸡生长性能。Haetinger等[8]用100 g/kg椰子粕饲粮饲喂15日龄Cobb 500肉鸡时,末重提高了2.70%,料重比(F/G)显著下降;椰子粕水平为200 g/kg时,末重下降3.70%,F/G显著上升。王向荣等[9]发现,在5%棕榈粕和10%椰子粕复合饲粮中添加500 IU/g β-甘露聚糖酶,提高樱桃谷鸭的末重和日增重的同时,降低了采食量和F/G。目前国内关于椰子粕作为肉鸡饲料的报道尚不多见,对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肌肉品质的影响也鲜见报道。因此,本试验在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平的椰子粕,研究其对文昌鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肌肉品质的影响,旨在为文昌鸡生产实际中合理、有效利用椰子粕提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

椰子粕购自海南某榨油厂,该产品主要是椰子仁压榨油后剩余的副产物。经饲料常规营养成分分析,其主要营养成分实测值分别为:粗蛋白质含量16.31%,粗脂肪含量13.30%,粗纤维含量15.20%,钙含量0.11%,磷含量0.43%。代谢能值、氨基酸含量未测定,参考中国饲料营养成分表(2021年)[10]。

1.2 试验设计

试验选取遗传背景一致、体重相近的70日龄健康文昌鸡母鸡480只,饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮10 d,80日龄开始,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加1.50%、4.50%和7.50%椰子粕。试验参照《鸡饲养标准》(2004)配制粉状的配合饲料,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期40 d,采取人工补光和自然光照相结合,自由采食和饮水,常规免疫,其他按照常规饲养管理进行。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 69.67 68.06 64.83 61.63
豆粕Soybean meal 16.95 16.55 15.77 14.98
椰子粕Copra meal 1.50 4.50 7.50
鱼粉Fish meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
麸皮Bran 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
大豆油Soybean oil 3.00 3.50 4.50 5.50
石粉Limestone 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.74 12.74 12.74 12.74
粗蛋白质CP 15.83 15.83 15.83 15.83
项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
粗纤维CF 2.44 2.54 2.73 2.92
粗脂肪EE 6.13 6.69 7.80 8.91
钙Ca 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
总磷TP 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.62
有效磷AP 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36
赖氨酸Lys 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
蛋氨酸Met 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.63
精氨酸Arg 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.03

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu 10 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 60 mg,Zn 70 mg,I 2 mg,Se 0.40 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 3 2 000 IU,VE 10 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 3 mg,VB6 3.50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.50 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,氰钴胺 cyanocobalamin 10 μg。

2)营养水平为计算值,原料营养价值数据参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年)》。Nutrient levels were calculated values, and the nutritional value data of ingredients were referred to the Table of Feed Composition and Nutritional Value in China (2021).

1.3 测定指标

1.3.1 生长性能

试验期间以每个重复为单位,记录试验鸡初始体重、终末体重、每日投料量及剩余料量,用于计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和F/G。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

于试验结束时,以重复为单位计算平均体重,从每组中选择与平均体重相近的8只鸡,禁食12 h后屠宰,屠宰性能测定方法参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)。

1.3.3 肌肉品质

用于屠宰性能测定的试验鸡,统一取左侧整块胸肌及腿肌,分别用pH计(FE28-Standard台式pH计,梅特勒-托利多)检测pH(45 min和24 h),每个样品测3次,取平均值;分别在胸肌和腿肌上取1块大小一致的肉样约10 g,称重后置于锥形瓶中,4 ℃冰箱中垂直放置24 h后再次称重,计算滴水损失,计算公式如下:
24h滴水损失(%)=100×(样本初重-样本24 h后的重量)/样本初重。
分别在胸肌和腿肌上取1块大小一致的肉样约20 g,称重后做好标记,将肉样放入铝锅中,2 000 W电磁炉水煮45 min后捞出挂凉,15 min后记录重量,计算熟肉率,计算公式如下:
熟肉率(%)=100×(煮前初重-煮后重量)/煮前初重。
分别在胸肌、腿肌上沿肌肉纤维方向修剪大小约4.0 cm×1.0 cm×0.5 cm的长条肉样3条,用数显式肌肉嫩度仪(C-LM36型,东北农业大学工程学院)垂直肌肉方向切割,记录剪切力,重复10次取平均值。

1.3.4 肌纤维直径和面积

屠宰后统一取右侧胸肌、腿肌,用4%多聚甲醛固定,状态良好后制作成常规石蜡切片。每张切片400倍视野,随机选取3个拍照。使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析软件,分别测量每张切片中5个肌纤维直径;测量每张切片3个视野内肌纤维数量和总横截面积,计算肌纤维直径(μm)和平均横截面积(μm2)。

1.3.5 肌肉常规营养成分

用于肌肉常规营养成分分析的试验鸡,统一取右侧胸肌及腿肌,按照《食品中水分的测定》(GB5 009.3—2016) 、《食品中脂肪的测定》(GB 5009.6—2016)和《食品中蛋白质的测定》(GB 5009.5—2016)中的方法,分别测定肌肉水分、粗蛋白质和肌内脂肪的含量。

1.4 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法多重比较检验组间差异显著性,结果用平均值±标准误(SE)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 椰子粕对文昌鸡生长性能和器官指数的影响

由表2可知,与对照相比,1.50%和7.50%组F/G显著下降(P<0.05)。各组间初始体重、终末体重、ADG和ADFI均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on growth performance of Wenchang chickens

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
初始体重IBW/g 1 177.92±4.25 1 176.67±4.59 1 177.50±4.87 1 177.92±5.53
终末体重FBW/g 1 830.66±10.58 1 872.57±12.25 1 840.77±21.75 1 858.97±15.81
平均日增重ADG/g 15.92±0.19 16.97±0.26 16.18±0.53 16.61±0.33
平均日采食量ADFI/g 88.20±0.43 90.42±0.95 86.59±1.63 86.32±0.86
料重比F/G 5.54±0.06a 5.33±0.05b 5.37±0.09ab 5.20±0.07b

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

由表3可知,与对照组相比,各组心脏、肝脏、胃、脾脏、肌胃和腺胃重量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡器官指数的影响

Table 3 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on organ indices of Wenchang chickens %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
心脏Heart 3.71±0.22 3.51±0.29 3.82±0.21 4.14±0.25
肝脏Liver 27.88±3.56 27.28±2.89 26.13±2.64 25.85±1.40
胃Stomach 16.18±0.79 13.72±0.84 15.70±0.50 15.17±0.82
脾脏Spleen 1.66±0.20 1.20±0.11 2.02±0.51 1.56±0.12
肌胃Muscular 12.64±0.63 10.62±0.68 11.82±0.53 11.67±0.55
腺胃Glandular 3.54±0.18 3.11±0.38 3.88±0.38 3.50±0.39

2.2 椰子粕对文昌鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同水平的椰子粕对文昌鸡活重、半净膛率、全净膛率、腹脂率、胸肌率和腿肌率均无显著影响(P>0.05);但1.50%组屠宰率显著高于对照组和其他试验组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on slaughter performance of Wenchang chickens

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
活重Alive weight/g 1 844.13±14.71 1 857.88±18.66 1 857.50±23.34 1 877.63±11.12
屠宰率Dressing percentage/% 92.13±0.35b 93.13±0.15a 91.83±0.34b 91.91±0.46b
半净膛率
Half-eviscerated yield percentage/%		 80.37±1.38 80.90±1.26 81.36±1.72 81.46±1.35
全净膛率
Eviscerated yield percentage/%		 65.01±0.89 63.53±1.03 64.45±1.30 64.63±1.26
腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage/% 8.19±0.70 11.11±0.73 9.79±0.66 10.14±0.81
胸肌率Breast muscle percentage/% 15.55±0.61 14.76±0.38 14.04±0.74 14.41±0.29
腿肌率Leg muscle percentage/% 19.34±0.57 17.98±0.67 19.31±0.59 18.17±0.34

2.3 椰子粕对文昌鸡肉品质的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡胸肌pH45 min、24 h滴水损失、熟肉率和剪切力均无显著影响(P>0.05);4.50%组pH24 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡胸肌肉品质的影响

Table 5 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on breast muscle quality of Wenchang chickens

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
pH45 min 5.76±0.08 5.50±0.12 5.91±0.20 5.68±0.09
pH24 h 5.39±0.07a 5.32±0.05ab 5.13±0.02b 5.29±0.07ab
24 h滴水损失Drop loss at 24 h/% 4.12±0.48 1.04±0.52 3.52±0.61 4.10±0.82
熟肉率Cooking rate/% 64.38±2.88 63.46±0.32 65.57±1.76 75.34±7.13
剪切力Shear force/N 47.84±6.35 53.46±5.48 59.41±4.16 66.99±6.94
由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡腿肌pH45 min、pH24 h、24 h滴水损失、熟肉率和剪切力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡腿肌肉品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on thigh muscle quality of Wenchang chickens

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
pH45 min 5.87±0.19 5.63±0.11 6.07±0.08 5.95±0.19
pH24 h 5.60±0.05ab 5.35±0.07b 5.52±0.08ab 5.75±0.12a
24h滴水损失Drop loss at 24 h/% 2.63±0.36 0.91±0.67 3.61±0.83 3.84±1.01
熟肉率Cooking rate/% 63.22±4.10 63.16±1.32 59.33±4.25 68.07±4.67
剪切力Shear force/N 54.33±3.72 55.97±5.92 43.54±3.16 67.00±6.95

2.4 椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉组织学性状的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉肌纤维直径和平均横截面积均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉组织学性状的影响

Table 7 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on muscle histological characteristics of Wenchang chickens

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
胸肌Breast muscle
直径Diameter/μm 62.55±1.90 61.04±1.95 61.78±1.22 60.27±1.49
横截面积Cross sectional area/μm2 2 541.81±210.58 2 190.56±118.93 2 106.67±120.70 2 218.33±117.73
腿肌Thigh muscle
直径Diameter/μm 62.16±3.38 58.60±0.88 56.69±3.85 58.73±4.11
横截面积Cross sectional area/μm2 2 487.78±391.00 2 128.33±178.49 2 412.22±320.38 2 127.78±398.70

2.5 椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉常规营养成分的影响

由表8可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉中水分、肌内脂肪和腿肌粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P>0.05);但1.50%和7.50%组胸肌中粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组和4.50%组(P<0.05)。
表8 饲粮中不同水平椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉常规营养成分的影响

Table 8 Effects of different dietary levels of copra meal on routine nutritional components of muscle of Wenchang chickens %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
对照Control 1.50% 4.50% 7.50%
胸肌Breast muscle
水分Moisture 72.35±0.49 72.23±0.47 72.13±0.24 72.08±0.59
粗蛋白质Crude protein 23.78±0.29b 24.83±0.09a 22.90±1.43b 25.08±0.31a
肌内脂肪Intramuscular fat 3.08±0.71 2.10±0.50 3.80±1.81 1.50±0.38
腿肌Thigh muscle
水分Moisture 68.88±1.34 68.35±0.73 68.28±2.89 66.58±1.30
粗蛋白质Crude protein 19.33±0.33 19.18±0.22 20.10±1.42 18.45±0.38
肌内脂肪Intramuscular fat 10.78±1.42 10.68±1.00 9.20±2.64 13.68±0.79

3 讨论

3.1 椰子粕对文昌鸡生长性能的影响

目前研究表明,在氨基酸平衡条件下,不添加外源酶制剂时,椰子粕添加量在10%以内不会对禽类的生长性能产生负面影响。本试验饲粮配方中,3个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加不同水平椰子粕,随着椰子粕添加水平的增多,为了保证各配方代谢能一致,大豆油添加比例不断增加;同时,为满足文昌鸡营养需要,玉米、豆粕比例会随椰子粕添加水平而改变。椰子粕添加水平为1.50%和7.50%时,显著降低了文昌鸡的F/G,对其他生长性能指标无显著影响。与对照组相比,1.50%组的ADFI和ADG分别提高了2.52%、6.60%,7.50%组ADFI降低了2.23%,ADG提高了4.33%,即当椰子粕添加低水平时,ADFI和ADG增加,而添加高水平时,会降低ADFI,但ADG仍然增加。
低水平椰子粕饲粮提高了文昌鸡的ADFI,可能是因为椰子粕中粗纤维水平相对较高,刺激文昌鸡采食量增加,从而使ADG增加。Mateos等[11]发现,在饲粮中添加2%~3%的富含不溶性纤维的纤维性饲料,可以显著提高肉鸡ADG,在一定程度上改善肉鸡的生长性能,因为不溶性纤维可以增加饲粮在肌胃中的累积,增强消化酶与营养物质的作用,从而提高消化率。Tejeda等[12]在肉鸡饲粮中分别添加纯化纤维素和大豆壳,使饲粮粗纤维水平达到4%,同样条件下饲养20 d后发现,即使同等热量和蛋白质水平下,大豆壳组肉鸡增重大于纯纤维素组,由此可见纤维素类型和比例不同,可能都会对禽类生长性能产生影响。本试验条件下,低水平椰子粕组粗纤维含量与对照组相比变化不大,但生长性能有所改善,这可能是因为纤维素类型和比例不同,但仍需进一步试验验证。与之对应,高添加水平的椰子粕饲粮降低了文昌鸡的ADFI,这可能是因为高添加水平椰子粕饲粮粗脂肪含量较高,主要来源于2部分,一是增加的椰子粕添加水平带来的粗脂肪含量增多;二是为了保持各试验组代谢能一致而增加的大豆油添加水平。适量范围内高水平的脂肪含量,降低动物采食量的同时,会提高生长性能。曹进等[13]研究发现,在罗曼鸡的饲粮中添加不同水平的脂肪粉,采食量会随脂肪粉的添加量而降低,提高试验鸡的ADG,降低F/G。

3.2 椰子粕对文昌鸡屠宰性能的影响

肉鸡的屠宰性能是评价生长性能和营养物质沉积效率的重要指标,直接影响到养殖经济效益。本试验中,1.50%组屠宰率显著提高,且所有试验组屠宰率达到80%以上、全净膛率达到60%以上,表明饲粮中椰子粕添加水平在1.50%~7.50%时,文昌鸡产肉性能良好[14-15]。但Diarra等[16]研究指出,在饲粮中添加10%椰子粕时,补充或不补充酶制剂,都不影响屠宰率。Devi等[17]发现,当饲粮中椰子粕作为蛋白质来源之一时,屠宰率和胸肌重量显著下降,归因于椰子粕中非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用。出现这种差异有2种可能的原因,一是本试验使用的文昌鸡属于黄羽肉鸡,具有更好的耐粗饲性能;二是本试验文昌鸡是从80日龄开始饲喂椰子粕饲粮。有研究表明,日龄大的鸡,具备更强的分泌胆汁盐能力,可以更好利用饲粮中脂肪,更能适应椰子粕饲粮[18]。

3.3 椰子粕对文昌鸡肉品质的影响

常用评定肌肉理化性质的指标主要包括pH、滴水损失、熟肉率和剪切力等,这些指标与肌肉嫩度和风味联系密切[19]。目前关于椰子粕饲粮对鸡肉品质变化的影响,几乎未见报道。Kim等[20]在猪生长育肥阶段,饲喂0.1% β-甘露聚糖酶和高达25.00%的椰子粕饲粮,发现对肌肉pH24 h、颜色、剪切力和蒸煮损失均无显著影响。
鸡肉极限pH(ultimate pH, pHu)一般是在5.8~5.9, pHu大于6.1会形成DFD肉,小于5.7会形成类PSE肉,这些变质肉会因为系水力降低、蒸煮损失增加和嫩度降低等导致经济损失[21]。鸡肉胸肌容易发生代谢缺陷等肌肉病变,出现苍白、柔软、多汁等类PSE肉[22],主要是因为此类胸肌屠宰后产生和积累大量乳酸,导致pH迅速下降[23],这是遗传因素和宰前应激共同作用的结果。本试验饲粮中,添加4.50%椰子粕显著降低了胸肌的pH24 h,且所有组胸肌pH24 h偏离5.7左右,可能是因为鸡苗、管理或储存方式等多方面的原因,影响了胸肌肉质,但是不影响评价椰子粕对肉品质的影响;另有研究指出,4 ℃条件下鸡肉成熟需要1~2 d,受鸡的品种和日龄等影响,具体时间不一致[24],建议延长成熟时间。肌肉保持水分的能力可以用滴水损失和熟肉率来反映,滴水损失越小,熟肉率越高,肌肉保持水分的能力越强[25]。剪切力是衡量肌肉嫩度的直接指标,肌肉含水量越大,剪切力越小,嫩度越大,更受市场认可[26]。本试验中,添加椰子粕组肌肉滴水损失、熟肉率和剪切力,与对照组相比无显著差异,提示椰子粕饲粮对这些肉品质指标无不利影响。

3.4 椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉组织学性状的影响

肌肉组织学性状是影响肌肉品质的组织学基础,包括肌纤维直径、横截面积、密度等指标,直接影响肌肉风味和口感。有研究指出,肌纤维的直径和横截面积越小,肌肉嫩度越大质地越柔软[27-28]。动物的年龄、品种、饲养方式和营养水平都会影响肌肉的发育情况,其中营养条件是影响骨骼肌发育最重要的表观遗传因素之一。与其他组织相比,骨骼肌的营养沉积顺序靠后,所以易受营养水平变化的影响[29]。Zhao等[30]用高、中、低3个营养密度的饲粮分别饲喂爱拔益加(AA)鸡,42日龄屠宰后发现,高营养密度可以提高AA鸡肌纤维直径大小。本试验中,饲粮添加不同水平椰子粕,饲喂文昌鸡后,其肌肉纤维直径和平均横截面积大小较普通饲粮组均无显著变化。但值得注意的一点是:添加椰子粕的各试验组,肌肉的直径和平均横截面积数值均小于对照组,胸肌纤维直径和平均横截面积分别最大下降了3.65%(7.50%组)、17.12%(4.50%组),腿肌肌纤维直径和平均横截面积分别最大下降了8.80%(4.50%组)、14.47%(7.50%组)。因此,推测高水平的椰子粕饲粮可能会影响肌肉发育,从而改善肌肉嫩度,但还需进一步试验验证。总之,1.50%~7.50%椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉纤维组织学性状无不利影响。

3.5 椰子粕对文昌鸡肌肉常规营养成分的影响

水分、粗蛋白质和肌内脂肪是衡量肌肉常规营养成分的重要指标,与动物的品种、生长阶段和饲养水平等因素有关。肌肉中水分含量一般在70%~80%,水分过高易导致细菌繁殖,过低则会导致肉的色泽和口感下降[31]。有研究指出,肉制品的风味和营养水平,与肌肉中蛋白质的含量和组成差异有关[32]。肌内脂肪含量的变化,会从肌肉的风味、嫩度和持水性等方面影响肉品质[33]。纤维素可以作为肠道微生物的发酵底物,产生短链脂肪酸,改善肠道功能[34];另有研究表明,短链脂肪酸不仅可以提高鸡氨基酸回肠表观消化率,还能降低小肠隐窝深度,从而提高绒隐比,改善肠道吸收能力[35]。本研究中,椰子粕添加水平在1.50%和7.50%时胸肌的粗蛋白质含量显著上升,比对照组分别提高了4.42%和5.47%,分析原因可能是椰子粕中粗纤维发酵产生的短链脂肪酸,改善了肠道消化和吸收氨基酸的能力,从而提高了氨基酸的生物利用率,可能促进了肌肉蛋白质沉积。然而,不同水平椰子粕对营养物质消化吸收和利用循环具体产生何种影响,仍需进一步试验证明。

4 结论

综合以上试验结果,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加1.50%~7.50%的椰子粕未对80~120日龄文昌鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质产生不利影响,具有替代豆粕饲料原料的潜力;饲粮椰子粕添加水平为1.50%时,显著降低文昌鸡F/G,提高屠宰率。

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