1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与试验材料
1.2 试验动物与饲养管理
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
| 小麦粉Wheat flour | 40.50 | 40.60 | 38.20 | 40.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (CP 43%) | 18.00 | 17.00 | 16.20 | 18.34 |
| 米糠粕Rice bran meal | 10.00 | 11.00 | 11.30 | 10.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.60 | 2.00 |
| 统糠Traditional bran | 5.78 | |||
| 食用菌糠Edible mushroom bran | 5.68 | |||
| 迷迭香渣Rosemary slag | 8.00 | |||
| 竹纤维粉Bamboo fiber powder | 4.84 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.80 | 1.70 | 1.50 | 1.80 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-Lys H2SO4 (70%) | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (98%) | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
| 苏氨酸Thr (98%) | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
| 膨润土Bentonite | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.04 |
| 防霉剂Mildew inhibitor | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidants | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 禽用多维Multivitamin for poultry1) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 微量元素预混料Trace mineral premix2) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 植酸酶Phytase (10 000 U/g) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 益生菌Probiotics (1010个/g) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 复合酶Complex enzyme3) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels4) | ||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.57 | 11.57 | 11.57 | 11.57 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.72 | 16.72 | 16.72 | 16.72 |
| 钙Ca | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.04 |
| 总磷TP | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| 粗纤维CF | 5.03 | 5.02 | 5.02 | 5.03 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.66 |
| 色氨酸Try | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
1)禽用多维为每千克饲粮提供 Multivitamin for poultry provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 000 IU,VB1 12 mg,VB2 15 mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 800 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 60 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg。 2)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Trace mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 93 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg。 3)复合酶中含有 Complex enzyme contained:木聚糖酶 xylanase≥18 000 U/g,纤维素酶cellulase≥1 000 U/g,β-甘露聚糖酶 β-mannanase≥1 000 U/g,β-葡聚糖酶 β-glucanase≥2 000 U/g,α-淀粉酶 α-amylase≥200 U/g,蛋白酶 protease≥3 000 U/g。 4)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values. |
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 屠宰性能和器官指数
1.4.3 肉品质
1.4.3.1 肉色
1.4.3.2 失水率
1.4.3.3 蒸煮损失
1.4.3.4 剪切力
1.4.4 血清生化和激素指标
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭生长性能的影响
表2 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of different fibrous ingredient diets on growth performance of Linwu ducks during 14 to 63 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | ||
| 初重IBW/g | 295.44±6.81 | 292.98±5.70 | 295.25±4.80 | 292.85±5.42 | 0.631 |
| 末重FBW/g | 1 496.92±93.75 | 1 530.00±30.86 | 1 531.94±31.81 | 1 521.25±79.21 | 0.678 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 25.27±1.45 | 25.77±0.66 | 25.76±0.71 | 25.86±1.44 | 0.683 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 112.61±6.51 | 113.71±3.31 | 111.08±4.35 | 111.03±7.56 | 0.820 |
| 料重比F/G | 4.46±0.13 | 4.41±0.09 | 4.31±0.06 | 4.33±0.18 | 0.105 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭屠宰性能的影响
表3 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different fibrous ingredient diets on slaughter performance of Linwu ducks during 14 to 63 days of age % |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | ||
| 屠宰率Dressed percentage | 90.86±0.69 | 90.32±0.65 | 90.92±0.57 | 90.68±0.86 | 0.225 |
| 半净膛率 Half eviscerated percentage | 83.63±3.33 | 82.11±2.24 | 82.08±1.83 | 82.86±4.08 | 0.621 |
| 全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage | 75.61±2.18 | 74.97±2.11 | 74.85±1.81 | 77.13±2.15 | 0.071 |
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat percentage | 0.92±0.54 | 1.06±0.48 | 1.19±0.64 | 0.97±0.38 | 0.670 |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage | 12.54±1.73 | 13.20±1.53 | 13.42±1.05 | 12.68±1.25 | 0.459 |
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage | 11.17±1.06 | 10.90±1.05 | 10.12±1.35 | 10.18±0.75 | 0.086 |
2.3 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭器官指数的影响
表4 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of different fibrous ingredient diets on organ indexes of Linwu ducks during 14 to 63 days of age % |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | ||
| 肌胃指数Gizzard index | 25.14±2.58 | 24.66±4.75 | 23.72±3.62 | 24.68±3.84 | 0.862 |
| 腺胃指数Gland stomach index | 3.13±0.62 | 3.12±0.36 | 3.33±0.65 | 3.16±0.47 | 0.791 |
| 心脏指数Cardiac index | 7.13±0.76 | 6.72±0.64 | 6.86±0.28 | 7.02±0.70 | 0.485 |
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 19.54±1.42 | 17.89±1.99 | 18.74±2.47 | 18.85±2.91 | 0.456 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 0.95±0.23 | 0.99±0.43 | 0.86±0.33 | 0.96±0.39 | 0.732 |
2.4 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭肉品质的影响
表5 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of different fibrous ingredient diets on meat quality of Linwu ducks during 14 to 63 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | ||
| 胸肌Breast muscle | |||||
| 亮度L* | 37.62±2.70 | 37.89±3.52 | 37.33±2.35 | 37.21±2.75 | 0.952 |
| 红度a* | 13.25±3.21 | 11.90±2.44 | 11.76±2.37 | 12.12±2.91 | 0.615 |
| 黄度b* | 6.91±1.64 | 6.24±1.63 | 6.27±2.10 | 6.30±0.92 | 0.764 |
| 失水率Water loss rate/% | 20.65±3.82 | 18.97±4.26 | 21.92±6.11 | 20.18±4.96 | 0.601 |
| 蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% | 13.17±4.17 | 13.53±1.92 | 12.74±3.57 | 12.44±3.67 | 0.899 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 29.46±2.81 | 29.43±4.96 | 28.98±4.89 | 31.63±3.12 | 0.471 |
| 腿肌Leg muscle | |||||
| 亮度L* | 36.54±3.24 | 37.07±2.01 | 35.69±3.68 | 35.82±2.35 | 0.688 |
| 红度a* | 9.66±1.47 | 8.92±0.63 | 10.01±1.80 | 9.70±1.87 | 0.443 |
| 黄度b* | 5.31±1.02 | 5.52±0.79 | 5.03±0.63 | 5.11±0.83 | 0.558 |
| 失水率Water loss rate/% | 17.90±3.04 | 15.20±3.95 | 18.16±3.98 | 16.31±3.77 | 0.236 |
| 蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% | 8.65±3.91 | 8.85±4.04 | 6.85±3.37 | 6.46±2.67 | 0.327 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 22.13±3.47 | 23.44±4.33 | 21.33±3.96 | 21.22±2.33 | 0.498 |
2.5 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭血清生化和激素指标的影响
表6 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63 d临武鸭血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of different fibrous ingredient diets on serum biochemical indexes of Linwu ducks during 14 to 63 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | ||
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 6.78±2.19 | 6.50±1.37 | 6.25±1.20 | 7.17±1.16 | 0.581 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 25.44±7.26 | 30.04±4.66 | 27.60±4.18 | 31.99±5.04 | 0.055 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 9.74±4.14 | 11.23±2.18 | 10.29±1.75 | 12.11±2.28 | 0.245 |
| 尿素Urea/(mmol/L) | 0.41±0.12 | 0.50±0.05 | 0.48±0.11 | 0.48±0.08 | 0.144 |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 193.30±80.63 | 199.40±43.61 | 185.20±71.34 | 196.00±56.16 | 0.966 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.46±0.21 | 0.61±0.14 | 0.52±0.12 | 0.57±0.10 | 0.129 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.84±0.94 | 3.46±0.76 | 3.02±0.38 | 3.56±0.81 | 0.113 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.63±0.56 | 1.96±0.32 | 1.74±0.24 | 2.02±0.47 | 0.146 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.47±0.48 | 1.88±0.47 | 1.59±0.19 | 1.83±0.32 | 0.062 |
| 游离脂肪酸 FFA/(μmol/L) | 729.52±190.61 | 938.48±275.59 | 811.49±148.50 | 860.82±280.23 | 0.246 |
表7 不同纤维原料饲粮对14~63日龄临武鸭血清激素指标的影响Table 7 Effects of different fibrous ingredient diets on serum hormone indexes of Linwu ducks during 14 to 63 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 纤维原料Fibrous ingredients | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统糠 Traditional bran | 食用菌糠 Edible mushroom bran | 迷迭香渣 Rosemary slag | 竹纤维粉 Bamboo fiber powder | ||
| 甲状腺素T4/(ng/mL) | 28.91±4.80 | 28.93±4.97 | 27.62±4.19 | 28.76±4.35 | 0.905 |
| 三碘甲状腺原氨酸 T3/(nmol/L) | 0.81±0.14b | 1.10±0.19a | 1.25±0.17a | 1.07±0.23a | <0.001 |
| 生长激素GH/(ng/mL) | 3.74±0.16b | 4.27±0.15a | 4.63±0.17a | 4.39±0.16a | <0.001 |
| 胰岛素Ins/(IU/mL) | 3.17±0.60c | 4.38±0.64b | 5.11±0.76a | 3.90±0.58b | <0.001 |
| 甲状腺素/三碘甲状腺原氨酸 T3/T4 | 0.028±0.000c | 0.039±0.009ab | 0.047±0.009a | 0.037±0.012b | <0.001 |
