Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 4: 2349 - 2360

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.221

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Laminaria japonica Hydrolysate on Performance, Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Dairy Cows

  • PAN Hongzhao ,
  • LI Liantao ,
  • JU Lin ,
  • ZHOU Wei ,
  • ZHANG Sicong ,
  • WANG Zhonghua , * ,
  • LIN Xueyan , *
Expand
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
*WANG Zhonghua, professor, E-mail: ;
LIN Xueyan, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-10-10

  Online published: 2023-04-12

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of Laminaria japonica hydrolysate (LPH) on performance and serum indexes of dairy cows. Ninety high-yield Holstein dairy cows with similar body condition, milk yield of (41.2±6.6) kg/d and lactation days of (125±16) d were randomly divided into 3 groups with 30 cows in each group according to randomized grouping design. Cows in the three groups were fed the same basal diet, and the three groups were complementally fed 0 (control group), 15 (L group) and 30 g/(head·d) LPH (H group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) dairy cows complementally fed 15 g/(head·d) LPH had no significant effects on dry matter intake and milk yield (P>0.05), while dairy cows complementally fed 30 g/(head·d) LPH could significantly reduce dry matter intake without affecting milk yield (P<0.05). 2) The supplementaion of 15 or 30 g/(head·d) LPH significantly increased milk protein content (P<0.05), and there was a trend of decrease in somatic cell number (P=0.07), while the it had no significant effects on milk fat, lactose, total solids and milk urea nitrogen contents (P>0.05). 3) The supplementaion of 15 or 30 g/(head·d) LPH significantly decreased serum total cholesterol content (P<0.05). Serum glucose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol contents of cows in H group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), serum total protein content of cows in L group had an upward trend (P=0.06), and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) content in group H tended to decrease (P=0.09). The supplementaion of 15 or 30 g/(head·d) LPH had no significant effects on the contents of albumin, triglyceride, urea nitrogen and the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase in serum (P>0.05). 4) The supplementaion of 15 or 30 g/(head·d) LPH extremely significantly increased serum total antioxidant capacity (P<0.01), significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase activity (P<0.05), and significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde content (P<0.05). 5) The supplementaion of 15 or 30 g/(head·d) LPH extremely significantly increased the contents of serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G (P<0.01), and the supplementation of 15 g/(head·d) LPH significantly increased the content of serum immunoglobulin M (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 15 g/(head·d) LPH can improve serum indexes, enhance antioxidant capacity and immunity of dairy cows without affecting dry matter intake and milk yield, at the same time, it can delay the decrease of milk yield, increase the milk protein content and reduce the milk somatic cell count.

Key words： Laminaria japonica hydrolysate; dairy cows; performance; serum biochemistry; antioxidant; immune

Cite this article

PAN Hongzhao , LI Liantao , JU Lin , ZHOU Wei , ZHANG Sicong , WANG Zhonghua , LIN Xueyan . Effects of Laminaria japonica Hydrolysate on Performance, Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(4) : 2349 -2360 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.221

我国是海藻生产大国,我国海带的产量占全国海藻总产量的64.94%,并且还在持续上升[1]。海带多糖是海带中的主要生物活性成分之一,有研究表明,海带多糖具有抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节等特性[2⇓-4]。近年来,越来越多的人将海带及其多糖产物应用到畜禽生产当中,并发现海带多糖能够表现出改善生产性能[5-6]、提高抗氧化[7⇓-9]和免疫能力的作用[7,10]。海带水解物(Laminaria japonica hydrolysate,LPH)含有多种海带多糖,其是以整棵海带为原料,利用水使细胞溶胀渗出胞液,通过研磨撕裂细胞壁溶出细胞间质,之后利用纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、海藻胶裂解酶等多元复合酶将大分子海带多糖从碳链上切断成可溶性小分子(分子质量3 000~15 000 Da),再经固液分离出海带提取液,经物理提纯、低温浓缩、低温干燥,从而得到全水溶的功能性小分子——岩藻硫酸多糖+岩藻杂多糖+甘露醇。我国充足的海带资源以及海带多糖的良好特性使其有作为饲料添加剂应用的潜力,但海带多糖、LPH在奶牛生产中应用并观察其对奶牛生产性能及血清各项指标的研究相对较少。因此,本研究在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上给泌乳奶牛补饲LPH,验证其对奶牛生产性能以及血清生化、抗氧化及免疫指标的影响,并在试验中设置不同的补饲量,以观察不同补饲量的效果,通过试验结果评估LPH作为绿色有机功能性饲料添加剂开发的潜力,以期为藻类天然饲料添加剂在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

经青岛科创质量检测有限公司检测,LPH主要成分含量见表1,除表中主要成分外,LPH中还含有甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和岩藻糖,但含量极少,可忽略不计。
表1 海带水解物的主要成分含量(干物质基础)

Table 1 Main component contents of LPH (DM basis)

项目Items 含量Content
硫酸基Sulphate based/% 8.46
海藻酸Alginic acid/% 25.11
甘露醇Mannitol/(g/100 g) 11.19
总糖(以葡萄糖计) Total sugar (as glucose)/(g/100 g) 3.40
岩藻多糖(以岩藻糖计) Rockweed polysaccharides (as rockweed sugar)/(g/100 g) 13.20
岩藻杂多糖Rockweed heteropolysaccharide/(g/100 g) 4.81

1.2 试验设计

该试验采用随机区组试验设计,选择90头健康、无病,胎次(2.6±1.6)胎,泌乳天数(125±16) d,平均产奶量(41.2±6.6) kg/d的泌乳荷斯坦牛,随机分为3组,每组30头。3组试验牛在饲喂相同的基础饲粮的基础上分别补饲0(对照组)、15(L组)和30 g/(头·d)LPH(H组)。试验期为60 d,具体试验时间为2021年10月14日至2021年12月12日,试验地点为山东高青得益乳业有限公司第一牧场。

1.3 基础饲粮与饲养管理

基础饲粮以全混合日粮(TMR)形式饲喂,牛舍内备有矿物质舔砖,满足奶牛对矿物质的需求,并定期给奶牛补充食盐,全天自由饮水。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
全株玉米青贮Whole corn silage 30.72
苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay 11.88
燕麦Avena sativa 3.52
棉籽Cottonseed 4.68
甜菜粕Suger beet pulp 5.64
豆粕Soybean meal 13.71
压片玉米Flaked corn 11.36
糖蜜Molasses 2.61
小苏打NaHCO3 0.76
啤酒糟Brewer's grains 6.12
项目Items 含量Content
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 3.99
过瘤胃脂肪Rumen by-pass fat 0.92
酵母培养物Yeast culture 0.88
预混料Premix1) 3.21
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
粗蛋白质CP 14.82
粗脂肪EE 3.25
中性洗涤纤维NDF 34.60
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 20.02
粗灰分Ash 7.91
酸不溶灰分AIA 1.22
磷P 0.33
钙Ca 0.79
泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) 1.53

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of premix contained the following:VA 350 000 IU,VD3 300 000 IU,VE 6 000 IU,VK3 300 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 22.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 1 500 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 3 000 mg,Fe 6 000 mg,Cu 2 500 mg,Mn 5 000 mg,Zn 6 000 mg,Mg 25 000 mg,Co 20 mg。

2)泌乳净能为计算值,其他营养水平均为实测值。NEL was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

LPH补饲剂量参照国内外实际添加量[5,11-12]并依据泌乳奶牛的体重和LPH的提取比例以及对使用成本和经济回报[13]的考虑而定,设置3种LPH添加的浓度梯度以便观察奶牛各项指标与浓度梯度的关系。试验期内,每天上午使用磁力搅拌器将每克LPH溶于5~10 g温水中,L组和H组分别按每头15和30 g的剂量溶于水,完全溶解后倒入农用电动喷雾器中,于每日13:00奶牛挤奶时随TMR搅拌车均匀喷洒到TMR表面,C组喷洒等量的水,待奶牛挤奶后返回牛舍食用。每隔0.5 h推料车推一次料,保证奶牛能够随时吃到饲料,待下午投料前将剩料收集到TMR搅拌车中并称重,并与下一次投料均匀混合,下一次投料量要保证第2天剩料量小于5%。

1.4 样品采集与指标测定

1.4.1 TMR样品的采集与测定

监测各组每天的投料量、剩料量及TMR水分(初水分+吸附水)含量,计算并记录干物质采食量。
通过四分法连续10 d采集各组的投料样和剩料样,混合后缩至每份500 g,测定常规营养成分含量。各组样品在65 ℃的电热鼓风干燥器中干燥至恒定重量,以确定并记录初水分含量。干燥后的样品用粉碎机粉碎至1 mm。
TMR样品的粗蛋白质(CP)含量采用凯氏定氮法测定;粗脂肪(EE)含量使用索氏(Soxhlet)脂肪提取器测定;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量参考Van Soest等[14]提出的方法测定;干物质(DM)和粗灰分(Ash)含量参考张丽英[15]主编的《饲料分析与饲料质量检测技术》测定;酸不溶灰分(AIA)含量参考国标方法(GB/T 23742—2009)进行测定;钙(Ca)含量采用高锰酸钾滴定法[16]测定,磷(P)含量采用钼黄比色法[17]测定。

1.4.2 奶样的采集与测定

采用瑞典利拉伐80位重型转盘挤奶机记录每日产奶量,并每隔15 d天统计分析一次产奶量直到试验结束,共分析5次产奶量。
试验开始时以及之后每月的后3 d采集各组试验奶牛的奶样,将07:00和19:00采集的奶样按早晚比例4∶6混合,共取样500 mL。在采集奶样中每100 mL注入0.5 mL的10%重铬酸钾防腐剂送至济南DHI中心,使用近红外乳成分分析仪(78110,Foss,丹麦)测定乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖、乳尿素氮和总固形物含量,并计算脂蛋比(F∶P,脂蛋比=乳脂含量/乳蛋白含量),乳中体细胞数使用电子计数仪计数法进行测定。

1.4.3 血样的采集与测定

于试验的第59~60天,每组随机选取试验牛12头,饲喂时固定牛位,进行尾静脉采血,血样放入37 ℃水浴锅中1 h后用转速为3 500 r/min(离心力为4 112.3×g)的离心机离心15 min制备血清,冻存管收集血清-20 ℃冷冻保存备用。
血清免疫指标[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量]以及血清抗氧化指标[总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量]均采用南京奥青生物技术有限公司生产的试剂盒,使用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法在酶标仪(ELx800,Bio-Tek公司,美国)上进行测定。
血清生化指标[总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素氮(UN)含量与谷丙转氨酶(AST)、谷草转氨酶(ALT)活性]使用比色法在全自动生化分析仪(7020型,日立,日本)上测定。

1.5 数据统计与分析

试验数据以“平均值±标准差(mean±SD)”表示,使用SAS 9.2统计软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行统计分析,采用Duncan氏法检验各组之间的差异显著性。P<0.01表明在统计学上差异极显著,P<0.05表明在统计学上显著差异,0.05≤P<0.10表明在统计学上差异有显著趋势。

2 结果与分析

2.1 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分的影响

如表3所示,H组奶牛的干物质采食量较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01),L组则与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH可显著提高乳成分中乳蛋白含量(P<0.05),并有降低乳中体细胞数的趋势(P=0.07)。补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH对泌乳奶牛的产奶量以及乳成分中乳脂、乳糖、总固形物、乳尿素氮含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分的影响

Table 3 Effects of supplementary feeding with LPH on DMI, milk yield and milk composition of lactating cows

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 L组
L group		 H组
H group		 P值
P-value
干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) 27.34±0.33Bb 27.53±0.45Bb 26.84±0.73Aa <0.01
产奶量Milk yield/(kg/d) 38.17±5.94 40.51±8.31 38.69±2.45 0.40
乳成分Milk composition
乳脂Milk fat/% 3.86±0.73 4.02±0.69 3.89±0.63 0.70
乳蛋白Milk protein/% 3.08±0.20a 3.25±0.28b 3.31±0.16b 0.02
脂蛋比F∶P 1.21±0.20 1.25±0.25 1.20±0.22 0.76
乳糖Lactose/% 5.23±0.16 5.28±0.14 5.30±0.19 0.33
总固形物Total solids/% 12.88±0.85 13.13±0.74 13.05±0.69 0.52
乳尿素氮MUN/(mg/dL) 11.28±1.25 11.53±0.92 11.35±0.95 0.72
体细胞数SCC/(×104个/mL) 7.35±5.49 4.88±3.08 4.55±2.77 0.07

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

受泌乳阶段的影响,试验期内3组奶牛的产奶量都呈下降趋势。通过对3组奶牛产奶量下降幅度进行分析(表4)发现,自试验开始到结束,对照组奶牛的产奶量降低了3.549 kg/d,而L组降低了1.399 kg/d,下降幅度比对照组减少了2.150 kg/d;H组降低了2.993 kg/d,下降幅度比对照组减少0.556 kg/d。很明显,L组奶牛产奶量的下降幅度比对照组慢,且在统计学上已有显著趋势(P=0.09)。此结果表明补饲LPH对奶牛产奶量的下降有延缓作用。
表4 补饲LPH对产奶量下降幅度的影响

Table 4 Effects of supplementary feeding with LPH on decreasing amplitude of milk yield kg/d

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 L组
L group		 H组
H group		 P值
P-value
第0天Day 0 41.723 41.913 41.691 0.99
第15天Day 15 41.080 42.161 41.508 0.84
产奶量Milk yield 第30天Day 30 38.431 40.226 38.802 0.56
第45天Day 45 37.967 40.060 37.915 0.42
第60天Day 60 38.173 40.514 38.697 0.40
第0~15天Days 0 to 15 -0.643 0.248 -0.183 0.63
产奶量下降幅度 第0~30天Days 0 to 30 -3.292 -1.687 -2.889 0.25
Decreasing amplitude of Milk yield 第0~45天Days 0 to 45 -3.755 -1.853 -3.776 0.13
第0~60天Days 0 to 60 -3.549 -1.399 -2.993 0.09

2.2 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH显著降低了血清TC的含量(P<0.05);补饲30 g/(头·d)LPH极显著提升了血清GLU和HDL-C含量(P<0.01),并有降低血清LDL-C含量的趋势(P=0.09);补饲15 g/(头·d)有升高血清TP含量的趋势(P=0.06)。补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH对泌乳奶牛血清ALB、TG、UN含量以及ALT、AST活性均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of supplementary feeding with LPH on serum biochemical indexes of lactating cows

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 L组
L group		 H组
H group		 P值
P-value
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 77.56±6.64 83.38±7.23 79.09±3.42 0.06
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 27.95±1.42 26.79±3.11 28.41±1.29 0.17
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 36.42±7.06 33.66±6.58 37.92±5.33 0.26
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 87.65±22.82 79.16±11.80 85.16±13.83 0.45
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 8.28±1.17b 7.03±1.43a 7.15±1.32a 0.04
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.29±0.05 0.28±0.03 0.26±0.03 0.49
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 3.65±0.26Aa 3.78±0.29Aa 4.36±0.27Bb <0.01
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 2.39±0.34 2.23±0.38 2.04±0.43 0.09
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 3.72±0.56Aa 3.97±0.48Aa 4.47±0.34Bb <0.01
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 5.40±0.61 5.06±0.62 5.09±0.96 0.48

2.3 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛血清抗氧化与免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH极显著提高了血清T-AOC(P<0.01),显著提高了血清SOD活性(P<0.05),同时极显著降低了血清MDA含量(P<0.01),并且补饲15 g/(头·d)LPH时提升SOD活性和降低MDA含量的作用更明显。补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH极显著提高了血清IgA、IgG含量(P<0.01),并且补饲15 g/(头·d)LPH还显著提高了血清IgM含量(P<0.05)。
表6 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛血清抗氧化与免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of supplementary feeding with LPH on serum antioxidant and immune indexes of lactating cows

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 L组
L group		 H组
H group		 P值
P-value
血清抗氧化指标Serum antioxidant indexes
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 61.59±2.43a 69.22±8.99b 65.81±3.74b 0.01
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 0.18±0.02Aa 0.22±0.01Bb 0.21±0.02Bb <0.01
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 7.16±0.32Bb 5.95±0.88Aa 6.22±0.78Aa <0.01
血清免疫指标Serum immune indexes/(μg/mL)
免疫球蛋白A IgA 18.17±1.02Aa 24.29±1.24Bb 21.02±0.55Bb <0.01
免疫球蛋白G IgG 234.21±18.32Aa 266.03±16.36Bb 249.48±17.69Bb <0.01
免疫球蛋白M IgM 18.61±1.66a 19.82±1.03b 18.48±1.07a 0.02

3 讨论

3.1 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

3.1.1 干物质采食量

唐秀敏[18]的海藻饲喂试验表明,给奶牛饲喂海藻对干物质采食量没有显著影响,但随着海藻添加量的增加干物质采食量有上升的趋势。Leupp等[19]发现,将褐藻粉添加到饲喂劣质干草的荷斯坦牛饲粮中会对奶牛的干物质采食量有积极影响。Baek等[20]报道,在奶牛饲粮中添加800 g/d褐藻(裙带菜)对干物质采食量没有显著影响。Lee等[21]的研究表明,在荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加占饲粮4%的褐藻渣,持续饲喂90 d,对奶牛的干物质采食量没有显著影响。以上研究结果均与本试验中L组泌乳奶牛的干物质采食量结果一致。而本试验中H组泌乳奶牛的干物质采食量较对照组显著降低,其原因可能是由于H组在补饲LPH时会伴随着添加大比例的水,从而使饲粮过湿而影响其适口性,增加了奶牛挑食行为,进而降低了奶牛的干物质采食量。有研究表明,饲粮水分含量偏高会影响奶牛的干物质采食量,当饲粮水分含量超过50%时,每提高1%,奶牛的干物质采食量将下降体重的0.02%[22]。

3.1.2 产奶量和乳成分

张延利等[23]研究表明,在泌乳荷斯坦牛饲粮中添加海藻后,奶牛的产奶量得到显著提升,但对乳成分没有产生显著影响。孙福昱[11]的研究表明,海带粉对荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量以及乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂乳固体含量没有显著影响,但在增加奶牛饲粮的精料比例后加入海带粉会降低乳脂率。唐秀敏[18]研究报道,在产奶水平中等偏下的奶牛饲粮中添加海藻对产奶量有显著影响,并且产奶量与海藻添加量呈线性递增的关系。本试验所得产奶量结果与该试验结果不同,本试验中奶牛产奶量随LPH补饲量的上升而下降。林忠华等[24]研究指出,在奶牛饲粮中添加海藻粉和海藻中药复合物可以显著提高产奶量,但对乳成分没有显著影响。Wu等[25]研究表明,在泌乳荷斯坦牛饲粮中添加钙质海藻对奶牛产前或产后干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物含量无显著影响。Franklin等[26]报道,在奶牛饲粮中添加海藻后,奶牛的采食量和乳成分中乳脂含量显著降低,但对能量校正产奶量没有显著影响。Singh等[5]研究表明,在奶牛饲粮中添加20%的海藻,在不增加采食量的情况下提高了产奶量。本试验中,补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH对泌乳奶牛产奶量和乳成分中乳脂、乳糖、总固形物、乳尿素氮含量均没有显著影响,这与以上研究结果一致。
在本试验中,补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH对显著提高了乳成分中乳蛋白含量,这可能与LPH充足的蛋白质含量有关。海藻是非常好的蛋白质和矿物质原料,褐藻因其体型大和易于收割的特点,在动物饲粮中的应用研究和开发利用较多[27]。海藻的蛋白质组成中有较多的必需氨基酸,氨基酸组成平衡[18]。Angell[28]的研究表明,海藻能够作为补充蛋白质的替代作物。乳蛋白作为牛乳中重要的组成成分,含有人体所需的几乎所有必需氨基酸[29],因此可以推测,奶牛补饲LPH有提高乳成分中乳蛋白的含量进而提高牛奶品质的潜力。Lee等[21]将褐藻渣添加到荷斯坦牛的饲粮中,结果显示试验组干物质采食量与对照组没有显著差异,但日产奶量显著高于对照组,并且牛乳中的体细胞数显著降低,与Lee等[21]的研究结果相似,本试验中补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH有降低乳中SCC的趋势,因此可以推测LPH有预防奶牛乳房炎等炎症的潜力,这对于应对围产期特别是围产后期奶牛“炎症风暴”可能会有较好的效果。

3.2 补饲LPH对泌乳奶牛血清指标的影响

3.2.1 血清生化指标

Xue等[30]研究表明,岩藻多糖对低密度脂蛋白(LDL)有较强的氧化作用,即岩藻多糖具有清除自由基的能力。邢燕红[31]的研究表明,褐藻糖胶能通过提高低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)的转录水平,促进LDLR的合成,从而降低血清LDL-C含量。吴清和等[32]研究发现,褐藻糖胶可显著增强高脂血症大鼠肝脏LDLR mRNA的表达,促进LDL-C的清除,达到有效降低血清TC含量的作用。倪华等[33]报道指出,海带多糖在1 000 mg/kg剂量下能显著降低大鼠血清中TC和LDL-C的含量,同时还可提升血清中HDL-C的含量;在500 mg/kg剂量下能够提高大鼠血清中HDL-C的含量。Park等[34]研究报道,岩藻多糖可以显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清中TC和LDL-C的含量,提高血清中HDL-C的含量。王利平等[35]研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加3.5%的海藻可以显著提高血清中TC和HDL-C的含量以及SOD活性。本试验所得血清生化指标结果与上述试验结果相似,补饲15或30 g/(头·d)LPH显著降低了泌乳奶牛血清TC含量,且补饲30 g/(头·d)LPH有降低血清LDL-C含量的趋势,并在使TC含量显著下降的同时显著提升了血清HDL-C含量。
有研究表明,褐藻多糖具有降血糖的功能[36-37]。吴钟高等[38]的试验表明,给高血糖小鼠灌胃褐藻精可使其血清GLU含量显著降低,对正常小鼠血清GLU含量则无显著影响。另有研究报道,通过酶法制备的海带多糖能够显著降低糖尿病大鼠的血清GLU含量[39]。本试验研究表明,H组奶牛的血清GLU含量较对照组显著上升。本试验所用奶牛均为高产奶牛,高产奶牛在产犊后几天至几周内会因为营养不平衡导致泌乳早期动员体储备,使酮体生成过多并在体内积聚而引起酮病的发生,进而可能导致奶牛的产奶量下降和血液中GLU含量降低[40-41]。通过补饲LPH,奶牛血清中GLU含量显著上升,表明LPH有减少酮病对高产奶牛机体损伤的作用。
孙福昱[11]的研究表明,在奶牛饲粮中添加5%的海带可以显著提高血清TP含量。高水平的血清TP含量可促进动物生长并提高饲料转化率[42]。本试验中,L组奶牛的血清TP含量与对照组相比有上升的趋势,这可能是因为LPH中的甘露醇促进了动物排尿而降低了血清水分含量,从而导致血清TP含量升高[43]。

3.2.2 血清抗氧化指标

MDA是具有很强生物毒性的物质,是脂质过氧化物进一步分解产生的,会对机体造成伤害,可反映细胞受损伤程度及脂质过氧化程度[44]。SOD能够清除自由基,减少脂质过氧化损伤[45]。T-AOC的提升则代表机体清除活性氧的能力增加[46]。海带多糖降低脂质过氧化的机制可能是海带多糖通过激活细胞内SOD,减弱其分子的非酶性改变,直接提高SOD的活性;或者消除体内自由基和氧自由基代谢产物,减少MDA的产生,减弱MDA对SOD活性的抑制作用,提高其活性,降低血脂水平[47]。
Li等[48]研究表明,紫菜多酚具有较强的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力。褐藻胶是LPH的主要成分,它主要包括褐藻酸和褐藻酸的盐类及其衍生物,具有抗氧化和抗凝血等生物活性[49]。孟然[50]的研究表明,给小鼠灌胃海带提取物可以增加血清SOD活性,减少血清MDA含量,改善抗氧化能力,并极显著降低血清中TC含量,具有辅助降血脂功效。Wan等[51]研究指出,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加褐藻酸寡糖可以显著提升血清SOD活性和T-AOC,显著降低血清MDA含量。本试验所得血清抗氧化指标结果显示,奶牛补饲LPH可以在显著或极显著提高血清T-AOC和SOD活性的同时极显著降低血清MDA含量,与上述试验结果相一致,表明LPH有增强机体抗氧化能力的作用。

3.2.3 血清免疫指标

Kang等[52]研究表明,在肉仔鸡饲粮中添加小球藻显著提高了血浆中IgA和IgM的含量,添加干小球藻粉和小球藻液的试验组肉仔鸡血浆中IgM和IgG的含量显著高于其他组。Katayama等[53]报道,饲粮中添加海藻的仔猪唾液中IgA和IgG的含量均有显著提高。研究显示,补充海藻提取物的母猪初乳中具有更高的IgA和IgG含量[54]。Choi等[55]研究证明,在肉仔鸡饲粮中添加褐藻副产品能够显著提高血清IgA和IgM含量。本试验所得血清免疫指标结果表明,补饲LPH可以提升泌乳奶牛血清IgA、IgG、IgM含量,与以上研究结果相一致,表明补饲LPH能够对泌乳奶牛的免疫应答产生积极影响。
综上可知,补饲不同剂量的LPH对奶牛的血清生化、抗氧化以及免疫指标都有积极作用,但为提升经济效益、降低成本,推荐补饲量为15 g/(头·d)。
对于围产期特别是围产后期的奶牛,机体的生理状况和物质代谢会发生剧烈变化,免疫功能也会发生改变,炎症反应尤其是亚急性炎症的发生比较普遍,这大大提高了该阶段各种感染性和代谢性疾病的发病风险[56]。在本试验中,补饲LPH显著提升了泌乳中期奶牛的抗氧化和免疫能力,这一作用对于应对围产后期奶牛多发的炎症会有较好的效果,有进一步研究的必要。

4 结论

综上所述,补饲15 g/(头·d)LPH可在不影响泌乳奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量的同时,延缓产奶量下降、提高乳蛋白含量和降低乳中体细胞数,同时还能够提高泌乳奶牛机体抗氧化能力和免疫力,并有改善血清指标、调节血脂水平的作用。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
秦雕, 李聪, 秦宇. 中国海藻产业发展与应用现状[J]. 科技和产业, 2021, 21(3):104-110.

QIN D, LI C, QIN Y. On the development and application status of seaweed industry in China[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2021, 21(3):104-110. (in Chinese)

[2]
FITTON J H, STRINGER D N, KARPINIEC S S. Therapies from fucoidan:an update[J]. Marine Drugs, 2015, 13(9):5920-5946.

DOI

[3]
GUPTA S, ABU-GHANNAM N. Bioactive potential and possible health effects of edible brown seaweeds[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2011, 22(6):315-326.

[4]
O'SULLIVAN L, MURPHY B, MCLOUGHLIN P, et al. Prebiotics from marine macroalgae for human and animal health applications[J]. Marine Drugs, 2010, 8(7):2038-2064.

DOI PMID

[5]
SINGH B K, CHOPRA R C, RAI S N, et al. Nutritional evaluation of seaweed on nutrient digestibility,nitrogen balance,milk production and composition in Sahiwal cows[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B:Biological Sciences, 2017, 87(2):437-443.

[6]
GAHAN D A, LYNCH M B, CALLAN J J, et al. Performance of weanling piglets offered low-,medium- or high-lactose diets supplemented with a seaweed extract from Laminaria spp.[J]. Animal, 2009, 3(1):24-31.

DOI

[7]
杨晋. 海藻多糖替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道屏障功能的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 南昌: 江西农业大学, 2019.

YANG J. Effects of seaweed polysaccharide substitute for antibiotics on growth performance and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets[D]. Master's Thesis. Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[8]
GUMUS R, GELEN S U, KOSEOGLU S, et al. The effects of fucoxanthin dietary inclusion on the growth performance,antioxidant metabolism and meat quality of broilers[J]. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 2018, 20(3):487-496.

DOI

[9]
钟港, 刘黎, 周伟, 等. 海藻提取物对围产后期母牛和初生犊牛血液生化指标及抗氧化力的影响[J]. 中国兽医学报, 2021, 41(9):1835-1840.

ZHONG G, LIU L, ZHOU W, et al. Effects of seaweed extract on blood biochemical indexes and antioxidant capacity of late perinatal cows and newborn calves[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2021, 41(9):1835-1840. (in Chinese)

[10]
苏晓健, 张艾. 母猪日粮中追加鱼油和海藻粉对猪乳营养水平以及所产仔猪生产性能的影响[J]. 饲料广角, 2011(24):44-47.

SU X J, ZHANG A. Effects of fish oil and seaweed meal added to sows' diets on the nutritional level of pig milk and the performance of piglets[J]. Feed China, 2011(24):44-47. (in Chinese)

[11]
孙福昱. 三种海藻饲料对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃环境及健康状况的影响研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2019.

SUN F Y. Effects of three seaweed feeds on performance,rumen environment and health status of dairy cows[D]. Master's Thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019. (in Chinese)

[12]
HILL T M, BATEMAN H G, ALDRICH J M, et al. Effect of various fatty acids on dairy calf performance[J]. The Professional Animal Scientist, 2011, 27(3):167-175.

DOI

[13]
孟庆翔. 饲料添加剂在奶牛饲养中的应用(2)[J]. 饲料广角, 2005(19):33-35,39.

MENG Q X. Feed additive' application in milch cow feeding (2)[J]. Feed China, 2005(19):33-35,39. (in Chinese)

[14]
VAN SOEST P J, ROBERTSON J B, LEWIS B A. Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1991, 74(10):3583-3597.

DOI

[15]
张丽英. 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]. 2版. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2003.

ZHANG L Y. Feed analysis and feed quality detection technology[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2003. (in Chinese)

[16]
陈妙兰. 高锰酸钾滴定法测定钙片中的钙含量[J]. 化工技术与开发, 2009(4):42-43,49.

CHEN M L. Determination of calcium in calcium tablet by permanganate titration[J]. Technology & Development of Chemical Industry, 2009(4):42-43,49. (in Chinese)

[17]
杨胜. 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]. 北京: 北京农业大学出版社, 1993:28-31.

YANG S. Feed analysis and feed quality detection technology[M]. Beijing: Beijing Agricultural University Press, 1993:28-31. (in Chinese)

[18]
唐秀敏. 海藻日粮对奶牛生产性能及乳脂中功能性脂肪酸含量的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 晋中: 山西农业大学, 2005.

TANG X M. The effect of dietary marine algae on production and composition of milk in lactating dairy cows[D]. Master's Thesis. Jinzhong: Shanxi Agricultural University, 2005. (in Chinese)

[19]
LEUPP J L, CATON J S, SOTO-NAVARRO S A, et al. Effects of cooked molasses blocks and fermentation extract or brown seaweed meal inclusion on intake,digestion,and microbial efficiency in steers fed low-quality hay[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2005, 83(12):2938-2945.

DOI

[20]
BAEK I K, MAENG W J, LEE S H, et al. Effects of the brown seaweed residues supplementation on in vitro fermentation and milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2004, 46(3):373-386.

DOI

[21]
LEE H G, HONG Z S, LI Z H, et al. Effect of brown seaweed waste supplementation on lactational performance and endocrine physiology in Holstein lactating cows[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2005, 47(4):573-582.

DOI

[22]
李锡智. 如何提高奶牛的干物质采食量[J]. 中国乳业, 2009(4):56-58.

LI X Z. How to improve the dry matter intake of dairy cows[J]. China Dairy, 2009(4):56-58. (in Chinese)

[23]
张延利, 唐秀敏, 黄应祥. 日粮添加海藻对奶牛产奶性能的影响[J]. 中国奶牛, 2011(16):15-18.

ZHANG Y L, TANG X M, HUANG Y X. Effect of seaweed supplementation on milk performance of dairy cows[J]. China Dairy Cattle, 2011(16):15-18. (in Chinese)

[24]
林忠华, 邱宏伟. 海藻粉和中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛产奶性能的影响[C]// 华东第十六次中兽医科研协作与学术研讨会暨福建省中兽医专业委员会第三次理事会论文集. 厦门: 福建省畜牧兽医学会, 2004:87-90.

LIN Z H, QIU H W. The effect of kelp sargassum and Chinese herbal medicines additives on milk yield of milk cows[C]// The 16th East China Chinese Veterinary Scientific Research Cooperation and Academic Seminar and the 3rd Council Proceedings of Fujian Chinese Veterinary Professional Committee. Xiamen: Fujian Society of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2004:87-90. (in Chinese)

[25]
WU Z, BERNARD J K, TAYLOR S J. Effect of feeding calcareous marine algae to Holstein cows prepartum or postpartum on serum metabolites and performance[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015, 98(7):4629-4639.

DOI PMID

[26]
FRANKLIN S T, MARTIN K R, BAER R J, et al. Dietary marine algae (Schizochytrium sp.) increases concentrations of conjugated linoleic,docosahexaenoic and transvaccenic acids in milk of dairy cows[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 1999, 129(11):2048-2054.

DOI

[27]
HUEBBE P, NIKOLAI S, SCHLOESSER A, et al. An extract from the Atlantic brown algae Saccorhiza polyschides counteracts diet-induced obesity in mice via a gut related multi-factorial mechanisms[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(43):73501-73515.

DOI

[28]
ANGELL A R. Seaweeds as an alternative crop for the production of protein[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Townsville: James Cook University, 2016.

[29]
马露, 周凌云, 卜登攀, 等. 日粮营养水平对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响及其作用机理的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2012, 39(10):121-127.

MA L, ZHOU L Y, BU D P, et al. Research progress of the nutrition level and the mechanism affecting the synthesis of milk protein in dairy cow[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2012, 39(10):121-127. (in Chinese)

[30]
XUE C H, FANG Y, LIN H, et al. Chemical characters and antioxidative properties of sulfated polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2001, 13(1):67-70.

DOI

[31]
邢燕红. 褐藻糖胶 (FPS) 的调脂机制探讨[D]. 硕士学位论文. 广州: 广州中医药大学, 2005.

XING Y H. The regulation of FPS on blood lipids and its mechanism in hyperlipidemia animals[D]. Master's Thesis. Guangzhou: Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 2005. (in Chinese)

[32]
吴清和, 邢燕红, 荣向路, 等. 褐藻糖胶 (FPS) 对高脂血症大鼠肝脏LDL-R mRNA表达的影响[J]. 中药材, 2007, 30(8):968-970.

WU Q H, XING Y H, RONG X L, et al. Influence of FPS on the expression of LDL-R mRNA in the liver tissues of hyperlipidemic rats[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2007, 30(8):968-970. (in Chinese)

[33]
倪华, 方田, 陈向凡. 海带多糖对高脂饮食性大鼠主动脉一氧化氮合酶和细胞外基质的调节作用[J]. 中药药理与临床, 2016, 32(6):97-101.

NI H, FANG T, CHEN X F. Laminaria japonica polysaccharides rebalances the expressions of eNOS,iNOS,MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aorta of rats with hyperlipidemia induced by high fat diet[J]. Pharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica, 2016, 32(6):97-101. (in Chinese)

[34]
PARK J, YEOM M, HAHM D H. Fucoidan improves serum lipid levels and atherosclerosis through hepatic SREBP-2-mediated regulation[J]. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 2016, 131(2):84-92.

DOI PMID

[35]
王利平, 孙国鹏, 谭东鹤, 等. 日粮添加不同水平的海藻对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化及免疫性能的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2021(14):113-116.

WANG L P, SUN G P, TAN D H, et al. Effects of dietary algae supplementation at different levels on growth performance,antioxidant and immune performance of broilers[J]. China Feed, 2021(14):113-116. (in Chinese)

[36]
原丽, 林文庭. 海藻多糖降血糖作用及其构效关系的研究进展[J]. 海峡预防医学杂志, 2011, 17(2):26-28.

YUAN L, LIN W T. Research progress on hypoglycemia effect and structure-function relationship of seaweed polysaccharide[J]. Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2011, 17(2):26-28. (in Chinese)

[37]
范素琴, 代增英, 陈鑫炳, 等. 海藻多糖及其降血脂研究综述[J]. 植物学研究, 2019, 8(2):165-169.

FAN S Q, DAI Z Y, CHEN X B, et al. A review of algae polysaccharides and their hypolipidemic effects[J]. Botanical Research, 2019, 8(2):165-169. (in Chinese)

DOI

[38]
吴钟高, 李其珍. 褐藻精降血糖作用的实验研究[J]. 中国海洋药物, 2000, 19(4):35-36.

WU Z G, LI Q Z. A experimental studies on the hypoglycemic effects of Haizaojing[J]. Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs, 2000, 19(4):35-36. (in Chinese)

[39]
BOKULICH N A, SUBRAMANIAN S, FAITH J J, et al. Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing[J]. Nature Methods, 2013, 10(1):57-59.

DOI PMID

[40]
司振书. 高产奶牛需防奶牛酮病[J]. 农业科技通讯, 2004(6):36.

SI Z S. Prevention of ketosis in high-yield dairy cows[J]. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2004(6):36. (in Chinese)

[41]
刘伟. 高产奶牛注意防治酮病[J]. 农业知识(科学养殖), 2009(3):33-34.

LIU W. Prevention and treatment of ketosis in high-yield dairy cows[J]. Agricultural Knowledge (Science of Farming), 2009(3):33-34. (in Chinese)

[42]
YOUNG V R, MARCHINI J S, CORTIELLA J. Assessment of protein nutritional status[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 1990, 120(Suppl.11):1496-1502.

DOI

[43]
GIRBES A R J. Prevention of acute renal failure:role of vaso-active drugs,mannitol and diuretics[J]. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2004, 27(12):1049-1053.

DOI

[44]
MUÑOZ M, CEDEÑO R, RODRÍGUEZ J, et al. Measurement of reactive oxygen intermediate production in haemocytes of the penaeid shrimp,Penaeus vannamei[J]. Aquaculture, 2000, 191(1/2/3):89-107.

DOI

[45]
唐胜球, 彭冬秋, 董小英. 果寡糖的生物学功能及其在水产养殖中的应用[J]. 北京水产, 2007(5):47-52.

TANG S Q, PENG D Q, DONG X Y. Biological functions of fructooligosaccharides and their application in aquaculture[J]. Journal of Beijing Fisheries, 2007(5):47-52. (in Chinese)

[46]
刘阳. 除草剂乙草胺对花背蟾蜍肝脏的影响及机理[D]. 硕士学位论文. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2006.

LIU Y. Effects and mechanism of herbicide acetochlor on tadpole liver of Bufo raddei[D]. Master's Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2006. (in Chinese)

[47]
郑娟霞, 陈文宁, 月金玲, 等. 海带多糖降血脂活性研究进展[J]. 食品与机械, 2020, 36(6):220-225.

ZHENG J X, CHEN W N, YUE J L, et al. Progress in the research on the lipid-lowering activity of polysacchairdes from kelp[J]. Food & Machinery, 2020, 36(6):220-225. (in Chinese)

[48]
LI Y C, ZHANG X, LI J R. Extraction of polyphenols from Porphyra and scavenging activity of oxygen free radicals[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 864/867:531-535.

DOI

[49]
WANG J, ZHANG Q B, ZHANG Z S, et al. Potential antioxidant and anticoagulant capacity of low molecular weight fucoidan fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2010, 46(1):6-12.

DOI

[50]
孟然. 海带提取物的辅助降血糖功能研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2018.

MENG R. Study on assistant hypoglycemic effects of kelp extract[D]. Master's Thesis. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2018. (in Chinese)

[51]
WAN J, JIANG F, XU Q S, et al. Alginic acid oligosaccharide accelerates weaned pig growth through regulating antioxidant capacity,immunity and intestinal development[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(90):87026-87035.

DOI

[52]
KANG H K, SALIM H M, AKTER N, et al. Effect of various forms of dietary Chlorella supplementation on growth performance,immune characteristics,and intestinal microflora population of broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2013, 22(1):100-108.

DOI

[53]
KATAYAMA M, FUKUDA T, OKAMURA T, et al. Effect of dietary addition of seaweed and licorice on the immune performance of pigs[J]. Animal Science Journal, 2011, 82(2):274-281.

DOI PMID

[54]
LEONARD S G, SWEENEY T, BAHAR B, et al. Effect of maternal seaweed extract supplementation on suckling piglet growth,humoral immunity,selected microflora,and immune response after an ex vivo lipopolysaccharide challenge[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2012, 90(2):505-514.

DOI

[55]
CHOI Y J, LEE S R, OH J W. Effects of dietary fermented seaweed and seaweed fusiforme on growth performance,carcass parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in broiler chicks[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014, 27(6):862-870.

DOI

[56]
弓剑, 晓敏. 围产期奶牛炎症反应及其与免疫和能量代谢的关系[J]. 动物营养学报, 2016, 28(9):2667-2672.

DOI

GONG J, XIAO M. Inflammation in periparturient dairy cows and its relationship with immunity and energy metabolism[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016, 28(9):2667-2672. (in Chinese)

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.