1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计与饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 象草Pennisetum purpureum | 35.00 |
| 玉米Corn | 40.89 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 13.98 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 7.15 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.65 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.84 |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.84 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.65 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.43 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 12.06 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 30.06 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 16.39 |
| 钙Ca | 0.67 |
| 磷P | 0.54 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD 2 000 IU,VE 40 IU,Cu 12 mg,Fe 70 mg,Mn 50 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 1.0 mg,Se 0.27 mg,Co 0.3 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 测定指标与方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 肠道消化酶活性
1.4.3 肠道微生物区系
1.5 数据分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊生长性能的影响
表2 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary fucoidan on growth performance of lambs (n=15) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | ||||||||||||
| 体重 BW/kg | 第1天Day 1 | 12.20 | 11.38 | 12.27 | 12.98 | 0.99 | 0.26 | ||||||||
| 第15天Day 15 | 12.47 | 11.58 | 13.25 | 12.78 | 1.08 | 0.12 | |||||||||
| 第30天Day 30 | 12.85b | 12.88b | 15.28a | 15.13a | 1.09 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| 第1~15天 Days 1 to 15 | 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 30.00 | 31.78 | 51.78 | 53.22 | 10.41 | 0.10 | ||||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 432.01 | 427.02 | 484.05 | 445.01 | 24.41 | 0.16 | |||||||||
| 饲料转化率FCR | 14.52 | 12.01 | 9.41 | 11.62 | 1.61 | 0.08 | |||||||||
| 第16~30天 Days 16 to 30 | 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 80.01b | 110.01b | 141.78a | 121.04a | 13.90 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 569.05c | 620.67b | 711.03a | 863.04a | 16.08 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| 饲料转化率FCR | 9.97a | 5.79b | 5.02b | 6.22b | 0.69 | <0.01 | |||||||||
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | ||||||||||||
| 第1~30天 Days 1 to 30 | 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 45.00c | 50.06c | 100.33a | 72.01b | 9.71 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 501.09b | 525.08b | 597.01a | 565.02a | 22.71 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| 饲料转化率FCR | 11.25a | 10.60b | 6.05c | 8.25c | 1.08 | 0.01 | |||||||||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊空肠消化酶活性的影响
表3 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊空肠消化酶活性的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary fucoidan on jejunal digestive enzyme activities of lambs (n=6) U/g prot |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| α-淀粉酶α-amylase | 220.88 | 231.77 | 234.99 | 343.85 | 55.92 | 0.18 |
| 糜蛋白酶Chymotrypsin | 12.93 | 30.63 | 50.17 | 27.46 | 23.74 | 0.51 |
| 胰蛋白酶Trypsin | 54.54 | 91.05 | 117.09 | 75.12 | 28.86 | 0.25 |
| 脂肪酶Lipase | 3.11b | 5.34ab | 4.71b | 8.88a | 1.68 | 0.04 |
2.3 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊盲肠消化酶活性的影响
表4 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊盲肠消化酶活性的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary fucoidan on cecal digestive enzyme activities of lambs (n=6) U/g prot |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| α-淀粉酶α-amylase | 220.11 | 253.99 | 199.08 | 236.17 | 71.71 | 0.89 |
| 糜蛋白酶Chymotrypsin | 4.30 | 5.84 | 12.53 | 8.62 | 4.40 | 0.33 |
| 胰蛋白酶Trypsin | 7.12 | 14.02 | 8.89 | 29.91 | 10.56 | 0.20 |
| 脂肪酶Lipase | 198.74b | 203.14b | 205.01b | 398.51a | 20.31 | <0.01 |
2.4 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊肠道微生物菌群组成的影响
2.5 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊肠道微生物菌群α-多样性的影响
表5 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊肠道微生物菌群α-多样性的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary fucoidan on intestinal microflora α-diversity of lambs (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | ||||
| 回肠 Ileum | Chao1指数Chao1 index | 808.10d | 1 090.40c | 1 158.54b | 1 213.15a | 19.14 | <0.01 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 6.44b | 6.76b | 7.65a | 7.31a | 0.25 | <0.01 | |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.96b | 0.98a | 0.98a | 0.91c | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 空肠 Jejunum | Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 550.16b | 1 552.36b | 1 594.44a | 1 604.30a | 15.26 | <0.01 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 8.43 | 8.61 | 8.72 | 8.87 | 0.19 | 0.16 | |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.10 | |
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 274.35b | 1 348.47a | 861.78d | 1 084.95c | 30.31 | <0.01 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 8.87a | 8.08b | 7.31c | 7.86b | 0.17 | <0.01 | |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.99a | 0.98a | 0.92b | 0.98a | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
2.6 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对羔羊肠道微生物菌群组成的影响
图2 门水平上羔羊肠道微生物菌群结构分布柱状图A:回肠ileal;B:空肠jejunum;C:十二指肠 duodenum。 Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;TM7:TM7菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Unspecified_Bacteria:未分类细菌;Other:其他。 Fig.2 Histogram of intestinal microflora structure distribution of lambs at phylum level |
表6 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对门水平上羔羊肠道微生物菌群相对丰度的影响(前5)Table 6 Effects of dietary fucoidan on intestinal microflora relative abundance of lambs at phylum level (top 5) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | ||||||||||
| 回肠Ileum | |||||||||||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 54.82b | 54.58b | 57.62a | 56.75a | 0.47 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 15.06b | 16.35a | 13.18c | 13.40c | 0.29 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 8.06b | 8.36ab | 8.78a | 8.58a | 0.23 | 0.03 | |||||||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 8.94c | 9.07c | 10.93b | 12.25a | 0.27 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | ||||||||||
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 4.06b | 4.07b | 5.29a | 4.77a | 0.26 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||||||||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 46.64c | 48.73b | 54.00a | 54.10a | 0.56 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 12.78b | 13.15ab | 14.18a | 14.00a | 0.49 | 0.03 | |||||||
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 7.28a | 6.13b | 3.31c | 4.49d | 0.29 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 4.30c | 4.67c | 5.72b | 7.13a | 0.31 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 2.81c | 3.19c | 5.82b | 6.53a | 0.33 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | |||||||||||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 33.21d | 38.70c | 56.43a | 54.26b | 0.70 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 8.21a | 6.37b | 3.62d | 4.32c | 0.31 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 6.29a | 4.87b | 4.91b | 6.55a | 0.48 | <0.01 | |||||||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 12.64b | 9.00c | 13.66a | 13.88a | 0.29 | <0.01 | |||||||
| TM7菌门TM7 | 2.67a | 1.80b | 1.54b | 1.44b | 0.21 | <0.01 | |||||||
图3 属水平上羔羊肠道菌群结构分布柱状图A:回肠ileal;B:空肠jejunum;C:十二指肠 duodenum。 Unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae:未分类肠杆菌科;Unspecified_Clostridiales:未分类梭菌目;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Unspecified_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Unspecified_Ruminococcaceae:未分类瘤胃球菌科;Clostridium:梭菌属;Turicibacter:绿脓杆菌属;Unspecified_Mycoplasmataceae:未分类支原体科;Unspecified_Bifidobacteriaceae:未分类双歧杆菌科;Unspecified_S24_7:未分类S24-7菌属;Unspecified_Peptostreptococcaceae:未分类消化链球菌科;Unspecified_Christensenellaceae:未分类克里斯藤森菌科;Unspecified_Bacteroidales:未分类拟杆菌目;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Unspecified_F16:未分类F16菌属;Unspecified_BS11:未分类BS11菌属;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Other:其他。 Fig.3 Histogram of intestinal microflora structure distribution of lambs at genus level |
表7 饲粮中添加岩藻多糖对属水平上羔羊肠道微生物菌群相对丰度的影响(前8)Table 7 Effects of dietary fucoidan on intestinal microflora relative abundance of lambs at genus level (top 8) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| 回肠Ileum | ||||||
| 未分类肠杆菌科Unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae | 13.02b | 12.15c | 13.96a | 14.05a | 0.344 | <0.01 |
| 未分类梭菌目Unspecified_Clostridiales | 11.30c | 13.03b | 14.46a | 13.70b | 0.351 | <0.01 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 5.13a | 4.45b | 5.34a | 5.39a | 0.304 | 0.02 |
| 未分类毛螺菌科Unspecified_Lachnospiraceae | 4.63 | 4.47 | 4.38 | 4.39 | 0.226 | 0.66 |
| 未分类瘤胃球菌科Unspecified_Ruminococcaceae | 3.09c | 3.11c | 3.82b | 4.81a | 0.201 | <0.01 |
| 梭菌属Clostridium | 5.55a | 5.81a | 3.77c | 4.79b | 0.244 | <0.01 |
| 绿脓杆菌属Turicibacter | 2.06a | 2.55a | 1.39b | 2.22a | 0.316 | 0.01 |
| 未分类双歧杆菌科Unspecified_Bifidobacteriaceae | 2.30 | 2.58 | 2.36 | 2.94 | 0.325 | 0.22 |
| 空肠Jejunum | ||||||
| 未分类梭菌目Unspecified_Clostridiales | 11.69c | 15.37b | 16.30a | 15.30b | 0.364 | <0.01 |
| 未分类瘤胃球菌科Unspecified_Ruminococcaceae | 10.78b | 11.07b | 13.22a | 13.25a | 0.553 | <0.01 |
| 未分类毛螺菌科Unspecified_Lachnospiraceae | 8.25c | 8.11c | 13.33b | 14.37a | 0.240 | <0.01 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 5.57b | 5.28b | 6.96a | 5.01c | 0.226 | <0.01 |
| 未分类拟杆菌目Unspecified_Bacteroidales | 5.94b | 5.88b | 7.29a | 7.34a | 0.287 | <0.01 |
| 梭菌属Clostridium | 4.00b | 4.50a | 3.44c | 4.06b | 0.136 | <0.01 |
| 未分类双歧杆菌科Unspecified_Bifidobacteriaceae | 1.95bc | 2.55a | 2.40ab | 1.54c | 0.222 | 0.01 |
| 未分类肠杆菌科Unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae | 2.28 | 2.05 | 2.16 | 2.14 | 0.222 | 0.78 |
| 十二指肠Duodenum | ||||||
| 未分类双歧杆菌科Unspecified_Bifidobacteriaceae | 4.26d | 6.54c | 8.50b | 8.95a | 0.206 | <0.01 |
| 未分类梭菌目Unspecified_Clostridiales | 10.34c | 11.38b | 13.62a | 14.10a | 0.298 | <0.01 |
| 未分类毛螺菌科Unspecified_Lachnospiraceae | 4.61b | 5.00b | 6.73a | 6.98a | 0.523 | <0.01 |
| 未分类瘤胃球菌科Unspecified_Ruminococcaceae | 5.88a | 5.58ab | 5.15b | 5.00b | 0.330 | 0.04 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 5.73b | 4.42c | 7.33a | 6.73a | 0.353 | <0.01 |
| 梭菌属Clostridium | 1.30b | 1.37b | 1.47b | 1.97a | 0.156 | <0.01 |
| 未分类拟杆菌目Unspecified_Bacteroidales | 2.46 | 2.86 | 3.19 | 3.19 | 0.279 | 0.05 |
| 颤螺菌属Oscillospira | 2.19c | 1.96c | 4.04a | 3.23b | 0.265 | <0.01 |
