Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 5: 2836 - 2846

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.266

REVIEW

Research Progress of Pepper By-Products Application in Animal Production

  • LI Jinlong , 1, 2 ,
  • GUO Tongjun , 1, * ,
  • ZHANG Zhijun 1 ,
  • LI Gongan 3
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  • 1 Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 3 Xinjiang Taihe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Bachu 843800, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-16

  Online published: 2023-05-11

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Abstract

The by-products of pepper are mainly composed of pepper straw and pepper meal, and the reserves are considerable, which can be used for livestock breeding feed. In this paper, the nutritional composition, the main active substances of pepper by-products and their feed-based applications in animal production were reviewed, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the reasonable and safe application of pepper by-products in diets of livestock and poultry.

Key words： pepper by-products; nutritive value; active ingredient; feed utilization

Cite this article

LI Jinlong , GUO Tongjun , ZHANG Zhijun , LI Gongan . Research Progress of Pepper By-Products Application in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(5) : 2836 -2846 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.266

随着我国畜牧业发展水平的快速提升,饲料供需矛盾日益突出,开发利用非常规饲料是缓解饲草料短缺的有效手段之一[1]。我国年产辣椒秸秆724.68万t,新疆年产辣椒秸秆142.36万t、辣椒粕245.42万t。因此,辣椒副产物的饲料化应用对畜牧业养殖有重要的支撑意义。辣椒副产物中营养物质含量较高,其中辣椒秸秆的粗纤维(CF)含量为28.55%~33.82%、粗蛋白质(CP)含量为14.79%~16.72%[2],辣椒粕的CP含量为15.75%[3]。此外,辣椒副产物中还含有辣椒素等生物活性物质,具有抗菌、消炎、抗氧化等作用[4⇓⇓-7]。辣椒粕主要为辣椒经过萃取色素或辣椒素后所得的副产物[8]。田宗祥等[9]研究表明,在生长育肥猪饲粮中添加2.0%~2.5%的辣椒粕能够提高其日增重,降低料重比,有助于提高生长育肥猪的生长性能及饲料利用率。辣椒秸秆主要由辣椒果实采摘后剩余的副产物组成,包括根、茎、叶及少量残次果实[10]。陆相龙[11]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加3%或5%的辣椒秸秆,发现能够提高蛋鸡对饲粮中粗灰分(Ash)的吸收,并且能够提高蛋壳强度、蛋重及蛋黄颜色,有助于改善蛋品质。辣椒粉是辣椒经乙醇提取辣椒油或辣椒精后的辣椒残渣[12]。Oliveira等[13]在鹌鹑饲粮中添加0.06%的辣椒粉提取物,发现能够加深其蛋黄颜色。辣椒碱和辣椒油是辣椒果实经过有机溶剂浸提所得的产物[14-15]。在猪和鸡的饲粮中分别添加75~80 mg/kg和50~200 mg/kg的辣椒碱,有助于提高生产性能和改善健康状况[16⇓-18]。当前,有关辣椒副产物饲料化利用的研究尚不系统,其在畜禽饲粮中的适宜添加量、生物效能、是否能作为功能性饲料调控生产功能性畜产品和如何通过适当加工提高其饲料化利用率均未得到充分研究。本文旨在通过对辣椒副产物的营养成分及其在畜禽饲粮中的应用进行综述,以期为辣椒副产物在畜禽饲粮中安全高效的应用,以及辣椒秸秆和辣椒粕的饲料资源开发利用提供理论参考。

1 辣椒副产物的储量与来源

我国辣椒品种分为工业辣椒和蔬菜辣椒,其副产物具体产出流程见图1。据联合国粮食及农业组织统计,2021年我国辣椒种植面积达82.7万hm2,辣椒年生产量达2 013万t,居全球首位。新疆2020年辣椒种植面积达9.627万hm2,辣椒年产量达395.44万t,其中蔬菜辣椒播种面积达2.218万hm2,其年产量为88.67万t,工业辣椒播种面积达7.409万hm2,其年产量为306.77万t[19]。蔬菜辣椒的副产物主要为辣椒秸秆,工业辣椒的副产物主要为辣椒秸秆和辣椒粕。按生产1 t辣椒产生360 kg辣椒秸秆[20],1 t工业辣椒产生800 kg辣椒粕计算[3],我国年产辣椒秸秆724.68万t,新疆年产辣椒秸秆142.36万t,辣椒粕245.42万t,其中,新疆地区蔬菜辣椒产出副产物为31.92万t,工业辣椒产出副产物为355.86万t。由此可见,辣椒副产物作为饲料利用储量可观。
图1 辣椒副产物生产流程图

Fig.1 Flow chart of pepper by-product production

2 辣椒副产物的营养价值

辣椒副产物的整体营养价值优于小麦秸秆与玉米秸秆。辣椒秸秆的CP含量为11.16%,粗脂肪(EE)含量为1.51%,钙(Ca)含量为0.8%,磷(P)含量为0.08%[21];辣椒粕的CP含量为15.86%,EE含量为0.36%,Ca含量为0.35%,P含量为0.33%[22]。基于绵羊及奶牛饲草分级指数(GI)(表1)对比分析辣椒副产物与苜蓿、小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆营养成分含量(表2)可知,辣椒粕在绵羊饲草中为1级粗饲料,在奶牛饲草中为特级粗饲料,辣椒粉均为1级粗饲料,辣椒秸秆、辣椒茎秆及苜蓿干草(成熟期)均为4级粗饲料,玉米秸秆及小麦秸秆均为5级粗饲料。辣椒秸秆和辣椒茎秆的GI高于小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆,均接近于成熟期苜蓿干草,辣椒粕及辣椒粉的GI高于小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆及成熟期苜蓿干草。因此,从营养成分的角度出发,辣椒副产物在畜禽饲粮中有良好的利用潜力。辣椒秸秆在未进行加工处理前,适口性差,其主要原因是辣椒秸秆中含有辣椒素[2],会对哺乳动物消化道造成刺激,此外,未经加工处理的辣椒秸秆消化率低,这是因为辣椒秸秆含有较高的木质素,其与纤维素形成了酯键结构而使纤维素不能被消化道微生物附着,使微生物酶无法与纤维素的接触,从而导致纤维素消化率降低[23-24]。
表1 绵羊及奶牛饲草GI分级

Table 1 Feed grass GI classification for sheep and dairy cows[25]

等级
Grades		 绵羊GI
Sheep
GI		 奶牛GI
Dairy cow
GI
特级 Special grade >8.08 >53.68
1级 Grade 1 5.29~8.08 33.51~53.68
2级 Grade 2 3.12~4.75 19.20~29.29
3级 Grade 3 1.79~2.76 11.13~16.44
4级 Grade 4 1.03~1.55 6.28~10.67
5级 Grade 5 <1.03 <6.28
表2 辣椒副产物、苜蓿及秸秆营养价值

Table 2 Nutritional value of pepper by-products, alfalfa and straw

类型
Types		 干物质
DM/%		 粗蛋
白质
CP/%
DM		 粗脂肪
EE/%
DM		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/%
DM		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%
DM		 木质素
ADL/%
DM		 钙
Ca/%
DM		 磷
P/%
DM		 肉牛综合
净能
NEmf of
beef
cattle/
(MJ/kg
DM)1)		 肉羊
代谢能
ME of mutton
sheep/
(MJ/kg
DM)2)		 奶牛产奶
净能
NEL of
dairy
cows/
(MJ/kg
DM)3)		 绵羊GI
GI for
sheep4)		 奶牛GI
GI for
dairy
cows4)		 参考文献
References
辣椒秸秆
Pepper straw		 91.24 11.16 1.51 58.48 50.15 45.93 0.8 0.08 3.46 6.92 4.25 1.07 10.40 周松涛等[21]
辣椒茎秆
Pepper stalk5)		 91.55 5.42 0.82 58.56 41.32 — 1.08 0.1 4.30 7.75 4.80 1.44 5.69 《肉羊营养需要量》[33]
辣椒粉
Paprika5)		 90 15.5 11.6 38.07 24.31 — 0.17 0.32 6.05 10.22 6.46 5.17 51.82 曲亮等[34]
辣椒粕
Pepper meal		 89 15.86 0.36 33.5 28.01 20.55 0.35 0.33 4.82 8.26 5.15 5.52 54.59 范元芳等[22]
苜蓿干草(成熟期)
Alfalfa hay
(mature stage)		 88 13 1.3 59 45 38 1.18 0.19 3.60 6.98 4.29 1.23 12.02 《中国饲料成分及营
养价值表(2021年第32版)》 [35]
玉米秸秆
Maize straw		 80 5 1.3 70 44 35 0.36 0.14 3.00 5.94 3.59 0.29 2.75 《中国饲料成分及
营养价值表(2021年第32版)》[35]
小麦秸秆
Wheat straw		 90 4 1.9 78 52 43 0.32 0.17 3.08 6.33 3.85 0.20 1.90 《中国饲料成分及
营养价值表(2021年第32版)》[35]

1)肉牛综合净能参考《肉牛饲养标准》[36](NY/T 815—2004)及《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》[35]进行计算:肉牛综合净能(MJ/kg DM)=消化能(DE)(MJ/kg DM)×Kmf;DE(MJ/kg DM)=0.209×粗蛋白质(CP,%)+0.322×粗脂肪(EE,%)+0.084×粗纤维(CF,%)+0.002×无氮浸出物(NFE,%)2+0.046×NFE(%)-0.627;Kmf=Km×Kf×1.5/(Kf+0.5×Km);Km=0.1875×[DE/总能(GE)]+0.457 9;Kf=0.523×(DE/GE)+0.005 89;GE(MJ/kg DM)=0.239 3×CP(%)+0.397 5×EE(%)+0.200 4×CF(%)+0.168 6×NFE(%)。The NEmf of beef cattle was calculated according to the Beef Cattle Feeding Standard[36] (NY/T 815—2004) and China Feed Composition and Nutrition Value Table (32nd ed,2021)[28]: NEmf of beef cattle (MJ/kg DM)=DE (MJ/kg DM)×Kmf; DE(MJ/kg DM)=0.209×CP(%)+0.322×EE(%)+0.084×CF(%)+0.002×NFE(%)2+0.046×NFE(%)-0.627; Kmf=Km×Kf×1.5/(Kf+0.5×Km); Km=0.187 5×(DE/GE)+0.457 9; Kf=0.523×(DE/GE)+0.005 89; GE (MJ/kg DM)=0.239 3×CP(%)+0.397 5×EE(%)+0.200 4×CF(%)+0.168 6×NFE(%).

2)肉羊代谢能参考《肉羊饲养标准》[37](NY/T 816—2004)进行计算:肉羊代谢能(MJ/kg DM)=DE(MJ/kg DM)×0.82。The ME of mutton sheep was calculated according to the Mutton Sheep Feeding Standard[37] (NY/T 816—2004): ME of mutton sheep (MJ/kg DM)=DE(MJ/kg DM)×0.82.

3)奶牛产奶净能参考《奶牛饲养标准》[38](NY/T 34—2004)进行计算:奶牛产奶净能(MJ/kg DM)=0.550 1×DE(MJ/kg DM)-0.395 8。The NEL of dairy cows was calculated according to the Dairy Cow Feeding Standard[38] (NY/T 34—2004): NEL of dairy cows (MJ/kg DM)=0.550 1×DE(MJ/kg DM)-0.395 8.

4)粗饲料分级指数(GI)参考《饲草营养品质评定 GI法》[25](GB/T 23387—2009)进行计算:绵羊GI=代谢能(ME)×干物质随意采食量(VDMI)×CP/中性洗涤纤维(NDF),其中VDMI=29.75×BW0.75/(NDF×1 000),体重(BW)规定以40 kg计算;奶牛GI=NEL×VDMI×CP/NDF,其中VDMI=1.2×BW/NDF,BW规定以600 kg计算。The roughage grading index (GI) was calculated by referring to the Evaluation of Forage Nutritional Quality-Grading Index (GI) Method[25] (GB/T 23387—2009): GI for sheep=metabolizable energy (ME)×voluntary dry material intake (VDMI)×CP/neutral detergent fiber (NDF), inside VDMI=29.75×BW0.75/(NDF×1 000), BW was specified at 40 kg; GI for dairy cows=NEL×VDMI×CP/NDF, inside VDMI=1.2×BW/NDF, BW was specified at 600 kg.

5)辣椒茎秆肉牛综合净能中所使用的CF含量及辣椒粉中NDF、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量采用马绍楠等[39]的研究中的公式进行计算:CF(CFNVT)=-2.512+0.838×ADF;NDF(CFNVT)=7.682+1.250×ADF;ADF(CFNVT)=4.157+1.132×CF。The CF content used in the NEmf of chili stalk for beef cattle and the contents of NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) found in chili powder were calculated by the formula in the study of Ma, et al[39]: CF(CFNVT)=-2.512+0.838×ADF; NDF(CFNVT)=7.682+1.250×ADF; ADF(CFNVT)=4.157+1.132×CF.

3 辣椒副产物中的生物活性物质

辣椒副产物中含有辣椒碱、类黄酮和类胡萝卜素等多种活性物质,其主要功能活性物质为辣椒碱[26-27],辣椒秸秆中辣椒碱含量为56~171 μg/g[2],辣椒粕中辣椒碱含量约为1 300 μg/g[15]。

3.1 辣椒碱

辣椒碱化学名称为8-甲基-N-香草基-6-壬烯酰胺,是一种天然植物碱,具有抗菌、消炎及抗氧化等作用[5⇓-7]。Vicente等[28]在使用辣椒碱饲喂蛋鸡的研究中发现,36 mg/kg的辣椒碱能够降低肠炎沙门氏菌对器官的侵袭,其主要是通过对多药耐药转运蛋白基因(multi-drug resistance transporter genes)、生物膜合成基因(membrane biosynthesis genes)、应激蛋白编码基因(stress protein encoding genes)等基因表达调控,破坏细菌细胞膜完成的[29]。辣椒碱是一种酚类化合物,主要通过与自由基结合实现抗氧化[30]。袁杨斌等[31]发现,添加300 mg/kg的辣椒碱能够显著提高肉鸭肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性,其主要的机理可能是辣椒碱能够提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)基因的表达,通过其表达产物来恢复SOD的活性,从而达到抗氧化的效果[32]。
Long等[16]在断奶仔猪的研究中发现,饲粮中添加80 mg/kg辣椒碱能够提高其免疫性能,其中显著提高白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)的含量,降低干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)及白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的含量,其抗炎机制可能与核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路有关,辣椒碱能够通过提高IL-10 mRNA的表达量,降低白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)及NF-κB的mRNA表达量,也有可能是辣椒碱抑制Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)基因表达水平的上调,减轻脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)引起的炎症作用[6,40]。此外,添加辣椒碱还能够调控瘤胃内微生物组成,提高畜禽的生产性能。有研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加辣椒碱能够提高其日增重,降低料重比[41-42]。李辉等[43]在生长猪饲粮中添加2~3 mg/kg的辣椒碱,发现其平均日采食量及平均日增重均显著提高。在奶牛饲粮中添加辣椒碱能够降低瘤胃拟杆菌门、普雷沃氏菌属相对丰度,提高布氏弧菌、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,提高奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量[43⇓⇓-46]。

3.2 类黄酮

类黄酮是一种具有多酚结构的植物次生代谢物,其基本结构由具有不同取代模式的C6-C3-C6环组成,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌等作用[47],辣椒中类黄酮物质主要为檞皮素和木犀草素[48-49]。类黄酮结构中含有-OH构型,其是清除活性氧(ROS)和活性氮(RNS)的决定性因素,能够为羟基、过氧亚硝酸盐自由基提供氢和电子,稳定它们并产生相对稳定的类黄酮自由基[50]。Cho等[51]研究显示,500 μg/mL的辣椒叶类黄酮提取物能够很好地清除细胞产生的1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基,且能够显著降低细胞中ROS活性;此外,200和500 μg/mL的辣椒叶类黄酮提取物能够显著降低细胞中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的含量,其主要是通过抑制LPS对巨噬细胞的刺激,从而降低炎症介质NO的产生,从而达到抗炎的作用。Rahim[52]研究发现,10%的辣椒叶类黄酮提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有很强的抑菌活性,其主要通过破坏病原体细胞膜的完整性和新陈代谢,从而来抑制病原体的生长[53]。

3.3 类胡萝卜素

类胡萝卜素是由异戊二烯单元组成的四萜类天然黄色色素,其具有抗氧化、抗炎作用,此外,由于类胡萝卜素是视黄醇的前提物质,因此其还可作为光保护剂[54-55]。Vasileios等[56]研究指出,辣椒中含有多种类胡萝卜素,含量为25~90 g/kg,其中35%以上为辣椒红色素。类胡萝卜素的“核心”结构元素是由一系列共轭C=C键组成的多烯骨架,能够向自由基提供氢和电子,稳定自由基并产生相对稳定的类胡萝卜素自由基,类胡萝卜素还可作为单线态氧淬灭剂,使单线态氧中激发能量转移至类胡萝卜素,从而达到抗氧化的目的[57-58]。范三红等[59]在高血脂小鼠饲粮中添加2.5~7.5 mg/kg的辣椒红色素,发现能够显著提高小鼠肝组织中GPx、SOD及过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性。Hernández-Ortega等[60]在小鼠饲粮中添加5 mg/kg辣椒红色素,发现其能够显著降低小鼠爪水肿的发生,其水肿的发生主要是组胺的释放引起,类胡萝卜素可阻断NF-κB向细胞核的易位,且能够与NF-κB途径相互作用,从而抑制炎症细胞因子的下游产生[61],降低组胺的产生,从而达到抗炎的目的。此外,Li等[62]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加9.6 mg/kg辣椒红色素,发现其能够加深蛋黄颜色,且试验组蛋重有升高的趋势。

4 辣椒副产物在动物生产中的应用及其作用机制

4.1 辣椒粕

当前,辣椒粕主要作为蛋白质饲料和诱饲剂用于调控动物采食量或作为潜在抗生素替代物加以利用。田宗祥等[9,63]给育肥猪饲粮中添加1.5%~3%的辣椒粕,发现添加2.5%的去籽辣椒粕能够提高其采食量,随着辣椒粕添加比例的提高,育肥猪日增重、肉料比及屠宰率也随之升高,添加比例在2%~2.5%时效果最佳。Thiamhirunsopit等[64]在给高放养密度下肉鸡饲粮中添加辣椒粕时发现,添加辣椒粕能够提高肉鸡的生长性能及抗氧化性能,显著提高饲料利用率及平均日增重,降低血清中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量,添加水平在78.9 g/kg时效果最好,有作为抗生素替代品的潜力。赵芸君等[65]在育肥肉牛饲粮配制专利中提出,肉牛饲粮中添加辣椒粕可提高其采食量、日增重及肉料比,能够预防疾病的发生。赵芸君等[66]在“一种提高羊肉胴体品质和肉羊生产性能的生产方法及其肉羊日粮配制方法”专利中表明,饲粮中添加3%~6%的辣椒粕能够提高肉羊采食量、日增重,并能够改善肉品质及健康水平。徐敬龙[67]在“一种牛羊发酵饲料及其制备方法的”专利中提到,饲粮中添加3%~8%的辣椒粕能够有效提高鲁西牛及绵羊的料重比及平均体增重,有助于提高其生产性能。辣椒粕能提高饲料利用率,改善动物的生产性能的作用机制可能是由于辣椒粕中含有一定量的辣椒碱,其能够提高动物空肠寡肽转运蛋白1(oligopeptide transporter 1,PepT1)和B0系统中性氨基酸转运载体(system B0 neutral amino-acid transporter,B0AT)mRNA表达量,进而促使肠道对营养物质的吸收[68];其主要抗氧化机制可能是辣椒粕中含有的辣椒碱或多酚类化合物能够与Fe2+螯合,清除Fe2+催化产生的ROS自由基,降低脂质过氧化产生的MDA[69]。

4.2 辣椒秸秆

辣椒秸秆主要作为粗饲料在动物饲粮中加以利用,同时因辣椒秸秆含有辣椒碱及多酚类物质,因此,适量添加辣椒秸秆能够有效降低机体炎症,改善其肠道菌群结构及动物健康状况,促进动物的生长。周松涛等[21]在獭兔饲粮中添加15%的辣椒秸秆,发现獭兔能够很好利用辣椒秸秆中的营养成分,其中对辣椒秸秆中CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、EE、Ca和P的表观消化率分别为62.47%、32.55%、77.50%、64.37%和22.48%。张志和[70]在“一种速成羊全日混合颗粒饲料及其制备方法”的专利中提到,肉羊饲粮中添加5%的辣椒秸秆能够显著降低料重比,有效提高肉羊的日增重及饲料利用率。杨恋等[71]在“一种含发酵辣椒秸秆的饲料”的专利中提到,在肉鸡饲粮中添加2%的辣椒秸秆能够提高其血清中SOD及GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,并显著降低其盲肠拟杆菌属相对丰度,显著提高柔嫩梭菌属相对丰度。杨雄[72]在“一种利用辣椒茎叶制备饲料的方法”的专利中提到,在生长育肥猪饲粮中添加5%的辣椒茎叶发酵饲料能够提高平均日增重,降低腹泻率。苏远芳[73]在“一种含辣椒叶的饲料添加剂及其应用”的专利中提到,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加10%的辣椒叶能够提高其平均日增重,较未添加组相比提高20%,发病率降低83.3%。赵三存[74]在“一种提高仔猪夏季机体抗氧化能力的饲喂方法”的专利中提到,在仔猪饲粮中添加8%辣椒叶能够有效提高其血清中GSH-Px、SOD活性及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC),降低MDA含量,能够有效提高仔猪的生长效率。辣椒秸秆的主要抗氧化机制可能是辣椒秸秆中含有一定量的辣椒素,其能够提高SOD活性,抑制脂质的过氧化反应,SOD可清除自由基,阻断其产生过氧化脂质(lipid peroxide,LPO)的链式反应,降低LPO的生成,从而降低MDA的含量[75]。腹泻率降低的机制可能是由于辣椒秸秆中的辣椒素能够促进肠道乳酸杆菌数量,抑制有害菌的繁殖,从而改善动物肠道健康状况[76]。

4.3 其他辣椒副产物

辣椒粉及辣椒油主要作为调色剂和抗冷应激制剂,用于改善动物生长发育。有研究表明,鹅饲粮中添加3~6 g辣椒粉能够提高采食量和抗寒能力,加深蛋黄颜色,降低发病率及死淘率[77]。Fan等[78]在生长猪饲粮中添加辣椒粉与大豆油的混合物,发现能够降低T-AOC、低密度胆固醇和总胆固醇的含量,且能够提高其对营养物质的消化率。区秋儒等[79]给“麒麟”鸡饲粮中添加0.05%~0.3%的辣椒粉,发现能够促进糖代谢与脂代谢,显著降低料重比,提高平均日增重,降低血清中MDA含量,有助于提高肉鸡生长性能及改善其健康状况。彭伟等[80]在“一种改善鸡蛋蛋黄颜色的饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用”的专利中提到,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加0.4%的辣椒粉能够显著提高产蛋率、蛋壳厚度及蛋黄颜色,降低破蛋率,有助于提高蛋品质;但饲粮中添加0.5%的辣椒粉对京粉蛋鸡产蛋率无显著影响。Cardozo等[81-82]在肉牛饲粮中添加辣椒油,降低了瘤胃中大肽的含量,提高了小肽及氨基酸的含量,表明辣椒油能够刺激肽分解,增强微生物蛋白的合成,并能够改善肉牛对营养物质的利用。Afolabi等[83]在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.2%的辣椒粉,发现其能够改善肉鸡生长性能,且能够提高肉鸡免疫性能。辣椒粉能够加深蛋黄颜色主要是由于其含有叶黄素这种类胡萝卜素,能够通过血液进入机体转化为棕油酸二醋沉积在蛋中[84]。糖脂代谢水平上升可能是由于辣椒素能够使肝脏中X受体(liver X receptor,LXR)和胰岛素促进因子-1(pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1,PDX-1)的mRNA水平上调,进而使葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase G-6-pase)的mRNA与蛋白表达水平下调,葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GK)和葡萄糖转运蛋白-2(glucose transporter-2,GLUT-2)的mRNA及蛋白表达水平上调,从而使肝糖原合成增加,过量的葡萄糖转化为甘油三酯进入血液中代谢[85]。

5 辣椒副产物饲料化应用前景展望

辣椒副产物作为一种来源稳定且储量可观的非常规饲料,在辣椒种植主产区其具有较高的饲料化利用价值。然而,当前对辣椒副产物的研究还不够系统,如目前辣椒副产物中活性物质的研究主要集中在辣椒碱对动物机体的影响,对其他辣椒生物活性物质的作用及这些生物活性物质间的协同作用机制尚不清楚,辣椒副产物是否可以作为功能性饲料调控生产功能性畜产品还有待研究。此外,辣椒副产物在动物饲粮的适宜添加量还有待深入,尤其是储量较大的辣椒秸秆,其在反刍动物饲粮中的适宜添加量亟需解决。再者,如何通过增值化加工方式,改善辣椒秸秆等辣椒副产物的适口性和消化率也需要进一步研究。随着我国畜牧业发展规模与饲料供给矛盾的日益突出,实现年产970万t辣椒副产物的科学、安全和高效利用对辣椒主产区的畜牧业发展具有重要的支撑意义。

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