Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 5: 2904 - 2915

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.272

RESEARCH PAPER

Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acids Ileal Digestibility of Fresh Fermented Soybean Meal in Rapidly Growing Yellow-Feathered Broilers

  • ZHANG Sai , 1 ,
  • LIU Zhuying , 2, * ,
  • WANG Xiaolong 3 ,
  • LIANG Enquan 3 ,
  • FAN Qiuli 1 ,
  • MAO Shenli 1 ,
  • JIANG Shouqun , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, China
  • 3 Hunan Liangping Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China
*LIU Zhuying,lecturer,E-mail: ;
JIANG Shouqun,professor,E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-16

  Online published: 2023-05-11

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolizable energy and amino acids ileal digestibility of fresh fermented soybean meal in rapidly growing yellow-feathered broilers. Trial 1 was to evaluate the apparent matabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent matabolizable energy (AMEn) of fresh fermented soybean meal. Forty-eight 30-day-old male rapidly growing yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated into 2 groups with 6 replicates per group and 4 broilers per replicate. Broilers in 2 groups were fed basal diet and experimental diet, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 3 days, and the total collection period lasted for 4 days. Trial 2 was to evaluate the amino acid ileal digestibility of fresh fermented soybean meal. Seventy-two 30-day-old male rapidly growing yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated into 2 groups with 6 replicates per group and 6 broilers per replicate. Broilers in 2 groups were fed nitrogen-free diet and experimental diet, respectively. The experimental period lasted for 3 days. The results of trial 1 showed that on as-fed basis, the AME and AMEn of fresh fermented soybean meal were significantly lower than those of regular soybean meal (P<0.05); on dry matter basis, the AME and AMEn of fresh fermented soybean meal were significantly higher than those of regular soybean meal (P<0.05). The results of trial 2 showed that the top 4 apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of essential amino acids were methionine (82.55%), arginine (81.66%), tyrosine (80.64%) and tryptophan (80.50%), and the top 4 standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of essential amino acids were tryptophan (97.89%), methionine (91.26%), arginine (88.20%) and isoleucine (87.52%). The AID of non-essential amino acids were glutamate (80.75%), aspartate (74.17%) and proline (72.95%), and the SID of non-essential amino acids were proline (86.56%), glutamate (84.79%) and serine (83.17%). On as-fed basis, the amino acids contents in fresh fermented soybean meal were lower than those in regular soybean meal, due to the high moisture content in fresh fermented soybean meal. On dry matter basis, the amino acids contents (except tryptophan) in fresh fermented soybean meal were lower than those in regular soybean meal. Among essential amino acids, the SID of methionine, threonine and tryptophan of fresh fermented soybean meal were higher than those of regular soybean meal. In conclusion, the AME and AMEn of fresh fermented soybean meal on dry matter basis were 14.38 and 13.20 MJ/kg, which were 25.3% and 27.3% higher than regular soybean meal, it shows that the soybean meal after fermentation can improve the metabolic energy. The SID of methionine, threonine and tryptophan are improved after fermentation.

Key words： fresh fermented soybean meal; apparent metabolizable energy; nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy; ileal digestibility of amino acids

Cite this article

ZHANG Sai , LIU Zhuying , WANG Xiaolong , LIANG Enquan , FAN Qiuli , MAO Shenli , JIANG Shouqun . Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acids Ileal Digestibility of Fresh Fermented Soybean Meal in Rapidly Growing Yellow-Feathered Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(5) : 2904 -2915 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.272

近年来豆粕市场价格持续高涨,大大增加了养殖成本。发酵处理能分解部分大豆抗营养因子,并把蛋白质降解为小肽和氨基酸以提高利用率,同时能促进有益菌定植肠道,改善肠道微生物环境,而发酵产生的乳酸也提高了适口性,此外发酵豆粕还有减抗替抗的良好潜力[1⇓⇓-4]。生物发酵能提高大豆的生物利用价值和附加价值,从而间接降低豆粕使用成本。然而豆粕发酵后一般需要高温干燥处理,不仅增加生产成本,而且导致大量有益菌失活和生物活性物质破坏,在烘干过程也对环境排放尾气[4]。因此,湿态发酵豆粕逐步受到市场的关注。近年研究表明,饲粮添加湿态发酵豆粕能较好地改善猪[3,5⇓⇓-8]、蛋鸡[9⇓-11]和白羽肉鸡[12-13]的肠道发育、消化道微生态环境和生长性能,也能降低生产成本。但是,湿态发酵豆粕在黄羽肉鸡营养中的应用缺乏基础研究。湿态发酵豆粕作为饲料原料,缺乏代谢能[表观代谢能(apparent matabolizable energy,AME)和氮校正表观代谢能(nitrogen corrected apparent matabolizable energy,AMEn)]和氨基酸回肠消化率[(表观回肠消化率(apparent ileal digestibility,AID)和标准回肠消化率(standardized ileal digestibility,SID)]等基础数据,严重制约了湿态发酵豆粕在饲料配方中的应用。因此,本试验选用快大型黄羽肉鸡为研究对象,测定湿态发酵豆粕代谢能和氨基酸回肠消化率,为湿态发酵豆粕在饲料中使用提供重要数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与饲粮

湿态发酵豆粕由湖南某生物科技有限公司提供。发酵过程添加豆皮作为额外碳源。动物试验前实测湿态发酵豆粕干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、总磷含量和总能分别为61.00%、28.40%、2.30%、4.20%、0.22%、0.54%和15.01 MJ/kg。
试验1:评估湿态发酵豆粕饲喂30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡的代谢能(AME和AMEn)。选取48只30日龄快大型黄羽肉公鸡,根据平均体重[对照组(763±9) g,试验组(762±8) g]接近原则随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复(笼)4只鸡。对照组和试验组分别饲喂基础饲粮和试验饲粮,其中试验饲粮用湿态发酵豆粕替换30%基础饲粮配制,并通过套算法计算湿态发酵豆粕代谢能,饲粮营养水平参考《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020),试验1饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期7 d,包括3 d预试期和4 d全收粪期。
表1 试验1饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 1 (as-fed basis) %

项目Items 基础饲粮Basal diet 试验饲粮Experimental diet
湿态发酵豆粕Fresh fermented soybean meal 30.00
玉米Corn 71.32 49.92
豆粕Soybean meal (43% CP) 20.00 14.00
豆油Soybean oil 3.50 2.45
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.30 0.21
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.28 0.20
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.21
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 2.00 1.40
石粉Limestone 1.30 0.91
预混料Premix1) 1.00 0.70
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
氮校正表观代谢能AMEn/(MJ/kg) 12.40 10.49
粗蛋白质CP 15.28 19.04
钙Ca 1.01 0.76
总磷TP 0.68 0.47
非植酸磷NPP 0.44 0.31
可消化赖氨酸DLys 0.89 1.18
可消化蛋氨酸+可消化半胱氨酸DMet+DCys 0.73 0.77

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 9 000 IU,VD3 500 IU,VE 35 IU,VK 2.2 mg,VB1 2.3 mg,VB2 5 mg,VB6 2.4 mg,VB12 15 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Zn 60 mg,Mn 60 mg,I 0.60 mg,Se 0.15 mg。

2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

试验2:评估湿态发酵豆粕饲喂快大型黄羽肉鸡的氨基酸回肠消化率(AID和SID)。选取72只30日龄快大型黄羽肉公鸡,根据平均体重[无氮饲粮组(758±9) g,试验组(756±11) g]接近原则,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复(笼)6只鸡。无氮饲粮组和试验组分别饲喂无氮饲粮和试验饲粮,添加二氧化钛作为外源指示剂测定氨基酸消化率。肉鸡转移至代谢室前,经过消毒处理确保代谢笼清洁,代谢室温度、光照按肉鸡饲养管理要求执行。选择体重均一、健康的黄羽肉鸡放置于代谢室代谢笼中,按照常规饲养管理要求进行严格控制,保证适宜的温湿度和良好通风。肉鸡在代谢笼自由采食无氮饲粮和试验饲粮3 d,第4天取样。第3天19:00断料,第4天07:00喂料并自由采食0.5 h后,再等待3 h至食糜到达回肠段,屠宰采样。
表2 试验2饲粮组成(饲喂基础)

Table 2 Composition of diets in experiment 2 (as-fed basis) %

项目Items 无氮饲粮Nitrogen-free diet 试验饲粮Experimental diet
湿态发酵豆粕Fresh fermented soybean meal 30.00
玉米淀粉Corn starch 61.86 34.55
葡萄糖Glucose 27.00 25.00
豆油Soybean oil 1.50 2.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 2.20 2.30
石粉Limestone 1.10 0.90
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30
纤维素Cellulose 5.00 3.40
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.26 0.26
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.14 0.15
维生素Vitamins 0.03 0.03
矿物质Minerals 0.20 0.20
抗氧化剂Antioxidant 0.01 0.01
二氧化钛Titanium dioxide 0.40 0.40
合计Total 100.00 100.00

维生素和矿物质为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamins and minerals provided the following per kg of diets:VA 9 000 IU,VD3 500 IU,VE 35 IU,VK 2.2 mg,VB1 2.3 mg,VB2 5 mg,VB6 2.4 mg,VB12 15 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Zn 60 mg,Mn 60 mg,I 0.60 mg,Se 0.15 mg。

1.2 样品采集与指标测定

1.2.1 排泄物收集和营养物质含量测定(试验1)

每天分2次饲喂,并记录采食量。全收粪期以笼为单位每天收集排泄物2次,并去除羽毛和饲料,加入10%盐酸固定可挥发氮。试验结束后,称量排泄物总重,混合均匀后采样500 g于65 ℃烘箱烘干2~3 d,并回潮24 h后称量干重。粉碎机粉碎过筛并装袋放常温保存,分析备用。
测定基础饲粮、试验饲粮和烘干粪样中干物质、氮含量和总能,计算湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn。总能使用氧弹式测热仪(Parr Instruments,美国)测定,干物质和氮含量分别参照国标[14-15]方法测定。

1.2.2 回肠食糜氨基酸和二氧化钛含量测定(试验2)

肉鸡饲喂4 d后,屠宰收集回肠食糜,并冻干粉碎,测定食糜中二氧化钛和氨基酸含量,计算湿态发酵豆粕的氨基酸AID和SID。氨基酸含量参照国标[16⇓-18]方法测定,二氧化钛含量参考Short等[19]方法测定。

1.3 数据处理与计算

使用套算法计算湿态发酵豆粕的AME[20]和AM E n [ 21 ]。

1.3.1 AME计算

相关计算公式如下:
食入基础饲粮总能(MJ)=基础饲粮总能(MJ/kg)×基础饲粮组采食量(kg);
食入试验饲粮总能(MJ)=试验饲粮总能(MJ/kg)×试验饲粮组采食量(kg);
基础饲粮组排泄物总能(MJ)=基础饲粮组固氮、干燥后饲粮排泄物总能(MJ/kg)×基础饲粮组收集的排泄物经固氮、干燥后的重量(kg);
试验饲粮组排泄物总能(MJ)=试验饲粮组固氮、干燥后饲粮排泄物总能(MJ/kg)×试验饲粮收集的排泄物经固氮、干燥后的重量(kg);
基础饲粮AME(MJ/kg)=[食入基础饲粮总能(MJ)-基础饲粮组排泄物总能(MJ)]/基础饲粮组采食量(kg);
试验饲粮AME(MJ/kg)=[食入试验饲粮总能(MJ)-试验饲粮组排泄物总能(MJ)]/试验饲粮组采食量(kg);
待测原料AME(MJ/kg)={试验饲粮AME(MJ/kg)-基础饲粮AME(MJ/kg)×[1-替代比例(%)]}/替代比例(%)。

1.3.2 AMEn计算

相关计算公式如下:
试验饲粮或基础饲粮AMEn(MJ/kg)=试验饲粮或基础饲粮AME(MJ/kg)-[日沉积氮(g/d)×34.39(MJ/g)]/日采食量(kg/d);
待测原料AMEn(MJ/kg)={试验饲粮AMEn(MJ/kg)-基础饲粮AMEn(MJ/kg)×[(1-替代比例(%)]}/替代比例(%)。

1.3.3 沉积效率计算

相关计算公式如下:
氮沉积率(%)=100×[每日氮摄入量(g/d)-每日氮排放量(g/d)]/每日氮摄入量(g/d);
总能沉积率(%)=100×[每日总能摄入量(MJ/d)-每日总能排放量(MJ/d)]/每日总能摄入量(MJ/d)。

1.3.4 氨基酸回肠消化率计算[22-23]

相关计算公式如下:
氨基酸AID(%)=100×[1-(食糜氨基酸含量/饲粮氨基酸含量)×(饲粮二氧化钛含量/食糜二氧化钛含量)];
内源氨基酸损失(g/kg干物质采食量)=食糜氨基酸含量×(无氮饲粮二氧化钛含量/食糜二氧化钛含量);
氨基酸SID(%)=100×[氨基酸AID+(内源氨基酸损失/饲粮氨基酸含量)]。

1.4 统计分析

采用R语言4.2.0软件对数据t检验(t-test),0.05≤P≤0.10为差异有显著趋势,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著;试验结果数据用“平均值±标准误”表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 湿态发酵豆粕代谢能评定(试验1)

表3列出了30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲喂湿态发酵豆粕饲粮的氮平衡与能量平衡情况,试验组平均日采食量、日摄入氮、干排泄物氮含量、日鲜排泄物排放量、日能量排放量、日氮排放量和每日氮沉积均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表3 30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲喂湿态发酵豆粕饲粮的氮平衡与能量平衡

Table 3 Nitrogen and energy balance of 30-day-old rapidly growing yellow-feathered broilers fed fresh fermented soybean meal

项目Items 对照组Control group 试验组Experimental group
饲粮干物质含量Dietary dry matter content/% 86.69 80.25
饲粮总能Dietary gross energy/(MJ/kg) 17.14 16.08
饲粮氮含量Dietary nitrogen content/(g/kg) 26.41 33.20
平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/(g/d) 124±1b 135±3a
日摄入能量Daily energy intake/(MJ/d) 2.13±0.02 2.18±0.04
日摄入氮Daily nitrogen intake/(g/d) 3.29±0.03b 4.49±0.09a
排泄物干物质含量Excreta dry matter content/% 21.67±0.59 20.70±0.22
干排泄物总能Dry excreta gross energy/(MJ/kg) 16.14±0.14 15.78±0.14
干排泄物氮含量Dry excreta nitrogen content/(g/kg) 44.16±1.34b 59.31±1.31a
日鲜排泄物排放量Daily fresh excreta output/(g/d) 144.15±2.81b 177.56±5.63a
日能量排放量Daily energy output/(MJ/d) 0.50±0.01b 0.58±0.01a
日氮排放量Daily nitrogen output/(g/d) 1.38±0.04b 2.18±0.08a
每日氮沉积Daily nitrogen retention/(g/d) 1.91±0.04b 2.31±0.08a
每日能量沉积Daily energy retention/(MJ/d) 1.63±0.02 1.60±0.04

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。表4和表5同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as Table 4 and Table 5.

表4列出了30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲喂湿态发酵豆粕饲粮的代谢能情况,试验组饲喂基础和干物质基础的AME和AMEn均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验组氮沉积率和总能沉积率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表4 30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲喂湿态发酵豆粕饲粮的代谢能

Table 4 Metabolizable energy of 30-day-old rapidly growing yellow-feathered broilers fed fresh fermented soybean meal

项目Items 对照组Control group 试验组Experimental group
表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) 13.10±0.07a (15.11±0.08a) 11.80±0.10b (14.71±0.12b)
氮校正表观代谢能AMEn/(MJ/kg) 12.57±0.07a (14.50±0.08a) 11.21±0.08b (13.97±0.10b)
氮沉积率Nitrogen deposition rate/% 58.15±1.08a 51.45±1.76b
总能沉积率Gross energy deposition rate/% 76.40±0.40a 73.37±0.60b

括号外数据为饲喂基础,括号内数据为干物质基础。表5同。

Values out of parentheses were on as-fed basis, and values in parentheses were on dry matter basis. The same as Table 5.

表5比较了普通豆粕和湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn。饲喂基础下,湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn均显著低于普通豆粕(P<0.05)。干物质基础下,湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn均显著高于普通豆粕(P<0.05)。
表5 普通豆粕和湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn比较

Table 5 Comparison of AME and AMEn between regular soybean meal and fresh fermented soybean meal

项目
Items		 普通豆粕
Regular soybean meal		 湿态发酵豆粕
Fresh fermented soybean meal
表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) 10.00a (11.48b) 8.77±0.32b (14.38±0.51a)
氮校正表观代谢能AMEn/(MJ/kg) 9.03a (10.37b) 8.05±0.27b (13.20±0.33a)
氮校正表观代谢能:表观代谢能AMEn:AME 0.903 0.918

普通豆粕(44%粗蛋白质)数据参考《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020),干物质含量87.1%;湿态发酵豆粕数据基于本试验30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡,干物质含量61.0%。表7同。

Data of regular soybean meal (44% CP) was referred to Nutrient Requirements of Yellow-Feathered Broilers (NY/T 3645—2020), and the dry matter content was 87.1%; data of fresh fermented soybean meal was based on 30-day-old rapidly growing yellow-feathered broilers in this study, and the dry matter content was 61.0%. The same as Table 7.

2.2 湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸回肠消化率评估(试验2)

表6列出了湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量、氨基酸SID和可消化氨基酸值,可消化氨基酸值是湿态发酵豆粕作为饲料原料入库的关键配方指标。
表6 湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量、氨基酸SID和可消化氨基酸值

Table 6 Amino acid content, amino acid SID and digestible amino acid value of fresh fermented soybean meal %

项目
Items		 氨基酸含量
Amino acid content		 氨基酸标准回肠消化率
Amino acid SID		 可消化氨基酸值
Digestible amino acid value
必需氨基酸EAA
赖氨酸Lys 1.70 85.69 1.46
蛋氨酸Met 0.38 91.26 0.35
半胱氨酸Cys 0.41 73.78 0.30
苏氨酸Thr 1.07 84.86 0.91
色氨酸Trp 0.47 97.89 0.46
精氨酸Arg 1.70 88.20 1.50
亮氨酸Leu 2.12 83.30 1.77
异亮氨酸Ile 1.33 87.52 1.16
苯丙氨酸Phe 1.41 77.89 1.10
酪氨酸Tyr 1.05 83.11 0.87
组氨酸His 0.73 84.24 0.61
缬氨酸Val 1.38 83.16 1.15
非必需氨基酸NEAA
甘氨酸Gly 1.19 79.81 0.95
丙氨酸Ala 1.14 81.42 0.93
天冬氨酸Asp 3.13 81.91 2.56
谷氨酸Glu 4.96 84.79 4.21
脯氨酸Pro 1.39 86.56 1.20
丝氨酸Ser 1.32 83.17 1.10
表7比较了普通豆粕与湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量,由于湿态发酵豆粕干物质含量(61.0%)远低于普通豆粕(87.7%),饲喂基础下的湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量均低于普通豆粕,干物质基础下的湿态发酵豆粕的氨基酸含量(除色氨酸外)均略低于普通豆粕。
表7 普通豆粕与湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量比较

Table 7 Comparison of amino acid content in regular soybean meal and fresh fermented soybean meal %

项目
Items		 饲喂基础As-fed basis 干物质基础DM basis
普通豆粕
Regular soybean
meal		 湿态发酵豆粕
Fresh fermented
soybean meal		 普通豆粕
Regular soybean
meal		 湿态发酵豆粕
Fresh fermented
soybean meal
必需氨基酸EAA
赖氨酸Lys 2.58 1.70 2.96 2.79
蛋氨酸Met 0.58 0.38 0.67 0.62
半胱氨酸Cys 0.63 0.41 0.72 0.67
苏氨酸Thr 1.63 1.07 1.87 1.75
色氨酸Trp 0.54 0.47 0.62 0.77
精氨酸Arg 3.13 1.70 3.59 2.79
亮氨酸Leu 3.21 2.12 3.69 3.48
异亮氨酸Ile 1.92 1.33 2.20 2.18
苯丙氨酸Phe 2.17 1.41 2.49 2.31
酪氨酸Tyr 1.54 1.05 1.77 1.72
组氨酸His 1.13 0.73 1.30 1.20
缬氨酸Val 2.00 1.38 2.30 2.26
非必需氨基酸NEAA
甘氨酸Gly 1.79 1.19 2.06 1.95
丙氨酸Ala 1.83 1.14 2.10 1.87
天冬氨酸Asp 4.83 3.13 5.55 5.13
谷氨酸Glu 7.42 4.96 8.52 8.13
脯氨酸Pro 2.13 1.39 2.45 2.28
丝氨酸Ser 2.13 1.32 2.45 2.16
表8列出了湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸AID和SID。必需氨基酸AID前4位由高到低分别为蛋氨酸(82.55%)、精氨酸(81.66%)、酪氨酸(80.64%)、色氨酸(80.50%),必需氨基酸SID前4位由高到低分别为色氨酸(97.89%)、蛋氨酸(91.26%)、精氨酸(88.20%)、异亮氨酸(87.52%)。非必需氨基酸AID前3位由高到低分别为谷氨酸(80.75%)、天冬氨酸(74.17%)、脯氨酸(72.95%),非必需氨基酸SID前3位由高到低分别为脯氨酸(86.56%)、谷氨酸(84.79%)、丝氨酸(83.17%)。
表8 湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸AID和SID

Table 8 AID and SID of amino acids of fresh fermented soybean meal

项目Items 表观回肠消化率AID 标准回肠消化率SID 均值标准误SEM
必需氨基酸EAA
赖氨酸Lys 78.30 85.69 1.03
蛋氨酸Met 82.55 91.26 1.18
半胱氨酸Cys 63.88 73.78 2.18
苏氨酸Thr 62.50 84.86 1.78
色氨酸Trp 80.50 97.89 4.54
精氨酸Arg 81.66 88.20 0.84
亮氨酸Leu 76.73 83.30 0.88
异亮氨酸Ile 76.82 87.52 0.92
苯丙氨酸Phe 79.47 77.89 0.75
酪氨酸Tyr 80.64 83.11 0.87
组氨酸His 77.55 84.24 0.94
缬氨酸Val 73.43 83.16 1.05
非必需氨基酸NEAA
甘氨酸Gly 68.13 79.81 1.29
丙氨酸Ala 72.09 81.42 1.06
天冬氨酸Asp 74.17 81.91 1.31
谷氨酸Glu 80.75 84.79 0.96
脯氨酸Pro 72.95 86.56 1.22
丝氨酸Ser 70.44 83.17 1.13

3 讨论

湿态发酵豆粕能较好地改善猪[3,5⇓⇓-8]和禽[9⇓⇓⇓-13]的肠道发育、消化道微生态环境和生长性能,也能降低生产成本。然而作为饲料原料,湿态发酵豆粕缺乏代谢能(AME和AMEn)和氨基酸回肠消化率(AID和SID)等核心数据,代谢能和氨基酸回肠消化率是目前猪禽饲料原料关键的配方指标,也是利用新型饲料原料的重要前提。因此,本试验旨在测定湿态发酵豆粕代谢能和氨基酸回肠消化率,为湿态发酵豆粕在饲料中使用提供重要数据支撑。

3.1 湿态发酵豆粕代谢能评定

本研究通过平衡试验和套算法[24]评估湿态发酵豆粕的代谢能(AME和AMEn)。湿态发酵豆粕水分(39%)和粗蛋白质含量(28%)较高,用湿态发酵豆粕替换30%基础饲粮作为试验饲粮,故试验饲粮干物质含量和总能均低于基础饲粮,而氮含量高于基础饲粮。饲喂试验饲粮肉鸡的平均日采食量和日鲜排泄物排放量均高于基础饲粮,可能与湿态发酵豆粕具有更好的适口性有关[3,7]。试验饲粮更高的氮含量和采食量导致试验组日摄入氮和日氮排放量均高于对照组,并发现氮平衡(日摄入氮和日氮排放量)也显著高于对照组。能量平衡方面,试验饲粮较高的采食量和较低的能量水平有冲抵效应,导致日摄入能量接近基础饲粮,试验组更高的日能量排放量与日鲜排泄物排放量有关,而整体能量沉积与对照组无明显差别。
在饲粮层面,由于基础饲粮能量饲料原料比例较含有30%湿态发酵豆粕的试验饲粮高,因此试验组在干物质基础和饲喂基础的饲粮AME和AMEn均低于对照组。在饲料原料层面,在饲喂基础下,湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn均低于普通豆粕;在干物质基础下,湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AMEn均高于普通豆粕。由于湿态发酵豆粕(39%)和普通豆粕(12%)较大的水分含量差异,在干物质基础更具有可比性。豆粕发酵后有效能值得到了提高,与以往研究结果相吻合[25]。豆粕经微生物发酵后,能把粗蛋白质分解为更利于消化吸收的小肽和氨基酸[2-3,7,10],同时消解豆粕中抗营养因子[1,3,12],生成的生物活性物质对营养物质消化吸收也有利[3]。另外本研究也表明,湿态发酵豆粕能改变氮平衡或氮沉积,进而可能进一步影响能量利用[26]。AMEn:AME也是反映能量利用效率的重要参考。相比蛋白质饲料,能量饲料的由于粗蛋白质含量较低,AMEn:AME≈1。事实上,能量利用效率越高,比值越接近1。本试验中,湿态发酵豆粕AMEn:AME为0.918,高于普通豆粕的0.903,进一步佐证了豆粕发酵后能量利用效率得到一定提高。

3.2 湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸回肠消化率评定

本研究以湿态发酵豆粕作为唯一氮来源,通过屠宰法评估湿态发酵豆粕的氨基酸AID,并利用无氮饲粮评估内源氨基酸损失,以计算氨基酸SID。在单胃动物中,食物氨基酸主要在小肠完成消化吸收,大肠对氨基酸的消化吸收几乎没有贡献,而大肠中大量微生物可以对食糜氨基酸加以利用,并合成新的氨基酸,对评估氨基酸消化率造成干扰[27-28]。因此一般通过回肠末端收取食糜的方法评估单胃动物氨基酸回肠消化率,以规避大肠微生物的干扰效应。使用氨基酸SID能校正氨基酸内源损失,生物学上更准确反映氨基酸利用效果[20];数学上也具有更好的可加性,即在配制多原料混合饲粮时,不受饲粮因素的影响,对于数据的收集和参考具有重要意义[20,22]。Stein等[22]和Osho等[28]分别证实了SID相比AID在猪和白羽肉鸡上具有更好的可加性,所以SID可以作为饲粮配制有效氨基酸的指标。
评估氨基酸回肠消化率的常用方法包括去盲肠法[29⇓-31]、直接屠宰法[23,31⇓-33]和T型瘘管法[31]等。由于猪相比禽类的屠宰成本和操作难度更高,T型瘘管法[32]在猪上使用较多,禽类偶有使用[31]。在早期研究中,禽类早期研究用去盲肠法较多[29-30],目前多采用直接屠宰法获取回肠末端食糜[32-33]。卢福庄等[34]比较了正常鸡和去盲肠鸡的氨基酸回肠消化率,发现去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排量显著高于正常鸡,说明方法学差异不可忽略。测量内源氨基酸损失一般常用回归法[35]、饥饿法[36]、无氮饲粮法[23-24,37]。近年来,无氮饲粮测定内源氨基酸损失较多,饥饿法早年研究使用较多,2种方法的试验动物处于非正常饲喂或生理状况,数据准确性依然有待商榷。回归法能使试验鸡处于正常的生理和饲喂状态,但是内源数据通过数学方法间接推算(截距),数据依然有局限性。总之测量内源氨基酸没有绝对完美的方法,而且存在方法学差异[36],氨基酸SID需要明确内源损失校正的方法学更为妥当。
目前没有找到公开详细的研究比较豆粕发酵前后氨基酸含量和消化率的变化,本试验通过比较湿态发酵豆粕和数据库[38]中44%粗蛋白质含量普通豆粕的氨基酸组成和消化率发现,由于湿态发酵豆粕水分含量较高,饲喂基础下的湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量均低于普通豆粕。干物质基础下,湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量(除色氨酸外)均略低于普通豆粕。湿态发酵豆粕蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸SID高于普通豆粕,其他氨基酸SID低于普通豆粕。尽管有报道指出豆粕发酵后能提高消化利用率[2-3,7,10],普通豆粕与本试验用发酵前豆粕粗蛋白质含量接近,但是仍可能与实际发酵前豆粕存在差异。研究表明不同类型或来源的豆粕[30]、发酵豆粕[39]的氨基酸回肠消化率有差异。此外数据库[38]中氨基酸消化率参考白羽肉鸡,可能也会导致与本试验30日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡氨基酸回肠消化率出现差异。总之,动物品种[32]、日龄[33,37]、原料[37]以及方法学差异[36]均有可能导致氨基酸回肠消化率出现变化。
由于氨基酸SID考虑消化道氨基酸内源损失,数值上高于氨基酸AID。本试验通过比较氨基酸SID和AID差异发现,苏氨酸、色氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、异亮氨酸差异较大,说明消化道内源损失以上述氨基酸为主。Stein等[40]曾指出,甘氨酸、脯氨酸和苏氨酸是内源物质(如胆盐和黏蛋白)的重要组成,它们抗重吸收能力较强。

4 结论

湿态发酵豆粕饲喂(干物质)基础下的AME和AMEn分别为8.77(14.38)和8.05(13.20) MJ/kg。干物质基础下,湿态发酵豆粕AME和AMEn比普通豆粕分别高25.3%和27.3%,说明豆粕通过发酵后能提升代谢能。湿态发酵豆粕的必需氨基酸AID前4位分别为蛋氨酸(82.55%)、精氨酸(81.66%)、酪氨酸(80.64%)、色氨酸(80.50%);SID前4位分别为色氨酸(97.89%)、蛋氨酸(91.26%)、精氨酸(88.20%)、异亮氨酸(87.52%)。豆粕发酵后,蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸SID有所提升。

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