Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 5: 2969 - 2980

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.277

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Classical Music on Slaughter Performance and Intestinal Development of Broiler Chickens with Different Stocking Densities

  • GAO Xinlei , 1 ,
  • GONG Jiangang , 2, * ,
  • LI Lihua 3 ,
  • LIU Yanci 4 ,
  • WANG Xuejing 5 ,
  • ZHAO Guoxian 1 ,
  • FENG Zhihua , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 3 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 4 Baoding Vocational and Technical College, Baoding 071051, China
  • 5 Hebei Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Baoding 071000, China
*GONG Jiangang, lecturer, E-mail: ;
FENG Zhihua, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-08-24

  Online published: 2023-05-11

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of classical music on slaughter performance and intestinal development of broilers chickens with different stocking densities. The experiment was conducted in a 2×3 factorial design (with/without music stimulation×3 stocking densities). Classical music was played in the group with music stimulation, and the three stocking density levels were 15.5, 17.9 and 20.3 birds/m2, respectively. A total of 540 Cobb broilers of 1-day-old were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates per group. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) with the increase of stocking density, the live weight before slaughter, dressing percentage and pectoral muscle percentage of broilers were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and playing classical music significantly increased the live weight of broilers before slaughter (P<0.05). 2) Exposure to classical music had a tendency to increase the relative length of jejunum (P=0.088) and ileum (P=0.057) of broilers. 3) With the increase of stocking density, the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of broilers were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the crypt depth in jejunum and ileum were significantly increased (P<0.05). Playing classical music significantly increased the villus height in jejunum of broilers (P<0.05), and had a tendency to decrease the V/C in jejunum (P=0.058) and ileum (P=0.080). Playing classical music significantly increased the V/C in ileum broilers with high stocking density (20.3 birds/m2) (P<0.05). 4) Increasing stocking density significantly decreased the relative abundances of uncultured_bacterium_f_Ruminococcaceae and Fecalibacterium in cecum of broilers (P<0.05). Playing classical music had no significant effects on cecal microflora of broilers (P>0.05). In conclusion, under the cage condition of this experiment, the stocking density of 20.3 birds/m2 leads to the decrease of live weight before slaughter, slaughter percentage and pectoral muscle percentage of Cobb broilers, results in the imbalance of intestinal morphology and microflora, and the recommended stocking density is 17.9 birds/m2. However, classical music stimulation can improve the live weight before slaughter and intestinal development of broilers to a certain extent. It is suggested that the stocking density of Cobb broilers can be increased to 20.3 birds/m2 under the background of classical music stimulation.

Key words： stocking density; classical music; broiler chickens; slaughter performance; intestinal development

Cite this article

GAO Xinlei , GONG Jiangang , LI Lihua , LIU Yanci , WANG Xuejing , ZHAO Guoxian , FENG Zhihua . Effects of Classical Music on Slaughter Performance and Intestinal Development of Broiler Chickens with Different Stocking Densities[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(5) : 2969 -2980 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.277

在现代家禽养殖业中,肉鸡通常以高密度饲养为主,以最大限度地提高每平方米所生产鸡的产量,从而降低生产成本,达到高额的经济回报。然而,密集饲养会对家禽的生长和健康造成不利影响[1]。据报道,肉鸡的饲养密度与体增重呈负相关[2],这可能是高饲养密度破坏了肉鸡的肠绒毛结构,导致吸收能力降低的结果[3]。此外,肠道微生物的动态变化会根据宿主和环境因素变化而改变[4],而高饲养密度所导致的应激,可能是诱导肠道微生物发生改变的因素之一。并且,饲养密度增加会导致肠道中病原体数量的增多,增加鸡患坏死性肠炎的可能性,破坏肠道平衡,造成动物发育迟缓[5]。
研究表明,音乐在缓解压力方面不仅仅对人类有效[6],在动物的应用上同样有积极作用[7-8]。本课题组前期研究表明,相比于流行音乐和民族音乐,古典音乐对肉鸡健康有更佳的改善效果[9]。拉格音乐是古典音乐的一种,具有旋律优美、微妙细腻的特点以及轻微起伏、精巧典雅的曲线[10]。“拉格”是Raga的译音。据报道,Raga独特的旋律可以诱发聆听者产生平静或者快乐的情绪[11-12]。研究表明,对奶牛播放古典音乐《Yaman Raga》可以有效降低血清皮质醇含量,加快放奶速度,并使奶牛更加平静[13]。将音乐应用于畜禽养殖的生产实践中,简单易行,可有效降低成本,但目前,古典音乐与饲养密度对肉鸡互作效应的研究还未见报道。因此,本试验旨在探讨古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡屠宰性能、消化器官指数、肠道形态和盲肠菌群的影响,旨在为音乐在肉鸡生产中的应用提供科学依据和实践基础,以促进肉鸡行业的健康可持续发展。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计和饲养管理

试验采用2(有古典音乐和无音乐)×3(饲养密度:15.5、17.9和20.3只/m2)因素设计,选取健康状况良好、体重相近的1日龄科宝肉鸡540只,随机分成6个组,每组6个重复。试验期42 d。古典音乐选自印度拉格纯音乐,试验设计及动物分组见表1。
表1 试验设计及动物分组

Table 1 Experimental design and animal grouping

饲养密度
Stocking densities/(只/m2)		 古典音乐
Classical music		 每重复鸡只数
Number of broilers per replicate/只
15.5 +
-		 13
17.9 +
-		 15
20.3 +
-		 17

“+”表示在鸡舍中播放音乐,“-”表示鸡舍中没有播放音乐。下表同。

“+” mean music playing in the coop, and “-” mean no music playing in the coop. The same as below.

饲养试验于保定酉兴畜禽养殖有限公司进行。选取饲养环境和条件一致的2栋鸡舍,试验前对鸡舍及器具进行全面消毒,其中不播放音乐的一栋鸡舍作为对照组,另外一栋播放音乐的鸡舍作为试验组,2栋鸡舍之间声音不会产生干扰。鸡舍为3层重叠式笼养,单笼面积0.84 cm2,半机械式通风。音乐播放周期为每天05:00—08:00、09:00—12:00、16:00—19:00和20:00—23:00,各播放3 h。采用CEL242数字声级计进行鸡舍内音量测定。选取相同规格的2个智能音箱设备(型号:粤浪H502)放置于试验组鸡笼正上方2 m处(音箱之间通过音频线连接,使2个音箱能够同步播放音乐,从而使音乐能够均匀覆盖试验区域),每天定时自动播放音乐,播放过程中保持音量恒定,音乐分贝设定为65~75 dB。
饲养管理采用人工喂料,自动饮水线饮水(确保试验鸡自由采食和饮水)。鸡舍温度在第1周保持在34 ℃,然后以每周3~4 ℃的速度逐渐降低到24 ℃,此后保持不变。在肉鸡14~35日龄期间保持每天20 h光照、4 h黑暗,其余日龄保持24 h光照。鸡舍内平均相对湿度保持在60%~70%,并按常规饲养管理规程及免疫程序进行饲养和免疫。
试验采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,参考《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)配制,其组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 1~14日龄
1 to 14 days of age		 15~35日龄
15 to 35 days of age		 36~42日龄
36 to 42 days of age
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 53.20 55.80 58.80
豆粕 Soybean meal (43% CP) 25.90 20.10 15.30
小麦面粉 Wheat flour 8.00 10.00 10.00
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal (60% CP) 2.90 2.30 3.00
花生粕 Peanut meal 2.70 2.60 3.10
羽毛粉 Feather meal 1.00 1.50 2.00
大豆油 Soybean oil 1.48 3.10 3.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.40 1.20 0.90
石粉 Limestone 1.20 1.16 1.20
L-蛋氨酸 L-methionine 0.22 0.24 0.20
预混料 Premix1) 2.00 2.00 2.00
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.26 12.89 13.18
粗蛋白质 CP 21.20 19.20 18.50
赖氨酸 Lys 1.43 1.27 1.20
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.94 0.91 0.88
苏氨酸 Thr 0.94 0.88 0.85
色氨酸 Trp 0.22 0.19 0.17
钙 Ca 0.90 0.83 0.80
总磷 TP 0.52 0.44 0.40

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 9 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,VD3 4 500 IU,VE 36 000 mg,VK3 6 000 mg,VH 0.18 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 13.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,Fe 110 mg,Cu 16 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 110 mg,Se 0.35 mg,I 1.5 mg。

2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were all calculated values.

1.2 测定指标及方法

1.2.1 屠宰性能

42日龄时,每个重复随机选取2只鸡放血处死后进行屠宰,按照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2004)测定肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率和胸肌率。计算公式如下:
屠宰率(%)=100×[屠体重(g)/宰前活重(g)];
全净膛率(%)=100×[全净膛重(g)/宰前活重(g)];
半净膛率(%)=100×[半净膛率(g)/宰前活重(g)];
胸肌率(%)=100×[双侧胸肌重(g)/全净膛重(g)]。

1.2.2 消化器官指数

试验鸡屠宰后,选取十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠(2侧)进行长度测量,并计算肠道相对长度。
肠道相对长度(%)=100×[肠道长度(cm)/宰前活重(g)]

1.2.3 肠道形态

测量完长度后迅速剪取十二指肠、空肠和回肠中段各1 cm左右,放入10%甲醛溶液中固定,24 h后更换新的10%甲醛溶液。石蜡包埋,连续切片(片厚5 μm),进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后在40倍显微镜下观测切片,测定绒毛高度和隐窝深度,计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值。

1.2.4 肠道菌群

测量完盲肠长度后在无菌条件下采集盲肠内容物,进行盲肠菌群结构分析。采用hISEQ 2500高通量测序技术对盲肠微生物16s rDNA基因全长进行测序,由北京百迈客生物科技有限公司完成。

1.3 数据处理与统计分析

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件中的一般线性模型(GLM)程序进行2×3因素方差分析(ANOVA),分析饲养密度、古典音乐的主效应及两者的交互作用,当交互作用差异显著时,采用Duncan氏法比较各组平均值的差异显著性,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,0.05≤P<0.10表示差异有显著趋势。

2 结果与分析

2.1 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,随着饲养密度的提高,肉鸡宰前
活重、屠宰率和胸肌率显著降低(P<0.05);而播放古典音乐能够显著提高肉鸡宰前活重(P<0.05),但对其他屠宰性能指标无显著影响(P>0.05);古典音乐与饲养密度对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
表3 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of classical music on slaughter performance of broiler chickens with different stocking densities

饲养密度
Stocking
densities/
(只/m2)		 古典音乐
Classical
music		 宰前活重
Live weight
before
slaughter/g		 屠宰率
Dressing
percentage/%		 全净膛率
Eviscerated
percentage/%		 半净膛率
Semi-
eviscerated
percentage/%		 胸肌率
Pectoral muscle
percentage/
%

15.5		 + 2 496.19±79.64 92.83±1.00 72.33±2.90 85.00±2.45 23.94±1.61
- 2 462.81±63.27 92.10±0.98 71.90±0.67 84.14±1.67 23.98±1.16

17.9		 + 2 396.39±43.63 92.02±1.63 71.26±1.68 84.41±1.34 24.17±1.18
- 2 334.76±36.40 92.19±1.19 72.09±1.86 84.33±2.30 23.81±1.36

20.3		 + 2 242.06±54.44 90.91±1.85 71.83±2.67 84.23±2.75 22.90±1.61
- 2 168.67±79.18 90.46±1.31 71.76±1.84 83.73±3.23 22.24±1.45
主效应 Main effect
古典音乐 + 2 378.21±121.94a 91.92±1.66 71.81±2.67 84.54±2.15 23.67±1.50
Classical music - 2 322.08±136.98b 91.53±1.35 71.92±1.47 84.06±2.45 23.34±1.45
饲养密度 15.5 2 479.50±70.76a 92.47±1.02a 72.11±2.02 84.57±2.05 23.96±1.34a
Stocking densities/ 17.9 2 365.58±50.03b 92.03±1.36a 71.68±1.74 84.37±7.79 23.99±1.23a
(只/m2) 20.3 2 205.36±75.27c 90.68±1.54b 71.80±2.19 83.78±2.87 22.57±1.45b
P值 P-value
古典音乐 Classical music 0.010 0.394 0.874 0.549 0.485
饲养密度 Stocking density <0.001 0.009 0.866 0.828 0.027
古典音乐×饲养密度
Classical music×stocking density		 0.719 0.797 0.748 0.922 0.823

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道相对长度的影响

由表4可知,饲养密度对肉鸡肠道相对长度无显著影响(P>0.05);播放古典音乐有增加肉鸡空肠(P=0.088)和回肠(P=0.057)相对长度的趋势;古典音乐与饲养密度对肉鸡各肠段相对长度无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
表4 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道相对长度的影响

Table 4 Effects of classical music on intestinal relative length of broiler chickens with different stocking densities%

饲养密度
Stocking densities/
(只/m2)		 古典音乐
Classical music		 十二指肠相对长度
Relative length
of duodenum		 空肠相对长度
Relative length
of jejunum		 回肠相对长度
Relative length
of ileum		 盲肠相对长度
Relative length
of cecum

15.5		 + 1.26±0.04 1.89±0.07 1.26±0.03 0.78±0.02
- 1.25±0.07 1.87±0.08 1.23±0.03 0.78±0.03

17.9		 + 1.25±0.06 1.91±0.05 1.25±0.04 0.78±0.03
- 1.24±0.06 1.87±0.07 1.22±0.04 0.80±0.05

20.3		 + 1.25±0.05 1.89±0.04 1.25±0.02 0.79±0.03
- 1.26±0.06 1.85±0.01 1.23±0.04 0.79±0.06
主效应 Main effect
古典音乐 + 1.25±0.05 1.90±0.05 1.25±0.03 0.78±0.03
Classical music - 1.25±0.06 1.86±0.06 1.23±0.04 0.79±0.04
饲养密度Stocking 15.5 1.25±0.05 1.88±0.07 1.25±0.03 0.78±0.02
densities/ 17.9 1.25±0.06 1.89±0.06 1.23±0.04 0.79±0.04
(只/m2) 20.3 1.25±0.05 1.87±0.03 1.24±0.03 0.79±0.05
P值 P-value
古典音乐 Classical music 0.723 0.088 0.057 0.611
饲养密度 Stocking density 0.942 0.659 0.540 0.732
古典音乐×饲养密度
Classical music×stocking density		 0.901 0.869 0.845 0.858

2.3 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道形态的影响

由表5可知,随着饲养密度的提高,肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度和V/C值显著降低(P<0.05),空肠和回肠隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05);播放古典音乐能够显著提高肉鸡空肠绒毛高度(P<0.05),有降低空肠(P=0.058)和回肠(P=0.080)V/C值的趋势;古典音乐与饲养密度对肉鸡回肠V/C值有显著交互作用(P<0.05),播放古典音乐可以显著提高高饲养密度(20.3只/m2)下肉鸡回肠V/C值(P<0.05)。
表5 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道形态的影响

Table 5 Effects of classical music on intestinal morphology of broiler chickens with different stocking densities

饲养密度
Stocking
densities/
(只/m2)		 古典音乐
Classical
music		 十二指肠Duodenum 空肠Jejunum 回肠Ileum
绒毛高度
Villus
height/μm		 隐窝深度
Crypt
depth/μm		 绒毛高度/
隐窝深度
V/C		 绒毛高度
Villus
height/μm		 隐窝深度
Crypt
depth/μm		 绒毛高度/
隐窝深度
V/C		 绒毛高度
Villus
height/μm		 隐窝深度
Crypt
depth/μm		 绒毛高度/
隐窝深度
V/C

15.5		 + 1 269.55±41.48 246.88±26.14 5.18±0.45 1 005.75±34.98 143.08±13.13 7.09±0.84 1 189.22±58.51 188.26±10.54 6.32±0.30a
- 1 277.13±33.71 248.43±13.63 5.16±0.37 1 002.55±27.83 143.13±7.08 7.02±0.50 1 157.94±51.62 187.27±10.17 6.20±0.47a

17.9		 + 1 177.65±42.10 264.71±15.15 4.46±0.26 956.44±41.20 147.57±14.38 6.53±0.69 1 073.97±60.68 211.50±11.41 5.09±0.44b
- 1 149.49±47.04 260.87±18.71 4.42±0.24 931.29±24.87 151.54±13.11 6.18±0.50 1 106.82±56.37 211.33±10.17 5.24±0.22b

20.3		 + 1 091.26±41.48 257.89±10.79 4.23±0.14 871.77±13.11 154.27±8.41 5.66±0.30 1 006.77±46.29 223.93±14.43 4.51±0.27c
- 1 039.55±50.63 263.07±18.83 3.92±0.27 821.57±18.41 164.67±6.67 5.00±0.24 943.47±41.35 242.77±11.99 3.89±0.13d
主效应 Main effect
古典音乐 + 1 179.49±84.20 256.49±19.55 4.63±0.51 944.65±64.43a 148.31±12.44 6.43±0.86 1 089.98±93.43 207.90±19.07 5.31±0.84
Classical music - 1 155.39±108.25 257.45±17.28 4.51±0.58 918.47±79.86b 153.11±12.71 6.07±0.95 1 069.41±105.25 213.79±25.41 5.11±1.02
饲养密度 15.5 1 273.34±36.25a 247.65±19.90 5.17±0.40a 1 004.15±30.19a 143.10±10.05b 7.06±0.66a 1 173.56±55.08a 187.76±9.56c 6.26±0.38a
Stocking densities/ 17.9 1 163.57±45.03b 262.79±16.40 4.44±0.24b 943.86±35.01b 149.55±13.29b 6.36±0.60b 1 090.39±58.41b 211.41±10.30b 5.17±0.34b
(只/m2) 20.3 1 065.41±50.90c 260.48±14.88 4.10±0.25c 846.67±30.32c 159.47±9.05a 5.33±0.44c 975.12±53.32c 233.35±16.02a 4.20±0.38c
P值 P-value
古典音乐 Classical music 0.101 0.874 0.280 0.010 0.197 0.058 0.253 0.133 0.080
饲养密度 Stocking density <0.001 0.105 <0.001 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
古典音乐×饲养密度
Classical music×stocking density		 0.247 0.829 0.555 0.145 0.511 0.420 0.093 0.072 0.025

2.4 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响

2.4.1 盲肠内容物有效操作分类单元(OTU)数统计

使用USEARCH软件对reads在97.0%的相似度水平下进行聚类,获得OTU。维恩图(Venn diagram)重叠部分为共有特征数目,非重叠部分为特有特征数目。由图1可知,试验组与对照组共有OTU数为452个。
图1 盲肠内容物OTU维恩图

Group 1:播放音乐正常密度(15.5只/m2)组;Group 2:无音乐正常密度(15.5只/m2)组;Group 3:播放音乐中密度(17.9只/m2)组;Group 4:无音乐中密度(17.9只/m2)组;Group 5:播放音乐高密度(20.3只/m2)组;Group 6:无音乐高密度(20.3只/m2)组。下图同。

Fig.1 OTU Venn diagram of cecal content

Group 1: playing music and normal density (15.5 birds/m2) group; Group 2: no music and normal density (15.5 birds/m2) group; Group 3: playing music and medium density (17.9 birds/m2) group; Group 4: no music and medium density (17.9 birds/m2) group; Group 5: playing music and high density (20.3 birds/m2) group; Group 6: no music and high density (20.3 birds/m2) group. The same as below.

2.4.2 物种分类学分析

根据物种分类学注释结果,在门水平和属水平上分别以相对丰度前10的菌群作为各组的优势菌群进行分析。由图2可知,肉鸡盲肠菌群在门水平上的优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和软壁菌门(Tenericutes)等。由表6可知,古典音乐与饲养密度及其交互作用对肉鸡盲肠菌群在门水平上的相对丰度无显著影响(P>0.05)。
图2 肉鸡盲肠菌群在门水平上的组成

Fig.2 Composition of cecal microflora at phylum level of broiler chickens

表6 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群在门水平上相对丰度的影响

Table 6 Effects of classical music on relative abundance of cecal microflora at phylum level of broiler chickens with different stocking densities%

饲养密度
Stocking densities/
(只/m2)		 古典音乐
Classical
music		 厚壁菌门
Firmicutes		 拟杆菌门
Bacteroidetes		 疣微菌门
Verrucomicrobia		 变形菌门
Proteobacteria		 软壁菌门
Tenericutes

15.5		 + 72.07±1.39 19.42±1.96 3.17±3.28 2.21±0.86 1.50±0.53
- 69.41±5.49 20.61±2.33 2.54±5.55 2.54±5.55 5.51±2.85

17.9		 + 73.15±3.70 21.29±3.90 0.28±0.17 0.83±0.52 1.66±2.11
- 70.91±3.44 22.08±4.29 0.22±0.18 1.56±1.19 0.09±0.06

20.3		 + 68.69±4.18 20.35±2.05 4.48±2.48 1.17±0.79 1.17±0.79
- 72.84±5.75 17.48±2.02 2.73±5.04 3.12±1.89 3.27±4.89
主效应 Main effect
古典音乐 + 71.30±3.65 20.35±2.69 2.65±2.85 1.40±0.91 1.44±1.26
Classical music - 71.06±4.85 20.06±3.45 1.83±4.18 2.41±3.27 2.96±3.81
饲养密度 15.5 70.74±4.03 20.02±2.13 2.86±4.31 2.38±3.75 3.51±2.87
Stocking densities/ 17.9 72.03±3.57 21.68±3.89 0.25±0.17 1.19±0.95 0.87±1.63
(只/m2) 20.3 70.77±5.22 18.91±2.44 3.61±3.85 2.15±1.71 2.22±3.84
P值 P-value
古典音乐 Classical music 0.874 0.785 0.530 0.282 0.110
饲养密度 Stocking density 0.741 0.124 0.099 0.541 0.082
古典音乐×饲养密度
Classical music×stocking density		 0.155 0.250 0.862 0.756 0.057
由图3可知,肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上的优势菌群为未培养细菌_f_毛螺菌科(uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)、未培养细菌_f_vadinBB60梭菌群(uncultured_bacterium_f_Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和未培养细菌_f_瘤胃球菌科(uncultured_bacterium_f_Ruminococcaceae)等。由表7可知,15.5只/m2饲养密度组肉鸡盲肠未培养细菌_f_瘤胃球菌科相对丰度显著高于20.3只/m2饲养密度组(P<0.05),15.5只/m2饲养密度组盲肠粪杆菌属(Fecalibacterium)相对丰度显著高于17.9和20.3只/m2饲养密度组(P<0.05);古典音乐对肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上的相对丰度无显著影响(P>0.05);古典音乐与饲养密度对肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上的相对丰度无显著交互作用(P>0.05)
图3 肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上的组成

Fig.3 Composition of cecal microflora at genus level of broiler chickens

表7 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上相对丰度的影响

Table 7 Effects of classical music on relative abundance of cecal microflora at genus level of broiler chickens with different stocking densities%

饲养密度
Stocking densities/
(只/m2)		 古典音乐
Classical
music		 未培养细菌_f_
毛螺菌科
Uncultured_
bacterium_f_
Lachnospiraceae		 另枝菌属
Alistipes		 拟杆菌属
Bacteroides		 未培养细菌_f_
瘤胃球菌科
Uncultured_
bacterium_f_
Ruminococcaceae		 粪杆菌属
Fecalibacterium

15.5		 + 9.48±2.67 10.50±1.32 6.87±1.97 7.78±0.78 3.74±2.39
- 10.38±2.00 11.29±6.00 7.88±2.41 6.42±0.99 7.36±4.12

17.9		 + 14.00±3.76 11.25±3.84 9.52±2.50 5.52±0.67 1.99±1.07
- 10.71±3.02 10.82±3.90 8.63±2.70 6.62±0.94 1.71±0.90

20.3		 + 11.05±3.71 11.11±3.31 8.25±4.36 5.67±1.67 2.53±4.41
- 12.37±2.38 9.92±2.78 4.88±1.45 5.39±1.56 1.75±1.17
主效应 Main effect
古典音乐 + 11.51±3.71 10.95±2.82 8.21±3.10 6.33±1.50 2.75±2.05
Classical music - 11.15±2.49 10.68±4.14 7.13±2.67 6.14±1.24 3.60±3.61
饲养密度 15.5 9.93±2.27 10.89±4.12 7.38±2.15 7.10±1.10a 5.55±3.70a
Stocking densities/ 17.9 12.35±3.66 11.03±3.65 9.08±2.50 6.07±0.96ab 1.85±0.94b
(只/m2) 20.3 11.71±3.02 10.52±2.95 6.56±3.54 5.53±1.53b 2.14±1.83b
P值 P-value
古典音乐 Classical music 0.749 0.952 0.286 0.672 0.321
饲养密度 Stocking density 0.194 0.843 0.129 0.019 0.002
古典音乐×饲养密度
Classical music×stocking density		 0.184 0.841 0.217 0.082 0.085

3 讨论

3.1 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是畜禽肉用性能的重要评定指标,能够直观地反映动物机体组成及其产肉性能[14]。前人研究表明,高饲养密度(18只/m2)组笼养爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡屠体重显著低于低饲养密度(15只/m2)组[15]。Abo Ghanima等[16]报道,将科宝肉鸡的饲养密度从25增加至40 kg/m2后,其屠宰率和胸肌率均显著下降。同样,Nasr等[17]也证实,与14和18只/m2饲养密度相比,20只/m2的饲养密度显著降低了笼养罗斯(Ross)308肉鸡的屠宰率和胸肌产量。与上述结果一致,本研究发现,20.3只/m2饲养密度组肉鸡屠宰率和胸肌率显著低于15.5和17.9只/m2饲养密度组,说明高饲养密度对肉鸡屠宰性能有不良影响。
据报道,较高的饲养密度会降低肉鸡的饲粮摄入量,使其生长性能受限,导致胸肌产量降低[18-19]。本研究中,20.3只/m2饲养密度组肉鸡的宰前活重较15.5和17.9只/m2饲养密度组更低,也验证了这一观点。此外,本课题组前期研究表明,古典音乐可以显著提高Ross 308肉鸡的全净膛率[9],但本试验条件下,古典音乐并未对肉鸡的屠宰性能产生显著影响,结果存在差异可能与肉鸡饲养环境、音乐播放周期等因素有关,具体原因有待进一步研究。

3.2 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道发育的影响

肠道是体内营养物质消化、吸收、免疫和生理调节的重要场所,肠段的相对长度是反映肠道发育程度的评价指标之一,而肠道的绒毛高度、隐窝深度以及V/C值可以用来反映动物肠道对营养物质的消化吸收水平[20]。Liu等[21]研究表明,饲养密度提高对肉鹅肠道相对长度无影响,但显著降低了空肠绒毛高度和V/C值,提高了空肠和回肠的隐窝深度。厉秀梅[22]报道,笼养AA肉鸡在18.75只/m2的饲养密度下对空肠长度无影响,但显著降低了绒毛高度,提高了隐窝深度。Kridtayopas等[23]发现,当AA肉鸡饲养密度达到40 kg/m2时,会显著降低其十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度,降低空肠V/C值。本研究结果表明,当饲养密度达到20.3只/m2时会显著降低肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度和V/C值,提高空肠和回肠隐窝深度,与以上研究结果相符合。有文献指出,当饲养密度达到18只/m2时,肉鸡会发生应激[17],这会激活机体下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴和交感神经系统[24],而下丘脑和交感神经受到过度刺激可能会导致胃肠道接收的自主神经信号发生改变,致使肠道屏障功能减弱,对肠道结构和上皮发育产生负面影响[25⇓⇓-28],从而降低肠道对养分消化吸收的能力。此外,本试验中,播放古典音乐有提高肉鸡空肠、回肠相对长度和V/C值的趋势,显著提高空肠绒毛高度,并在回肠V/C值上与饲养密度存在交互作用,这表明古典音乐能在一定程度上缓解高饲养密度对肉鸡肠道发育的负面影响。据报道,音乐可以通过诱发大脑中海马体的活动[29-30],以此调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的应激反应[31-32],并且音乐还可以降低机体交感神经系统兴奋性[33]。因此,笔者认为本试验中古典音乐可能通过其独特的旋律或声波调节了肉鸡的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴或交感神经系统,从而缓解了应激反应,进而改善了肠道发育[13,34]。但目前有关音乐与肠道发育之间的研究较少,具体机理还需要进一步研究。

3.3 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响

鸡的肠道内多种微生物共生在宿主体内形成了一个复杂而动态的微生物群落,对宿主健康和生产性能具有重要的生理学意义。因此,确保肠道菌群处于平衡状态能够明显增强生物体的消化和吸收能力,有利于保持动物机体的健康。
本研究中,菌群分析结果显示肉鸡在不同饲养密度下的盲肠菌群在门水平上的组成和比例没有显著变化,表明肠道菌群在门水平上相对稳定。从属水平上看,瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)是促进肉鸡生长的益生菌[35],主要作为盲肠中分解和发酵饲粮中纤维素的优势菌种,其相对丰度的下降会导致盲肠降解纤维素的功能减弱[36]。粪杆菌属是肠道中的有益菌,对肠道炎症起预防和治疗作用[37],其相对丰度降低,表明提高饲养密度可能会据增加肉鸡患肠炎的风险;此外,粪杆菌控制丁盐酸的合成[38],直接影响肠道神经系统中5-羟色胺和胃肠激素的释放,从而刺激迷走神经引发内分泌信号[39],这意味着粪杆菌的减少可能会间接导致机体代谢功能的降低。综上所述,高饲养密度会破坏肉鸡盲肠菌群平衡,减少有益菌的相对丰度。研究表明,应激会导致肉鸡盲肠菌群失调,而古典音乐可以降低畜禽应激水平[40-41]。本试验结果显示,古典音乐未能改善菌群的变化,其相关机理暂不清楚,还需要进一步研究。

4 结论

在笼养条件下,20.3只/m2的饲养密度导致科宝肉鸡宰前活重、屠宰率和胸肌率下降,造成肠道形态结构和菌群失调,推荐饲养密度以17.9只/m2为宜;而给予古典音乐刺激能在一定程度上提高肉鸡宰前活重,改善肠道发育,建议在古典音乐刺激背景下,科宝肉鸡的饲养密度可提高至20.3只/m2。

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