RESEARCH PAPER

Differences in Protein Metabolism, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Chinese Simmental Cattle and Their Hybrid Cattle

  • ZHAO Pengfei , 1 ,
  • WU Yi 1 ,
  • LI Xiaorui 1 ,
  • HUANGFU Mingke 1 ,
  • CHEN Zhimeng 1 ,
  • CHEN Hao 1 ,
  • Simujide 1 ,
  • WANG Chunjie 2 ,
  • LI Chengjiao 3 ,
  • BAO Husileng 3 ,
  • BAI Zhiming 4 ,
  • BAO Zhanying 4 ,
  • LI Yu 4 ,
  • Aorigele , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 3 Xing’an League Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Xing’an 137400, China
  • 4 Animal Husbandry Unit of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Development Center of Keyouqian Banner, Xing’an 137400, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-07-14

  Online published: 2023-05-11

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the differences in slaughter performance, protein metabolism, immune function and antioxidant capacity of Chinese Simmental cattle and their hybrid cattle. Three Chinese Simmental cattle, three Chinese Simmental×Chinese Holstein cattle (SH), and three Chinese Simmental×Mongolian cattle (SM) were selected in the experiment. The slaughter performance and serum biochemical indexes of cattle were determined. The results showed that: three kinds of fattening cattle had no significant differences in the initial body weight, final body weight, carcass body weight, slaughter rate and average daily gain (P>0.05). The serum creatinine (Cr), albumin (ALB) contents and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity of SM were significantly higher than those of Chinese Simmental cattle and SH (P<0.05). The activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in serum of SM was significantly higher than that of Chinese Simmental cattle (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with SH (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in serum free amino acid (FAA), urea nitrogen (UN), total protein (TP), uric acid (UA) contents and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity among the three kinds of fattening cattle (P>0.05). The serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) content of SM was significantly lower than that of Chinese Simmental cattle and SH (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between Chinese Simmental cattle and SH (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) among the three kinds of fattening cattle (P>0.05). The content of serum malondialdehyde (MDA)of SM was significantly higher than that of Chinese Simmental cattle and SH (P<0.05). The serum catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) showed no significant difference among the three kinds of fattening cattle (P>0.05). The above results indicate that, for three kinds of fattening cattle, the SM has the better protein metabolic capability, and the immunity of Chinese Simmental cattle and SH is better.

Cite this article

ZHAO Pengfei , WU Yi , LI Xiaorui , HUANGFU Mingke , CHEN Zhimeng , CHEN Hao , Simujide , WANG Chunjie , LI Chengjiao , BAO Husileng , BAI Zhiming , BAO Zhanying , LI Yu , Aorigele . Differences in Protein Metabolism, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Chinese Simmental Cattle and Their Hybrid Cattle[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(5) : 3061 -3068 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.285

牛肉是当今人们日常生活中重要的肉类食品之一,它有着独特的风味和丰富的营养物质,并且牛肉是人类膳食结构中优质蛋白质、有益脂肪酸和各种微量元素的优秀来源,在维持健康饮食中发挥重要作用[1]。牛肉品质的优劣受到许多因素的影响,最终直接体现在肌肉的生物学特性上,如肌纤维的类型、数量和肌间脂肪含量等[2]。这些特性都与肉牛机体的蛋白质代谢息息相关。因此,研究机体蛋白质代谢对牛肉产量和质量的提高具有重要意义。
中国西门塔尔牛是世界上著名的乳肉兼用牛,因其体型大、生长迅速、肌肉发达、适应性强和乳品质好等优点而倍受消费者的喜爱[3]。近年来,有许多研究者将中国西门塔尔牛同其他品种牛或杂交牛作比较研究,以挖掘其在肉牛生产中的潜力。Wang等[4]研究发现,中国西门塔尔牛对比宣汉黄牛和牦牛可以产出更多的低脂牛肉,但其肉色和嫩度会稍逊一些。中国西门塔尔牛的高产性能可能与瘤胃变形菌门丰度更高导致的机体蛋白质代谢水平增强有关[5]。Zhou等[6]调查研究了中原地区使用中国西门塔尔牛和利木赞牛改良当地黄牛的效果,发现中国西门塔尔牛与当地黄牛的后代不仅出栏时间更短,而且表现出优异的胴体性状。动物的生长性能和肉质指标往往会在一定程度上与血液生化指标具有相关性[7]。Kalyani等[8]对比了6个不同的瘤牛品种在初夏时的血清生化指标,结果表明血清总蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐和钙等的含量在品种之间差异显著,且Rathi(印度本土牛品种名)的血清球蛋白含量显著高于其他品种。Qiu等[9]使用高精料饲粮饲喂夷陵本地牛和安格斯牛,结果表明安格斯牛血清中谷草转氨酶活性升高,而碱性磷酸酶活性降低。这些研究结果表明,即使在相同的环境和饲养条件下,不同品种的肉牛在物质代谢这一层次也会表现出差异。这或许与不同肉牛品种的体型、行为活动、抗逆性、瘤胃菌群以及被毛颜色不同有关。在生物体内,蛋白质作为生命活动的主要承担者其代谢途径受到研究人员的重视。为此,本试验以中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交育肥牛为研究对象,从蛋白质代谢角度出发探究3种试验牛的屠宰性能以及血清生化指标的差异,以期为深入了解肉牛体内蛋白质代谢提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物与饲养管理

本试验于内蒙古自治区兴安盟扎赉特旗天牧臻育肥牛场进行。试验选取体况和采食量相近的健康育肥牛共9头,其中中国西门塔尔牛、中国西门塔尔牛与中国荷斯坦杂交牛(西荷杂交牛)、中国西门塔尔牛与蒙古牛杂交牛(西蒙杂交牛)各3头。试验牛采用混栏舍饲,育肥期间使用全混合日粮饲喂,牛只可自由采食和饮水,育肥期为180 d。育肥结束后于天牧臻屠宰场屠宰,依照标准化屠宰流程进行。

1.2 生产性能的测定

体重(kg):在育肥的初期和末期,于清晨空腹测定试验牛体重并做好记录。
平均日增重(kg/d):(宰前活重-育肥初期体重)/育肥天数。
胴体重(kg):屠宰后去皮,除去头尾、四肢、内脏(保留板油和肾脏)的躯体,测量实重。
屠宰率(%):胴体重占宰前活重的比例。

1.3 血清生化指标的测定

在屠宰时使用一次性真空采血管采集10 mL血液样品。随后立即将血液样品置于离心机4 ℃、3 500 r/min离心10 min,将血清样品转移至1.5 mL离心管于液氮中保存,带回实验室进行血清生化指标的测定。
测定的血清生化指标:游离氨基酸(FAA)、尿素氮(UN)、肌酐(Cr)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿酸(UA)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、丙二醛(MDA)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)。
以上指标采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(泉州市睿信生物科技有限公司)测定,具体操作步骤按照试剂盒说明书测定。

1.4 统计分析

试验数据经Excel 2016整理后,使用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析,组间多重比较采用Duncan氏法,以P<0.05表示差异显著,P>0.05表示差异不显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛屠宰性能比较

表1所示,中国西门塔尔牛、西荷杂交牛和西蒙杂交牛的初重、末重、胴体重、屠宰率以及平均日增重均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表1 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛屠宰性能比较

Table 1 Comparison of slaughter performance of Chinese Simmental cattle and their hybrid cattle

项目
Items
中国西门塔尔牛
Chinese Simmental
cattle
西荷杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Chinese Holstein cattle
西蒙杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Mongolian cattle
P
P-value
初重Initial BW/kg 193.00±6.08 212.67±3.51 184.33±21.08 0.084
末重Final BW/kg 577.33±46.36 585.00±37.24 556.67±5.69 0.608
平均日增重ADG/kg 0.77±0.10 0.83±0.07 0.77±0.12 0.704
胴体重Carcass weight/kg 315.67±26.99 325.77±12.55 303.43±13.93 0.409
屠宰率Slaughter rate/% 54.66±0.46 55.76±2.14 54.50±1.98 0.638

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛蛋白质代谢相关血清生化指标比较

表2可知,西蒙杂交牛血清中Cr、ALB的含量和AST的活性显著高于中国西门塔尔牛与西荷杂交牛(P<0.05)。西蒙杂交牛血清中CPK的活性显著高于中国西门塔尔牛(P<0.05),而与西荷杂交牛无显著差异(P>0.05)。在3种育肥牛血清中,FAA、UN、TP、UA的含量以及ALT的活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛蛋白质代谢相关血清生化指标比较

Table 2 Comparison of serum biochemical indexes related to protein metabolism of Chinese Simmental cattle and their hybrid cattle

项目
Items
中国西门塔尔牛
Chinese Simmental
cattle
西荷杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Chinese Holstein cattle
西蒙杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Mongolian cattle
P
P-value
游离氨基酸FAA/(μmol/L) 573.08±45.40 585.21±50.73 569.68±88.17 0.908
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 15.90±2.25 16.04±1.63 14.45±0.98 0.234
肌酐Cr/(μmol/L) 138.93±14.77b 130.63±9.45b 162.63±19.17a 0.006
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 88.07±7.67 87.75±6.32 89.91±11.88 0.904
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 43.67±5.29b 45.01±6.48b 51.91±3.84a 0.037
肌酸磷酸激酶CPK/(U/mL) 4.14±0.54b 4.79±0.63ab 5.36±0.84a 0.020
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 81.41±6.65 79.45±4.21 83.22±5.95 0.532
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 220.31±8.33b 228.35±18.19b 246.30±13.10a 0.015
尿酸UA/(μmol/L) 275.36±29.25 248.84±38.29 317.08±57.41 0.054

2.3 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛免疫相关血清生化指标比较

表3可知,西蒙杂交牛血清中IgM的含量显著低于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛(P<0.05),而中国西门塔尔牛与西荷杂交牛相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。在3种育肥牛血清中,IgA、IgG、IL-2和IL-4的含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛免疫相关血清生化指标比较

Table 3 Comparison of serum biochemical indexes related to immune of Chinese Simmental cattle and their hybrid cattle

项目
Items
中国西门塔尔牛
Chinese Simmental
cattle
西荷杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Chinese Holstein cattle
西蒙杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Mongolian cattle
P
P-value
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 219.00±12.31 215.50±11.50 211.29±11.32 0.535
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) 432.97±48.72 392.62±38.55 452.83±45.52 0.089
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 144.54±12.41a 154.82±5.14a 133.51±10.97b 0.008
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) 671.29±42.61 692.90±58.37 698.05±79.53 0.735
白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(pg/mL) 43.93±4.28 47.30±2.72 49.37±4.85 0.096

2.4 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛抗氧化相关血清生化指标比较

表4可知,西蒙杂交牛血清中MDA的含量显著高于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛(P<0.05)。在3种育肥牛血清中,CAT、GSH-Px、SOD的活性以及T-AOC均未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛抗氧化相关血清生化指标比较

Table 4 Comparison of serum biochemical indexes related to antioxidant of Chinese Simmental cattle and their hybrid cattle

项目
Items
中国西门塔尔牛
Chinese Simmental
cattle
西荷杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Chinese Holstein cattle
西蒙杂交牛
Chinese Simmental×
Mongolian cattle
P
P-value
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 49.44±7.47 49.59±7.51 57.16±8.10 0.173
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/L) 153.79±26.96 138.11±31.90 145.95±19.59 0.605
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/L) 6.64±0.76b 6.32±0.89b 8.79±0.88a 0.001
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 109.97±8.91 117.80±9.48 112.53±11.19 0.400
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 17.73±4.74 16.77±3.53 20.09±4.05 0.383

3 讨论

3.1 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛屠宰性能比较分析

屠宰性能是反映动物生产能力的一部分指标,受到包括品种在内的多方面因素的影响。在肉牛研究中常常探讨如何利用杂交优势来提高牛肉的产量和质量,以满足市场对优质牛肉的需求。Zheng等[10]研究发现,使用西门塔尔牛与靖江黄牛杂交,其F1代育肥末期活重和平均日增重显著提高。Petri c ˇevi c '[11]研究也发现,西门塔尔牛与夏洛莱牛杂交后育肥F1代的胴体重会显著高于纯种西门塔尔牛。在本研究中,西荷杂交牛的育肥末期活重、胴体重、屠宰率和平均日增重略高于中国西门塔尔牛和西蒙杂交牛,但未表现出显著差异。其原因可能是中国西门塔尔牛与蒙古牛和中国荷斯坦牛杂交时,中国荷斯坦牛和蒙古牛的体型相较于中国西门塔尔牛有一定差异,因此这3种育肥牛对比时可能不会表现出明显的区别[12-13]

3.2 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛蛋白质代谢相关血清生化指标比较分析

血清生化指标可以用来指示动物对营养物质利用状况,并且与机体内物质代谢水平高度相关[14]。血清ALB是一种仅由肝脏合成的水溶性的阴离子球状蛋白,是血液中总蛋白的重要组成成分之一。它在维持血浆渗透压、保证机体营养物质转运和部分发挥免疫能力多方面产生积极作用,而且血清ALB含量会受到多种因素的影响。有研究指出,血清ALB含量的降低会导致体重减轻和肌肉量减少,是营养不良的间接标志[15]。在本研究中,西蒙杂交牛血清ALB含量显著高于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛,这可能代表着西蒙杂交牛可以更好地摄取和转运机体内产生的蛋白质,在蛋白质代谢方面较为活跃。
AST能够催化谷氨酸和草酰乙酸转氨基生成α-酮戊二酸和天冬氨酸,是体内活性最高、最为重要的转氨酶之一。转氨基作用和联合脱氨基作用是机体合成非必需氨基酸前重要的生化反应过程,因此AST在血清检测中被当作指示机体蛋白质和氨基酸代谢水平的指标[16]。AST一般存在于肝脏细胞和动物肌肉当中,当动物受到较大的外界压力时肝细胞受损会导致血清中AST的活性明显升高,如冷热应激、炎症反应以及饲粮变化等[17]。在本试验中,西蒙杂交牛血清AST活性虽然显著高于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛,但3种育肥牛的血清AST活性均高于正常水平157.90 U/L[18]。这一结果代表着3种育肥牛的肝脏细胞均受到了一定程度的损伤,可能与3种育肥牛在育肥后期饲喂高精料饲粮致使瘤胃pH、瘤胃发酵和瘤胃菌群结构变化所导致的代谢失衡有关[19]
Cr是动物机体内由肌肉组织中肌酸代谢生成的终产物,释放入血后经由肾脏以尿液的方式排出体外。有研究表明,Cr在体内生成量比较稳定,不易受到饮食的影响,因此Cr可以作为反映肌肉组织数量和质量的重要指标[20],并且当血清Cr含量异常时,也可以作为反映肾功能的指标[21]。在本试验中,西蒙杂交牛血清中Cr的含量显著高于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛。磷酸肌酸是肌肉组织中一种储能物质,在骨骼肌等肌肉中普遍存在CPK可以催化肌酸与磷酸肌酸之间相互转变[22]。当磷酸肌酸在CPK作用下产生肌酸时,还会脱去1个焦磷酸给ADP产生1个ATP以用来肌肉活动。此外,还有研究表明,当CPK活性异于正常生理值时,也可作为指示包括肌肉损伤在内的多种疾病的指标之一[23]。本试验中,西蒙杂交牛血清中CPK的活性显著高于中国西门塔尔牛,而西荷杂交牛血清中CPK的活性与中国西门塔尔牛和西蒙杂交牛相比均无显著差异。由上述结果可以推测,西蒙杂交牛的肌肉组织数量和肌肉活动能力强于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛。

3.3 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛免疫相关血清生化指标比较分析

动物机体的免疫系统在面对病原体的入侵时,免疫细胞会分泌出一些多肽,通过与T细胞以及B细胞膜受体结合来调控机体免疫能力。这些多肽的一部分就是白细胞介素。IL-2是由T细胞分泌的一种白细胞介素,主要与自身结合以促进T细胞增殖分化,激活细胞毒性淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞[24]。IL-4也是由T细胞分泌,主要作用于自身促进T细胞分化以及作用于B细胞促进B细胞产生免疫球蛋白E(IgE)[25]。在本试验中,3种杂交育肥牛血清中IL-2和IL-4的含量均无显著差异。
免疫球蛋白是一种在动物进行体液免疫时用来结合抗原和白细胞的“Y”型蛋白质分子,由2条重链和2条轻链依托二硫键连接组成,因重链的不同而被分为5个大类,其中IgA是机体应对黏膜局部感染的主要抗体;IgG在体内含量最多,占免疫球蛋白库的70%~80%,是体液免疫的主要承担者[26]。在本试验中,3种杂交育肥牛血清中IgA和IgG含量均未表现出显著差异。IgM是浆细胞接触抗原后最早产生的抗体,是补体经典激活途径的最强激活者[27]。在本研究中,中国西门塔尔牛血清中IgM的含量显著高于西蒙杂交牛,而西荷杂交牛与中国西门塔尔牛相比差异不显著。这表明中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛相比于西蒙杂交牛在早期面对致病因素时拥有较好的抵抗力。

3.4 中国西门塔尔牛及其杂交牛抗氧化相关血清生化指标比较分析

氧是机体进行生命活动所需的重要物质。动物在正常呼吸过程中,氧可以被进一步还原成水,而在此过程中氧的不完全还原会形成具有过氧化特性的活性氧(ROS)[28]。ROS因具有广泛的氧化活性而能对大部分生物分子造成损伤,如脂质生物膜、核酸分子以及蛋白质等。少量ROS能够消灭入侵机体的病原微生物而表现正面作用,而大量ROS堆积则会表现出如体重减轻、免疫力下降和骨骼肌异常等严重负面作用[29]。因此,在肉牛体内的氧化/抗氧化功能需要保持一个微妙的平衡。机体T-AOC的一部分是由体内的抗氧化酶系表现,这些抗氧化酶主要包括GSH-Px、SOD和CAT,并且其活性受到机体内部和外界环境的多方面影响[30]。Tejaswi等[31]选用特定的抗氧化酶系来评定杂交品种(荷斯坦牛×Hariana)与印度本地品种Tharparkar的抗热应激能力,研究发现Tharparkar相比于杂交品种在热应激条件下有更好的抗氧化能力来抵抗热应激所带来的氧化应激。MDA是细胞内脂质遭受氧化产生的终产物,血清MDA含量是反映机体氧化损伤和细胞损伤的常用指标。研究发现,氧化应激水平越高,MDA产生水平越高[32]。在本试验中,西蒙杂交牛血清中MDA含量显著高于中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛,而抗氧化酶系则未表现出显著差异。造成此现象的原因可能是西蒙杂交牛屠宰时受到较大应激,机体为了对抗应激迅速分泌大量糖皮质激素导致机体基础代谢水平升高,从而产生了更多的MDA。

4 结论

综上所述,3种育肥牛中,西蒙杂交牛拥有更好的蛋白质代谢能力,而中国西门塔尔牛和西荷杂交牛的免疫力表现要更好一些。
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