1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验地点和时间
1.3 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | Ⅰ组Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组Group Ⅱ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 15.60 | 15.60 | 15.60 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 大麦Barley | 3.30 | 3.30 | 3.30 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 糖蜜Molasses | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 食盐NaCl | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 青贮玉米Silage corn | 50.00 | 48.00 | 46.00 |
| 干稻草Dry rice straw | 16.00 | 15.00 | 14.00 |
| 三七渣Panaxnotoginseng residue | 3.00 | 6.00 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 综合净能NEmf/(MJ/kg) | 10.92 | 10.88 | 10.85 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.41 | 13.30 | 13.26 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.31 | 4.28 | 4.25 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 34.26 | 33.30 | 34.52 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 17.51 | 17.53 | 17.60 |
| 钙Ca | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.90 |
| 磷P | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.50 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供Premix provided the following per kg of diets:VD 3 300 IU,VE 3.0 mg,VA 3 100 IU,Mn 25.0 mg,Cu 2.52 mg,Zn 46.0 mg,Co 0.30 mg,Se 0.20 mg。 2)综合净能为计算值,其余为实测值。NEmf was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 三七渣成分
表2 三七渣成分含量Table 2 Composition content of Panaxnotoginseng residue % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.30 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 8.85 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 0.50 |
| 淀粉Starch | 15.20 |
| 粗纤维CF | 15.60 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 26.30 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 47.10 |
| 粗多糖Crude polysaccharide | 1.10 |
| 总黄酮Total flavone | <0.01 |
| 总皂苷Total saponins | 0.09 |
1.5.2 生长性能
1.5.3 血清生化指标
1.5.4 肌肉营养成分
1.5.5 肌肉氨基酸含量
1.5.6 肌肉脂肪酸含量
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 三七渣对文山牛生长性能的影响
表3 三七渣对文山牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on growth performance of Wenshan cattle |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | Ⅰ组Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组Group Ⅱ | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初重IW/kg | 368.64±6.25 | 370.85±7.68 | 369.54±5.76 | 0.832 |
| 末重FW/kg | 438.84±7.61a | 448.25±5.38b | 443.34±4.56ab | 0.026 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) | 9.10±0.62 | 9.00±0.79 | 9.08±0.46 | 0.675 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 0.78±0.07a | 0.86±0.05b | 0.82±0.08ab | 0.031 |
| 料重比F/G | 11.67±0.36a | 10.47±0.48b | 11.07±0.51ab | 0.028 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter and the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表4 三七渣对文山牛经济效益的影响Table 4 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on economic benefit of Wenshan cattle |
| 项目Items | 对照组Control group | Ⅰ组Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组Group Ⅱ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 平均增重Average weight gain/(kg/头) | 70.20 | 77.40 | 73.80 |
| 活牛价格Live cattle price/(元/kg) | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 平均增重价格Average weight gain price/(元/头) | 2 808 | 3 096 | 2 952 |
| 饲料增重成本Feed weight gain cost/(元/头) | 720 | 765 | 810 |
| 除去饲料成本的利润Profit excluding feed cost/(元/头) | 2 088 | 2 331 | 2 142 |
2.2 三七渣对文山牛体尺指标的影响
表5 三七渣对文山牛体尺指标的影响Table 5 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on body size indexes of Wenshan cattle cm |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Ⅰ组 Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组 Group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 试验前Before the experiment | ||||
| 体高Withers height | 128.14±3.56 | 128.67±3.78 | 129.20±3.94 | 0.862 |
| 十字部高Waist height | 126.17±4.62 | 126.86±4.12 | 127.00±4.25 | 0.796 |
| 体斜长Body length | 137.12±2.65 | 136.83±2.14 | 137.20±2.58 | 0.920 |
| 胸围Chest circumference | 186.47±3.12 | 185.64±3.48 | 186.25±3.75 | 0.868 |
| 腹围Abdomen circumference | 210.36±4.16 | 209.94±3.18 | 210.37±3.48 | 0.632 |
| 管围Circumference of cannon bone | 17.10±1.25 | 17.90±1.56 | 17.40±1.78 | 0.421 |
| 试验末After the experiment | ||||
| 体高Withers height | 128.51±3.79 | 128.92±4.10 | 129.57±4.15 | 0.653 |
| 十字部高Waist height | 126.45±3.78 | 127.17±3.56 | 127.13±3.14 | 0.786 |
| 体斜长Body length | 139.68±2.45a | 146.62±2.78b | 143.24±3.16ab | 0.031 |
| 胸围Chest circumference | 188.46±3.18a | 194.12±3.25b | 192.35±3.76ab | 0.024 |
| 腹围Abdomen circumference | 213.20±4.16a | 220.61±4.45b | 215.66±4.36ab | 0.006 |
| 管围Circumference of cannon bone | 17.30±1.56 | 18.10±1.46 | 17.60±1.57 | 0.654 |
2.3 三七渣对文山牛血清生化指标的影响
表6 三七渣对文山牛血清指标的影响Table 6 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on serum indexes of Wenshan cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Ⅰ组 Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组 Group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 79.00±3.12 | 79.00±2.45 | 76.00±3.16 | 0.210 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 37.00±2.18 | 38.00±3.45 | 37.00±3.02 | 0.610 |
| 球蛋白GLOB/(g/L) | 42.00±2.69 | 41.00±3.69 | 39.00±3.17 | 0.758 |
| 丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) | 32.00±3.69 | 33.00±2.46 | 35.00±2.68 | 0.150 |
| 天门冬氨酸氨基转移AST/(U/L) | 113.00±4.12a | 104.00±3.98b | 101.00±3.76b | 0.032 |
| 总胆红素TBIL/(μmol/L) | 2.70±0.89 | 2.60±0.78 | 3.12±0.96 | 0.530 |
| 直接胆红素DBIL/(μmol/L) | 1.50±0.13 | 1.20±0.16 | 1.80±0.17 | 0.215 |
| 间接胆红素IBIL/(μmol/L) | 1.30±0.14 | 0.70±0.12 | 1.40±0.16 | 0.324 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 143.00±4.29a | 120.00±4.79b | 90.00±5.21c | 0.021 |
| γ-谷氨酰基转移酶GGT/(U/L) | 18.00±1.56 | 17.00±1.78 | 17.00±1.69 | 0.681 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | 1 624.00±10.23a | 1 372.00±9.56b | 1 361.00±9.87b | 0.016 |
| 总胆汁酸TBA/(μmol/L) | 5.10±1.63a | 3.80±1.24b | 3.60±1.05b | 0.025 |
| α-L-岩藻糖苷酶AFU/(U/L) | 0.20±0.13 | 0.90±0.11 | 1.00±0.16 | 0.351 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) | 2.90±0.89 | 3.24±0.53 | 3.17±0.69 | 0.653 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L) | 2.15±0.56 | 2.35±0.47 | 2.19±0.78 | 0.582 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) | 1.89±0.23 | 2.06±0.39 | 1.69±0.16 | 0.360 |
| 补体3 C3/(g/L) | 0.87±0.08 | 0.96±0.12 | 0.76±0.07 | 0.583 |
| 补体4 C4/(g/L) | 0.69±0.09 | 0.85±0.10 | 0.64±0.13 | 0.265 |
| 前白蛋白PAB/(mg/L) | 2.70±0.75 | 2.80±0.65 | 2.70±0.76 | 0.436 |
| 胆碱酯酶CHE/(U/L) | 665.00±7.89a | 536.00±6.85b | 532.00±6.94b | 0.017 |
2.4 三七渣对文山牛肌肉营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸含量的影响
表7 三七渣对文山牛肌肉营养成分的影响Table 7 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on muscle nutrient composition of Wenshan cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Ⅰ组 Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组 Group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗灰分Ash/% | 3.30±0.78 | 3.50±0.52 | 3.60±0.41 | 0.362 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 67.30±2.31 | 68.50±3.10 | 68.10±2.56 | 0.438 |
| 粗脂肪EE/% | 22.20±1.23 | 22.90±1.45 | 21.80±1.36 | 0.283 |
| 钙Ca/(mg/kg) | 116.00±3.16 | 118.00±4.25 | 115.00±3.68 | 0.265 |
| 磷P/% | 0.59±0.08 | 0.64±0.10 | 0.53±0.09 | 0.637 |
表8 三七渣对文山牛肌肉氨基酸含量的影响Table 8 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on amino acid contents in muscle of Wenshan cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Ⅰ组 Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组 Group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 5.82±0.45a | 6.56±0.67b | 6.32±0.63ab | 0.025 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 2.68±0.16 | 2.90±0.25 | 2.58±0.17 | 0.126 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 2.05±0.61 | 2.18±0.35 | 2.20±0.28 | 0.230 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 9.46±1.06a | 10.54±0.98b | 10.26±0.79b | 0.027 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 2.38±0.23 | 2.36±0.42 | 2.28±0.41 | 0.351 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 2.86±0.69 | 2.94±0.46 | 2.76±0.32 | 0.147 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 3.88±0.58a | 4.36±0.65b | 4.25±0.34ab | 0.014 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 3.41±0.36 | 3.58±0.69 | 3.21±0.51 | 0.315 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 1.86±0.23 | 1.90±0.10 | 1.76±0.09 | 0.185 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 3.67±0.58 | 3.78±0.41 | 3.82±0.31 | 0.291 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 5.09±0.59a | 5.68±0.71b | 5.76±0.53b | 0.030 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 1.60±0.08 | 1.54±0.07 | 1.53±0.05 | 0.164 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 2.58±0.15 | 2.64±0.13 | 2.98±0.14 | 0.368 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 5.92±0.98a | 6.65±0.85b | 6.30±0.76ab | 0.016 |
| 组氨酸His | 2.60±0.56 | 2.80±0.45 | 2.50±0.37 | 0.351 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 3.94±0.95 | 3.64±0.76 | 3.82±0.69 | 0.167 |
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 0.70±0.06 | 0.67±0.08 | 0.54±0.05 | 0.169 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.57±0.07 | 0.50±0.04 | 0.52±0.03 | 0.121 |
表9 三七渣对文山牛肌肉脂肪酸含量的影响Table 9 Effects of Panaxnotoginseng residue on fatty acid contents in muscle of Wenshan cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | Ⅰ组 Group Ⅰ | Ⅱ组 Group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 癸酸C10∶0 | 0.014±0.002 | 0.018±0.001 | 0.017±0.002 | 0.136 |
| 月桂酸-十二碳酸C12∶0 | 0.019±0.003 | 0.020±0.002 | 0.015±0.001 | 0.152 |
| 豆蔻酸-十四碳酸C14∶0 | 0.926±0.012a | 0.821±0.015b | 0.810±0.014b | 0.041 |
| 豆蔻油酸-顺-9-十四碳一烯酸C14∶1 | 0.130±0.016 | 0.180±0.018 | 0.136±0.014 | 0.128 |
| 十五碳酸C15∶0 | 0.063±0.007 | 0.085±0.006 | 0.061±0.006 | 0.162 |
| 棕榈酸-十六碳酸C16∶0 | 6.130±0.895a | 5.480±1.023b | 5.320±0.768b | 0.012 |
| 棕榈油酸-顺-9-十六碳一烯酸C16∶1 | 0.501±0.036a | 0.576±0.024b | 0.548±0.059ab | 0.030 |
| 十七碳酸C17∶0 | 0.202±0.013 | 0.268±0.025 | 0.206±0.031 | 0.125 |
| 硬脂酸-十八碳酸C18∶0 | 3.920±0.961a | 3.420±0.637b | 3.520±0.751b | 0.013 |
| 油酸-顺-9-十八碳一烯酸C18∶1n9c | 8.060±1.024a | 9.200±1.036b | 9.030±0.967b | 0.032 |
| 亚油酸-顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸C18∶2n6c | 0.482±0.015a | 0.552±0.056b | 0.530±0.075b | 0.025 |
| γ-亚麻酸-顺,顺,顺-6,9,12-十八碳三烯酸C18∶3n6 | 0.008±0.002 | 0.007±0.004 | 0.008±0.001 | 0.125 |
| α-亚麻酸-顺,顺,顺-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸C18∶3n3 | 0.039±0.007 | 0.041±0.005 | 0.043±0.006 | 0.134 |
| 花生酸-二十碳酸C20∶0 | 0.027±0.006 | 0.035±0.004 | 0.023±0.005 | 0.213 |
| 花生一烯酸-顺-11-二十碳一烯酸C20∶1 | 0.052±0.003 | 0.092±0.001 | 0.049±0.003 | 0.251 |
| 花生二烯酸-顺,顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸C20∶2 | 0.009±0.001 | 0.007±0.003 | 0.006±0.002 | 0.163 |
| 二高-γ-亚麻酸-顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸 C20∶3n6 | 0.042±0.006 | 0.039±0.008 | 0.033±0.009 | 0.215 |
| 顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸C20∶3n3 | 0.003±0.001 | 0.004±0.002 | 0.004±0.001 | 0.082 |
| 花生四烯酸-顺-5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸C20∶4n6 | 0.146±0.019 | 0.157±0.014 | 0.162±0.019 | 0.236 |
| 顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸C20∶5n3 | 0.007±0.002 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.007±0.003 | 0.094 |
| 二十一碳酸C21∶0 | 0.051±0.013 | 0.077±0.025 | 0.056±0.014 | 0.083 |
| 芥酸-顺-13-二十二碳一烯酸C22∶1n9 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.007±0.002 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.075 |
| 顺-13,16-二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2 | 0.004±0.002 | 0.004±0.001 | 0.003±0.001 | 0.096 |
| 顺-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n3 | 0.004±0.002 | 0.004±0.001 | 0.003±0.001 | 0.075 |
| 二十三碳酸C23∶0 | 0.006±0.002 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.063 |
