Effects of Partial Substitution of Peanut Vine by Semi-Dry Ammoniated Wheat Straw Silage on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Indices of Laoshan Dairy Goats

GUO Yixuan; LI Haibin; LIN Yingting; LI Zunyan; ZHU Weimin; CHENG Ming; ZHU Fenghua

doi:10.12418/CJAN2023.293

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 5: 3154 - 3163

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.293

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Partial Substitution of Peanut Vine by Semi-Dry Ammoniated Wheat Straw Silage on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Indices of Laoshan Dairy Goats

GUO Yixuan ^,¹ ,
LI Haibin ¹ ,
LIN Yingting ¹ ,
LI Zunyan ¹ ,
ZHU Weimin ² ,
CHENG Ming ³ ,
ZHU Fenghua ^,¹^,^*

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
² Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Chengyang District in Qingdao, Qingdao 266109, China
³ Qingdao Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Qingdao 266000, China

*senior experimenter, E-mail: zhufenghua1029@126.com

Received date: 2022-11-09

Online published: 2023-05-11

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of partial substitution of peanut vine by semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical indices and antioxidant indices of Laoshan dairy goats. Forty healthy dairy goats with body weight of (51.23±2.23) kg and milk yield of (1.41±0.26) kg/d, the same parity (2 parities) and in lactation 100 to 110 d were selected and divided into 2 groups according to source by paired design, with 4 replicates per group and 5 goats per replicate. The goats in control group (CG) were fed a basal diet, and the goats in semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage group (SG) were fed an experimental diet. The experimental diet was formulated by replacing peanut vine with 10% semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage in the basal diet (dry matter basis). The experiment period was 40 days, including 10 days of pre-test and 30 days of formal test. The results showed as follows: compared with the CG, using 10% semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage equivalently to replace peanut vine had no significant differences in milk yield, milk composition and serum antioxidant indices (P>0.05), but could significantly decrease the average daily feed intake (P<0.05), and extremely significantly increase the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.01). And that, the contents of total protein and globulin in serum of SG were also extremely significantly increased compared with CG (P<0.01). In summary, using 10% semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage equivalently to replace peanut vine can improve the nutrient digestibility of Laoshan dairy goats, and has no adverse effect on the milk yield, milk composition and antioxidant performance.

Key words： Laoshan dairy goats; semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage; lactation performance; nutrient digestibility; serum biochemical indices; antioxidant ability

Cite this article

GUO Yixuan , LI Haibin , LIN Yingting , LI Zunyan , ZHU Weimin , CHENG Ming , ZHU Fenghua . Effects of Partial Substitution of Peanut Vine by Semi-Dry Ammoniated Wheat Straw Silage on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Indices of Laoshan Dairy Goats[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(5) : 3154 -3163 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.293

我国是世界上最大的小麦生产国,总产量常年维持在1亿t以上,麦秸是小麦籽实成熟脱粒后剩余的茎秆部分,年产量可达1.5亿t以上^[1],是潜在的粗饲料资源。但麦秸的粗纤维含量高达30%~40%,木质素含量为20%,而粗蛋白质(CP)含量仅为4%左右^[2],养分消化率远低于玉米秸、豆秸等秸秆,严重影响了其饲料化利用。因此,如何提高养分消化率是麦秸饲料化利用的关键。传统的麦秸处理方法有粉碎(铡短)、碱化、氨化、青贮等^[3]。粉碎(铡短)是最为常用的方法,也是其他处理的基础,但对养分消化率的影响不大。碱化虽能明显改善养分消化率,但容易破坏消化道酸碱平衡并污染环境。实践证明,氨化和青贮是较为理想的麦秸饲料化处理方法。但现行的氨化处理都是基于干麦秸,由于麦秸在干燥过程中营养物质大量损失,严重影响了其处理效果^[4]。半干青贮虽然能较好地保存麦秸的营养成分,但由于水分含量低,质地蓬松坚硬,难以压实,往往影响青贮品质。本课题组将半干青贮与氨化有机结合创立了半干氨贮技术^[5],该技术系将收获小麦籽实后的新鲜麦秸直接添加适量尿素密闭处理,较好地保留了麦秸中的营养物质。本试验在采用半干氨贮技术制备半干氨贮麦秸的基础上,以半干氨贮麦秸替代基础饲粮中部分花生秧,研究其对奶山羊产奶性能、养分消化率、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响,验证半干氨贮麦秸在奶山羊生产中的应用效果,以期为麦秸的饲料化处理及其在畜禽生产中的应用提供理论支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 半干氨贮麦秸制备

2020年6月小麦收获时,选用收获籽实后新鲜打捆麦秸,用水分快速测定仪测定含水量后,按干物质的3%将尿素溶解于定量水中并均匀喷洒于麦秸上,使麦秸含水率控制在35%左右,逐层堆放于空闲的青贮窖内,压实、密封保存,厌氧处理30 d以上。半干氨贮后麦秸呈暗红色,茎叶颜色保持一致,有氨味但不强烈,质地柔软松散,无发霉现象。鲜麦秸和半干氨贮麦秸营养成分含量如表1所示。半干氨贮麦秸饲喂前释放多余氨气后用粉碎机粉碎。

表1 鲜麦秸和半干氨贮麦秸的营养成分含量比较(干物质基础)

Table 1 Comparison of nutrient contents between fresh wheat straw and semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage (DM basis) %

项目 Items	干物质 DM	粗蛋白质 CP	中性洗涤纤维 NDF	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF
鲜麦秸Fresh wheat straw	80.04	4.61	71.76	43.82
半干氨贮麦秸 Semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage	67.53	8.02	69.33	43.38

1.2 试验设计与试验饲粮

试验选取体重(51.23±2.23) kg、产奶量(1.41±0.26) kg/d、产羔100~110 d的2胎健康崂山奶山羊40只,根据来源采用配对设计,分为对照组(C组)和半干氨贮麦秸组(S组),每组设4个重复,每个重复5只羊。试验前2组试验羊的泌乳性能如表2所示。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂试验饲粮。基础饲粮参照NRC(2007)绵羊饲养标准配制,试验饲粮是在基础饲粮配方的基础上用10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧(干物质基础),其余成分均与基础饲粮保持一致。基础饲粮和试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表3。试验期共40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。

表2 试验前2组试验羊的泌乳性能

Table 2 Lactation performance of experimental goats in 2 groups before experiment

项目Items	C组C group	S组S group	P值P-value
产奶量Milk yield/[kg/(d·只)]	1.42±0.28	1.40±0.29	0.625
乳脂率Milk fat percentage/%	5.20±1.10	5.28±1.14	0.865
乳蛋白率Milk protein percentage/%	4.18±0.60	4.36±0.51	0.504
乳糖率Lactose percentage/%	4.77±0.16	4.81±0.32	0.706
真蛋白率True protein percentage/%	3.96±0.54	4.10±0.52	0.615
总固形物率Total solids percentage/%	14.40±1.54	14.85±2.00	0.595
非脂固形物率Non-fat solid percentage/%	9.35±0.58	9.62±0.89	0.444

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。
	Values in the same row with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

表3 基础饲粮和试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet and experimental diet (DM basis) %

项目 Items	基础饲粮(C组) Basal diet (C group)	试验饲粮(S组) Experimental diet (S group)
原料Ingredients
全株玉米青贮Whole-plant corn silage	20.85	20.85
花生秧Peanut vine	21.43	11.43
半干氨贮麦秸Semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage		10.00
大蒜秸Garlic stalks	3.65	3.65
杂干草Mixed hay	2.23	2.23
精料补充料Concentrate supplement¹⁾	51.54	51.54
食盐NaCl	0.30	0.30
合计Total	100.00	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
消化能DE/(MJ/kg)	13.45	13.50
粗蛋白质CP	14.43	14.43
中性洗涤纤维NDF	51.27	51.16
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	30.70	30.80
钙Ca	0.68	0.68
总磷TP	0.14	0.14

1)精料补充料购自欧力菲德(山东)饲料科技有限公司,含有玉米、玉米干酒糟及其可溶物、喷浆玉米皮、玉米胚芽粕、豆粕、麸皮、棉籽粕、碳酸氢钙、石粉、氯化钠、甘蔗糖蜜、棕榈脂肪粉、碳酸氢钠、矿物质、维生素,其营养成分含量如下:粗蛋白质≥20%、粗纤维≤10%、粗灰分≤10%、钙0.6%~1.8%、总磷≥0.5%、食盐0.5%~1.5%、赖氨酸≥0.65%。Concentrate supplement purchased from Olifield (Shandong) Feed Technology Co., Ltd. It contained corn, corn DDGS, sprayed corn husk, corn germ meal, soybean meal, wheat bran, cottonseed meal, Ca(HCO₃)₂, limestone, NaCl, sugar cane molasses, palm fat powder, NaHCO₃, minerals and vitamins, and its nutrient contents showed as follows: CP≥20%, CF≤10%, Ash≤10%, Ca 0.6% to 1.8%, TP≥0.5%, NaCl 0.5% to 1.5%, lysine≥0.65%。

2)消化能为计算值,其余为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验羊以重复(栏)为单位饲养,试验期间采用全混合日粮每天04:00、10:00、15:00和20:00定时饲喂,06:00和18:00机器挤奶。试验期间2组试验羊饲养管理保持一致,自由采食和饮水,每天记录试验羊饲喂量和剩料量,并计算每只羊的平均日采食量(ADFI)。

1.4 检测指标

1.4.1 产奶量和料奶比

正试期每天记录每只试验羊的产奶量,计算料奶比(平均日采食量/平均日产奶量),并按下式计算4%标准乳产量:

4%FCM=0.4M+15MF。

式中:M为试验期内每只羊产奶量[kg/(d·只)];F为试验期内平均乳脂率(%);4%FCM为4%标准乳产量[kg/(d·只)]。

1.4.2 乳成分

在正试期第26~30天,每只羊每天分别在06:00(60 mL)和18:00(40 mL)采集乳样,均匀混合后用HZDY-UL80BC乳成分分析仪检测乳成分。

1.4.3 养分消化率

正试期第24~30天连续采集饲粮样本,每天每个重复采集400 g左右,混合均匀后,65 ℃烘至恒重测定初水分,粉碎后过40目筛,充分混合后四分法缩至150 g,置密封袋中保存备用。

正试期第24~30天每天09:00采集每个重复试验羊未被污染的新鲜粪便50~100 g,按鲜粪重1/4加入10%酒石酸溶液进行固氮处理,4 ℃保存。收粪结束后,将每个重复收集的粪样混合,65 ℃烘至恒重制备风干粪样,置密封袋中保存备用^[6]。

饲粮样品及粪样中干物质(DM)、盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 23742—2009、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6434—2006、NY/T 1459—2007和GB/T 6433—2006的方法测定。采用内源指示剂法计算养分消化率,计算公式如下:

养分消化率(%)=100-100×(A₂×B₁)/(A₁×B₂)。

式中:A₁和A₂分别代表饲粮和粪便中某养分含量(%);B₁和B₂分别代表饲粮和粪便中AIA含量(%)。

1.4.4 血清指标

正试期结束当天,晨饲前每只羊颈静脉采集血液5 mL,4 000 r/min离心10 min分离血清,吸取上清液分装于2 mL离心管中,-80 ℃保存备用。

血清抗氧化指标:血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性与总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量按照试剂盒(购自南京建成生物工程研究所)说明书进行测定。

血清生化指标:血清中糖代谢、脂代谢及蛋白质代谢相关生化指标按照试剂盒说明书进行(购自南京建成生物工程研究所)进行测定。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 23.0软件进行独立样本t检验,结果以平均值±标准差表示,P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊产奶性能的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧可显著降低崂山奶山羊的ADFI(P<0.05),但对产奶量、4%标准乳产量、乳成分以及料奶比均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表4 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊产奶性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of partial substitution of peanut vine by semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage on lactation performance of Laoshan dairy goats

项目Items	C组C group	S组S group	P值P-value
产奶量Milk yield/[kg/(d·只)]	1.25±0.76	1.30±0.32	0.250
4%标准乳产量4%FCM yield/[kg/(d·只)]	1.42±0.38	1.43±0.36	0.935
乳脂率Milk fat percentage/%	5.32±1.02	4.73±1.25	0.115
乳蛋白率Milk protein percentage/%	4.23±0.45	4.20±0.69	0.896
乳糖率Lactose percentage/%	4.81±0.38	4.86±0.28	0.695
真蛋白率True protein percentage/%	3.99±0.42	3.95±0.64	0.836
总固形物率Total solids percentage/%	14.61±1.24	14.02±1.84	0.249
非脂固形物率Non-fat solid percentage/%	9.42±0.49	9.37±0.86	0.849
平均日采食量ADFI/[kg/(d·只)]	3.33±0.36^a	3.29±0.33^b	0.045
料奶比Feed to milk ratio	2.68±0.04	2.54±0.13	0.114

2.2 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊养分消化率的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧可极显著提高崂山奶山羊对饲粮中DM、CP、NDF、ADF的消化率(P<0.01),但对饲粮中EE的消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表5 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊养分消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of partial substitution of peanut vine by semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage on nutrient digestibility of Laoshan dairy goats %

项目Items	C组C group	S组S group	P值P-value
干物质DM	57.85±2.81^B	71.86±0.50^A	<0.001
粗蛋白质CP	57.02±2.43^B	69.40±1.97^A	<0.001
粗脂肪EE	57.13±7.97	60.57±4.63	0.387
中性洗涤纤维NDF	27.93±3.54^B	49.31±2.68^A	<0.001
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	34.28±5.41^B	56.07±2.81^A	<0.001

2.3 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧可极显著提高崂山奶山羊血清中总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)含量(P<0.01),但对血清中甘油三酯(TG)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、白蛋白(ALB)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表6 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of partial substitution of peanut vine by semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage on serum biochemical indices of Laoshan dairy goats

项目Items	C组C group	S组S group	P值P-value
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L)	0.13±0.07	0.11±0.05	0.627
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L)	2.22±0.75	2.31±1.18	0.834
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L)	2.40±0.48	2.26±0.45	0.472
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L)	2.03±0.65	2.28±0.73	0.403
总蛋白TP/(g/L)	71.74±5.76^B	86.54±12.37^A	0.002
球蛋白GLB/(g/L)	57.11±3.44^B	73.86±9.90^A	<0.001
白蛋白ALB/(g/L)	13.97±1.78	13.95±1.94	0.979

2.4 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清中GSH-Px、SOD活性以及T-AOC、MDA含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表7 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of partial substitution of peanut vine by semi-dry ammoniated wheat straw silage on serum antioxidant indices of Laoshan dairy goats

项目Items	C组C group	S组S group	P值P-value
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL)	28.98±7.54	29.23±6.07	0.993
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L)	0.44±0.05	0.44±0.05	0.815
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL)	0.39±0.14	0.39±0.83	0.998
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/L)	0.20±0.08	0.17±0.14	0.375

3 讨论

3.1 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊产奶性能的影响

奶山羊的产奶量及乳成分受品种^[7]、胎次^[8]、产羔数、挤奶次数等的影响,同时还与干物质采食量和消化率^[9]、饲粮组成^[10]等有关。而在本试验中,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧可导致奶山羊采食量降低,这可能与饲粮的含水量高、半干氨贮麦秸的适口性较差等有关^[11]。研究发现,与苜蓿干草等粗饲料相比,麦秸和氨化麦秸会导致荷斯坦公牛采食量降低^[12]。而与花生秧-青贮玉米组相比,麦秸-青贮玉米组奶牛的采食量虽未出现显著差异,但生产性能显著下降^[13],且当全价颗粒饲料中麦秸添加量超过1%时,可使奶牛的日采食量和生产性能显著降低^[14]。但在本试验中发现,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧后崂山奶山羊的ADFI虽然显著下降,但其产奶量以及乳成分等无显著变化,这可能是因为半干氨贮过程破坏了麦秸中木质素与纤维素、半纤维素间的紧密连接,提高了养分的消化率,同时以非蛋白氮形式补充了氮源,增加了对瘤胃微生物的养分供给^[15]。

3.2 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊养分消化率的影响

饲粮养分的消化率除与动物因素^[16](如动物种类、品种、日龄等)相关外,还受采食量、饲粮组成^[17]以及饲养条件等因素的影响。本试验中,半干氨贮麦秸组崂山奶山羊对DM的消化率极显著高于对照组,这可能是与麦秸中二氧化硅的含量有关,有研究发现秸秆中二氧化硅含量与DM消化率呈负相关^[18],经过氨化处理后麦秸中二氧化硅含量降低,从而使DM消化率提高;此外,氨贮处理使麦秸的CP含量提高并附着在纤维表面,使其更易被瘤胃微生物消化^[19]。体外试验发现,氨化可显著增加水稻秸秆的DM消化率^[20]。CP消化率与瘤胃微生物蛋白合成有关,本试验中半干氨贮麦秸组CP消化率较对照组极显著提高,这可能是麦秸经过氨贮后形成铵盐,补充了瘤胃微生物繁殖所需的氮源^[21]。研究发现,玉米秸经氨化处理后能够使奶牛瘤胃发酵功能改善,蛋白质降解率显著提高^[22]。NDF、ADF的消化率则与饲料中粗纤维有关。本试验中半干氨贮麦秸组NDF、ADF消化率较对照组极显著提高,这主要是因为:秸秆氨化后能够破坏细胞壁中木质素和结构性多糖之间的连接,纤维素及半纤维素从复杂结构中得以释放,使植物细胞壁木质素降低,细胞壁厚度变薄,更易被消化^[23];经过氨化处理后,秸秆纤维柔韧度和膨胀度增加,使瘤胃微生物易于附着和消化^[24];此外,氨化后的秸秆能够提高产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、白色瘤胃球菌等纤维分解菌和真菌的丰度,促进粗纤维分解^[25]。刘亦凝等^[26]研究发现,氨化后的新鲜水稻秸秆营养价值得到提高,NDF、ADF、木质素等的降解率显著提高;陈希等^[27]研究发现,饲喂麦秸能够减缓瘤胃排空速度,显著提高瘤胃内木聚糖酶活性,促进粗纤维分解。

3.3 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标与动物机体代谢和免疫状况相关,例如血清中TG、UN、GLU含量分别反映了机体中脂代谢^[28]、蛋白质代谢^[29]及糖代谢^[30]的状况。ALB可以作为载体蛋白运输维生素等物质,GLB参与动物机体的免疫过程,这两者组成了血清中的TP,三者含量高低反映了机体的抗病能力^[31]。本试验中,以10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧对崂山奶山羊血清中TG、UN、GLU、TC、ALB含量均无显著影响,但能极显著提高血清中TP含量,说明半干氨贮麦秸组奶山羊肝脏合成蛋白质能力和氮沉积能力增强,从而分泌到血液中的蛋白质增多^[32],这可能与麦秸经氨贮后补充瘤胃微生物繁殖所需要的氮源^[21],瘤胃中微生物蛋白合成量增加有关。此外,半干氨贮麦秸组奶山羊血清中GLB含量极显著高于对照组,说明用10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧可以增强崂山奶山羊机体的免疫能力,进而提高抗病能力,但对崂山奶山羊糖代谢和脂代谢等生理过程无显著影响,与李文静等^[13]的试验结果一致。

3.4 半干氨贮麦秸替代部分花生秧对崂山奶山羊抗氧化能力的影响

生产中很多因素可导致动物氧化应激,动物体内的酶促和非酶促系统可维持机体氧化还原的动态平衡。GSH-Px反映机体清除自由基的能力,是体现抗氧化能力的重要指标^[33];T-AOC显示动物机体多种抗氧化酶共同作用的效果,反映抗氧化系统的综合能力^[34];SOD能够催化机体内的超氧阴离子自由基生成氧和过氧化氢,提高机体的抗氧化能力^[35];而MDA则是机体自由基与脂质发生氧化反应的产物,其含量越高表明动物抗氧化能力越弱^[36]。对照组与半干氨贮麦秸组之间血清GSH-Px、SOD活性与T-AOC、MDA含量差异不显著,说明用10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代花生秧对崂山奶山羊的抗氧化能力无不良影响。

4 结论

干物质基础下用10%半干氨贮麦秸等量替代饲粮中的花生秧,可以提高崂山奶山羊的养分消化率,且对产奶量、乳成分和抗氧化能力无不良影响。

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