Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 5: 3228 - 3236

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.300

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Small Intestinal Development, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Meat Rabbits

  • GUO Zhiqiang ,
  • LI Yuying ,
  • YANG Rui ,
  • KUANG Liangde ,
  • LI Congyan ,
  • ZHENG Jie ,
  • XIE Xiaohong ,
  • LEI Min , *
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  • Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-09

  Online published: 2023-05-11

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder on the growth performance, small intestinal development, slaughter performance and meat quality of meat rabbits. Six hundred 28-day-old “Shuxing No.1” commercial meat rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 20 rabbits (half male and half female) in each replicate. Rabbits in the 5 groups were fed diets containing 0 (control group), 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder, respectively. The pre-feeding period was 7 days and the trial period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) with the increase of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder supplemental level, the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of rabbits showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the 6% group had the highest values, which were significantly higher than those in the control group and other experimental groups (P<0.05); the feed to gain ratio showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and the 12% group was significantly higher than the control group, 3% group and 6% group (P<0.05); the diarrhea rate and mortality showed a trend of decreasing gradually, and the 12% group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). 2) The ratio of villus height/crypt depth of duodenal mucosa in the 6% group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the amylase activity of jejunum in 9% group and 12% group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the trypsin activity of jejunum in 12% group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 3) With the increase of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder supplemental level, the live weight before slaughter, half eviscerated weight, full eviscerated weight, half eviscerated dressing percentage and full eviscerated dressing percentage showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, the slaughter performance of 6% group was the best, followed by 3% group, control group, 9% group and 12% group. 4) With the increase of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder supplemental level, the pH24 h, ether extract and inosinic acid contents of longissimus dorsi increased firstly and then decreased, the redness (a*) value increased gradually, and the drip loss decreased firstly and then increased. Among them, the 6% group had the highest pH24 h, ether extract and inosinic acid contents, and the lowest drip loss. In summary, adding an appropriate proportion of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder in the diet of rabbits can increase the feed intake and growth rate of meat rabbits, promote small intestinal mucosa development, increase jejunal digestive enzyme activities, improve slaughter rate and meat quality, and the appropriate supplemental level is 6%.

Key words： Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder; meat rabbits; growth performance; small intestinal development; meat quality

Cite this article

GUO Zhiqiang , LI Yuying , YANG Rui , KUANG Liangde , LI Congyan , ZHENG Jie , XIE Xiaohong , LEI Min . Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Small Intestinal Development, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(5) : 3228 -3236 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.300

我国是全球最大的大豆、玉米、小麦、高粱和苜蓿进口国,其中大豆、玉米和苜蓿等主要用于饲料工业[1]。在中美贸易战、新冠肺炎疫情、乌克兰危机和极端自然灾害频发等因素的影响下,全球粮食安全形势趋于恶化,我国饲料原料进口价格屡创新高[2-3],2022年10月豆粕价格更是突破6 000元/t大关,给我国饲料工业发展带来巨大危机,大力发展节粮型草食畜牧业和开发利用我国非常规饲料资源是破解危机的两大重要措施。西南地区是我国肉兔主产区,产业持续快速发展,2021年出栏肉兔2亿多只,饲料原料短缺且价格高昂已成为制约产业进一步发展的主要瓶颈,迫切需要开发适宜肉兔生产的饲料新原料[4⇓-6]。近年来,青花椒系列川菜风靡全国,带动了青花椒种植业的迅猛发展,青花椒在四川、重庆、贵州和云南等西南地区广泛种植,2022年西南地区青花椒种植面积已达600多万亩(1 亩≈666.67 m2) [7]。目前,青花椒生产实现了机械采收和蒸汽烘干,由此带来了烘干的青花椒枝叶废弃物[8]。据统计,目前仅四川、重庆和贵州三省,青花椒叶年产量就超过了12万t,大部分作为废物丢弃,仅有小部分做基肥利用,利用率非常低[9-10]。青花椒叶外观青绿、气味清香、蛋白质高纤维适中、霉菌毒素含量低,还含有多种功能性成分,具有产量高和分布集中的特点,便于工业化开发利用,具备开发为饲料原料的潜力[11]。李佩洪等[12]初步分析了青花椒枝叶粉的营养组成,展望了青花椒叶粉作为饲料原料的应用前景;郭志强等[11]详细检测了青花椒叶粉的营养组成,分析了肉兔对青花椒叶粉中营养成分的消化率,初步评价了其对肉兔的营养价值,但是青花椒叶粉对肉兔的饲用价值研究还尚未见报道。因此,本试验以“蜀兴1号”商品代肉兔为试验动物,研究饲粮中添加不同水平青花椒叶粉对肉兔生长性能、肠道发育和肌肉品质的影响,为青花椒叶粉作为饲料资源在肉兔配合饲料中的科学应用提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计及饲养管理

试验选择28日龄体重相近的“蜀兴1号”商品代肉兔600只,随机分成5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只(公母各占1/2),分别饲喂含为0(对照组)、3%、6%、9%和12%青花椒叶的饲粮。试验在2022年10月初到11月中旬进行,预试期7 d,正试期42 d。饲养试验在四川省畜牧科学研究院肉兔科研基地进行,试验前彻底冲洗并全面熏蒸消毒兔舍和兔笼,试验兔采用品字形阶梯式金属笼饲养,人工控制采光、机械通风。每日早晚各饲喂1次,自由采食,保证充足饮水;断奶时每只试验兔皮下注射兔瘟巴二联苗1 mL。

1.2 试验饲粮

试验饲粮参照De Blas等[13]和《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[14]推荐的营养水平并结合本地饲料资源特点设计,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验所用青花椒叶粉由重庆荣昌某公司提供,为青花椒叶工业加工后的新商品饲料原料产品。四川省畜牧科学研究院养兔所对本试验批次天然气烘干青花椒叶粉的营养价值进行了评定,结果显示:消化能(DE)水平为8.14 MJ/kg,干物质(DM)含量为88.52%,粗蛋白质(CP)含量为15.03%,粗脂肪(EE)含量为4.40%,粗纤维(CF)含量为18.58%,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量为33.52%,酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量为11.48%,粗灰分(Ash)含量为11.21%。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 青花椒叶粉添加量
Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder supplemental level/%
0 3 6 9 12
原料Ingredients
苜蓿草粉Alfalfa meal 31.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0
豆粕Soybean meal (CP 43%) 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0
玉米Corn 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
次粉Wheat middlings 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
膨化大豆Extruded soybean (CP 36%) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
全脂米糠Full fat rice bran 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
青花椒叶粉Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0
麸皮Wheat bran 23.0 21.0 19.0 17.0 15.0
氯化钠NaCl 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
石粉Limestone 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
预混料Premix1) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
合计Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 9.97 9.99 10.01 10.03 10.05
粗蛋白质CP 15.21 15.32 15.24 15.15 15.24
0 3 6 9 12
粗纤维CF 16.52 16.61 16.70 16.65 16.81
中性洗涤纤维NDF 31.23 31.02 30.85 30.61 30.35
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 17.31 17.15 17.06 16.85 16.62
酸性洗涤木质素ADL 4.82 4.85 4.87 4.91 4.93
赖氨酸Lys 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.84 0.85
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.61 0.62 0.59 0.62 0.60
钙Ca 1.03 1.04 1.02 1.10 1.08
总磷TP 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.65

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe 95 mg,Cu 20 mg,Zn 100 mg,Mn 15 mg,Mg 125 mg,VA 5 500 IU,VD3 1 500 IU,VE 60 mg,胆碱 choline 1.2 g,10%氯苯胍 10% robenidine 150 mg。

2)消化能为计算值,其余为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.3 样品采集

试验期间记录饲粮消耗量,试验结束后空腹12 h后称重,每组选择该组平均体重相近12只试验兔(公母各占1/2)进行屠宰,测定屠宰性能,采集小肠和肌肉组织样品,进行小肠发育指标和肉品质测定。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生长性能

平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)、腹泻率和死亡率的测定方法参考本课题组郭志强等[15]的文献。

1.4.2 小肠发育指标

十二指肠和空肠黏膜绒毛高度、隐窝深度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值的测定方法参照本课题组郭志强等[15]的文献;空肠食糜淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性采用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒进行测定,严格执行试剂盒说明书要求规范操作。

1.4.3 屠宰性能

屠宰性能测定宰前活重、全净膛重、半净膛重、全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率等指标,测定方法参照本课题组王彬等[16]的文献。

1.4.4 肉品质

肉品质指标包括背最长肌pH45 min、pH24 h、肉色、滴水损失、营养成分(干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、肌苷酸)含量。其中,pH45 min、pH24 h、肉色、滴水损失以及干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量的测定参照本课题组王彬等[16]的文献;肌苷酸含量测定采用团体标准《肌肉中肌苷 肌苷酸的测定 高效液相色谱法》(T/NAIA 0003-2020)测定。

1.5 统计分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对试验数据进行初步整理后,再进行单因素方差分析,其中腹泻率和死亡率采用卡方检验进行统计分析,存在显著差异时采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,数据结果用平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 生长性能

由表2可知,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,末重、平均日采食量、平均日增重均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中6%组最高,且平均日采食量和平均日增重显著高于对照组和其他试验组(P<0.05)。随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,料重比呈现先降低后增高的趋势,12%组显著高于对照组、3%组和6%组(P<0.05),对照组、3%组、6%组和9%组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,腹泻率和死亡率呈逐渐降低的趋势,其中12%组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表2 青花椒叶粉对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 青花椒叶粉添加量Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0(对照
Control)		 3 6 9 12
初重IBW/g 752.6±28.7 758.9±30.5 762.3±28.8 753.8±32.4 756.9±29.3 0.823 6
末重FBW/g 2 244.4±55.6ab 2 288.9±50.5a 2 321.3±63.3a 2 209.9±57.5ab 2 021.1±61.0b 0.046 3
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 35.52±1.89b 36.43±2.11ab 37.12±1.98a 34.67±2.12b 30.10±2.07c 0.023 8
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 118.98±4.21b 120.58±3.98ab 125.47±3.87a 118.24±4.12b 110.78±4.07c 0.025 1
料重比F/G 3.35±0.09b 3.31±0.11b 3.38±0.12b 3.41±0.14ab 3.68±0.18a 0.044 2
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 15.00a 12.50ab 9.17ab 8.33ab 6.67b
死亡率Mortality/% 11.67a 9.17ab 6.67ab 5.00ab 4.17b

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 小肠黏膜形态

由表3可知,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,十二指肠和空肠黏膜绒毛高度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中6%组最高,显著高于12%组(P<0.05);6%组十二指肠黏膜绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著高于对照组、9%组和12%组(P<0.05),且6%组空肠黏膜绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著高于12%组(P<0.05);饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量对十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度无显著影响(P>0.05);
表3 青花椒叶粉对肉兔小肠黏膜形态的影响

Table 3 Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder on small intestinal mucosal morphology of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 青花椒叶粉添加量Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0(对照
Control)		 3 6 9 12
绒毛高度Villus height/μm
十二指肠Duodenum 642.4±45.2ab 657.8±52.3ab 672.1±53.4a 650.4±48.7ab 632.7±56.7b 0.042 1
空肠Jejunum 423.5±26.5ab 433.8±32.4ab 458.6±27.8a 426.3±38.1ab 411.5±40.1b 0.047 3
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm
十二指肠Duodenum 155.2±15.6 159.2±14.9 150.7±18.5 160.2±17.3 152.4±19.5 0.142 0
空肠Jejunum 120.5±11.3 126.5±15.4 118.8±10.9 123.8±11.9 127.5±14.8 0.251 5
绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值V/C ratio
十二指肠Duodenum 3.89±0.21b 4.24±0.25ab 4.46±0.31a 4.06±0.27b 4.15±0.34ab 0.042 3
空肠Jejunum 3.51±0.32ab 3.43±0.28ab 3.86±0.34a 3.44±0.29ab 3.23±0.41b 0.046 2

2.3 空肠消化酶活性

由表4可知,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,空肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中9%、12%组空肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),12%组空肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组和3%组(P<0.05)。
表4 青花椒叶粉对肉兔空肠消化酶活性的影响

Table 4 Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder on jejunal digestive enzyme activities of meat rabbits U/g

项目
Items		 青花椒叶粉添加量Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0(对照
Control)		 3 6 9 12
淀粉酶Amylase 42.35±3.54b 43.52±4.12ab 44.36±0.34ab 45.85±0.27a 45.28±3.58a 0.039 3
胰蛋白酶Trypsin 3.85±0.32b 3.98±0.28b 4.15±0.34ab 4.20±0.27ab 4.23±0.41a 0.045 2

2.4 屠宰性能

由表5可知,饲粮青花椒叶粉添加量对肉兔各屠宰性能指标均有显著影响(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,随着青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,全净膛重、半净膛重、全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率均呈现先升高后下降趋势,从高到低依次为6%组、3%组、对照组、9%组和12%组。
表5 青花椒叶粉对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder on slaughter performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 青花椒叶粉添加量Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0(对照
Control)		 3 6 9 12
宰前活重
Live weight before slaughter/g		 2 287±28b 2 321±32ab 2 345±35a 2 252±27b 2 054±34c 0.025 8
半净膛重
Half eviscerated weight/g		 1 283±20b 1 305±22ab 1 320±25a 1 258±22b 1 134±21c 0.034 1
全净膛重
Full eviscerated weight/g		 1 174±15b 1 192±17ab 1 207±19a 1 135±16b 1 028±18c 0.035 1
半净膛屠宰率
Half eviscerated dressing
percentage/%		 56.11±0.68ab 56.21±0.78ab 56.28±0.84a 55.87±0.73b 55.19±0.76b 0.041 2
全净膛屠宰率
Full eviscerated dressing
percentage/%		 51.35±0.55a 51.37±0.48a 51.45±0.53a 50.42±0.56b 50.07±0.49b 0.047 1

2.5 肉品质

由表6可知,饲粮青花椒叶粉添加量对肉兔背最长肌黄度(b*)与亮度(L*)值、pH45 min以及干物质和粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但是对背最长肌红度(a*)值、pH24 h、滴水损失、粗脂肪和肌苷酸含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,背最长肌pH24 h、粗脂肪和肌苷酸含量呈先升高后下降趋势,a*值呈逐渐升高趋势,滴水损失呈先下降后升高的趋势,其中6%青花椒叶组背肌pH24 h、粗脂肪和肌苷酸含量最高,滴水损失最低。
表6 青花椒叶粉对肉兔肉品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf powder on meat quality of rabbits

项目
Items		 青花椒叶粉添加量Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaf supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0(对照
Control)		 3 6 9 12
红度a* 3.05±0.31b 3.23±0.27b 3.35±0.41b 3.45±0.28ab 3.52±0.34a 0.046 3
黄度b* 3.81±0.54 3.76±0.48 4.02±0.52 3.75±0.62 3.96±0.52 0.546 6
亮度L* 43.21±2.31 44.35±2.03 45.34±1.86 43.74±1.78 44.45±2.05 0.261 1
pH45 min 6.75±0.10 6.77±0.09 6.78±0.12 6.76±0.08 6.66±0.08 0.195 3
pH24 h 5.73±0.08ab 5.86±0.11a 5.92±0.07a 5.61±0.09b 5.54±0.09b 0.034 3
滴水损失Drip loss/% 2.21±0.15c 1.97±0.18c 1.74±0.21c 2.32±0.21b 2.72±0.24a 0.038 9
营养成分含量Nutrient contents
干物质DM/% 24.80±0.41 24.88±0.39 25.15±0.29 24.83±0.47 24.68±0.41 0.689 2
粗蛋白质CP/% 22.13±0.26 21.97±0.26 21.78±0.27 22.24±0.25 22.25±0.26 0.506 3
粗脂肪EE/% 1.76±0.14ab 2.01±0.11a 2.22±0.10a 1.66±0.12b 1.56±0.14b 0.038 5
肌苷酸Inosinic acid/(mg/g) 1.32±0.20b 1.59±0.19b 2.07±0.17a 1.97±0.15ab 1.87±0.15ab 0.031 2

3 讨论

3.1 青花椒叶粉对肉兔生长性能的影响

青花椒叶粉作为青花椒的主要副产物,味辛、热、无毒,营养丰富,饲用价值高[17],同时含有多种活性成分,如挥发油、生物碱、酰胺、糖类、黄酮类、多酚等,不仅具有调味功能,还具有抗氧化、抑菌和抗炎杀虫的作用[18-19]。众多研究表明花椒叶同花椒功能类似,同样具有调味料的作用,可以提鲜、去腥、除湿和杀菌消炎,2 000多年前我们的祖先就开始鲜食花椒嫩芽,如今在川渝地区,花椒幼嫩茎叶也常被椒农加工成特色美食[20]。李佩洪等[21]研究发现,在土鸡饲粮中添加2%的花椒叶可以提高采食量,添加超过4%的花椒叶则土鸡采食量下降。郭志强等[11]研究发现,肉兔饲粮中添加不超过8%的青花椒叶粉可提高的适口性,添加量超过8%后适口性下降。本试验中,饲粮中添加不超过6%的青花椒叶粉可以提高饲粮的适口性,增加肉兔的采食量,添加超过的9%青花椒叶粉使得饲粮适口性降低,导致肉兔采食量降低。由此可见,不同动物对麻味的阈值存在差异,肉兔对鲜麻味的阈值适应性高于土鸡,但是超过阈值,饲粮适口性将下降,造成采食量下降,进而严重影响增重。本试验中,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,肉兔的腹泻率和死亡率降低,这主要归因于采食量的下降,众多研究表明对断奶仔兔实行限制饲喂可以显著降低腹泻率[5,11]。本试验中,从营养物质含量看,青花椒叶粉营养价值不亚于常用饲料原料麸皮,具有较高的利用潜力,但是青花椒叶粉也有缺陷,与其他非常规原料艾叶[22]、茶叶渣[16]和稻壳[23]等类似,青花椒叶粉添加量过大将导致适口性下降,在肉兔饲粮中的使用量受到严格限制。

3.2 青花椒叶粉对肉兔小肠发育的影响

小肠是肉兔对饲粮淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪等养分进行消化的主要部位,空肠是小肠中占比最大的一段,在小肠消化中发挥着决定性作用,空肠黏膜形态影响肉兔肠道健康和养分消化吸收。本研究发现,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,肉兔空肠黏膜绒毛高度和绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中6%组最高,12%组最低。王杉等[24]研究发现,饲粮中添加花椒籽粉可以提高肉仔鸡的生长性能,促进肠道发育,最适添加量为1.0%。传统中医认为青花椒属于辛辣性调味品,适量摄入可以促进食欲,但是过量摄入或者亚健康动物摄入会对胃肠道的黏膜产生影响,严重时引起炎症和溃疡,造成动物便秘[25],这与本试验结果一致。肉兔对饲粮的消化主要依靠动物消化道分泌的胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶进行化学性消化,而最关键的就是淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶。本研究中,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,空肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,以12%组活性最高。《本草纲目》记载花椒作为药食两用的传统中药,其作用是散寒除湿、消宿食、温脾胃、暖脾止泻,是治疗消化不良的良药[25]。研究发现,花椒通过富内皮素-1信号、血管内皮生长因子信号和多巴胺受体信号等信号通路对肠道发育、消化酶和肠道免疫等消化系统功能进行调控,实现促消化、抗溃疡和抗炎症的等功效[26],青花椒叶粉中含有部分花椒成分,也具有类似功能。

3.3 青花椒叶粉对肉兔屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

屠宰率是评价肉兔产肉性能的关键指标,屠宰率高低与饲粮营养水平及组成、饲养环境、饲喂品种、饲养方式和屠宰日龄及体重等诸多因素密切相关[27]。本试验中,随着青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,宰前活重、全净膛重、半净膛重、全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率均呈现先升高再下降趋势,以6%组屠宰性能最佳,这与平均日采食量的变化规律基本一致。研究发现,限制饲喂,特别是采食量少于自由采食量85%时,会严重影响肉兔生长、饲料转化率和屠宰率等[28]。本试验中,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,平均日采食量下降,结果类似于限制饲喂,这可能是导致屠宰率变化的根本原因;同时研究也发现,同一品种在饲养环境一致的情况下在达到成年体重前,体重越大,屠宰率越高,体重越小,屠宰率越低[13,27],这个结果在本试验也得到了印证,在其他非常规饲料资源艾叶[22]、茶叶渣[16]和稻壳[23]等的试验中也存在类似结果;此外,饲粮过多添加青花椒叶粉会导致肉兔生长性能和屠宰率的下降。
肉品质反映了肉的消费性能和营养价值[27]。反映消费性能的指标主要有肉色、pH、嫩度(剪切力)和保水性能(滴水损失)等[13]。本试验中,随着饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量的增加,肉兔背最长肌pH24 h呈先升高后下降趋势,a*值呈逐渐升高的趋势,滴水损失呈先下降后升高的趋势。研究发现,4周龄到屠宰阶段的限饲水平为自由采食量的85%~89%时,会导致背最长肌的烹饪损失增加和a*值降低,同时导致糖酵解代谢途径增加[28-29],进而背肌pH24 h降低,pH的迅速下降或较低的pH会导致肉中蛋白质变性和较大的滴水损失[13]。兔肉营养成分含量与兔肉营养价值密切相关[27]。本试验中,饲粮中青花椒叶粉添加量对肉兔背最长肌干物质和粗蛋白质含量的影响不显著,但是显著影响了对兔肉风味有重要作用的粗脂肪和肌苷酸含量。研究发现,花椒叶中含有挥发油(主要为游离脂肪酸、生物碱烯类化合物和醇类化合物)、酰胺、糖类、生物碱和多酚等功能性物质,有利于风味物质肌苷酸的合成[30],这可能是添加青花椒叶粉后背最长肌肌苷酸含量增加的原因。

4 结论

肉兔饲粮中添加适量的青花椒叶粉可以改善其适口性,促进肉兔采食,提高日增重;改善小肠发育,增加空肠消化酶活性;提高屠宰率和肉品质。因此,青花椒叶粉作为家兔饲料原料具有可行性,但是要严格控制添加量,以6%为宜。

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