Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3401 - 3409

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.316

REVIEW

Mechanism of Rosemary Extracts and Their Application in Animal Production

  • XU Shude , 1 ,
  • ZHENG Xin 2 ,
  • HU Haibo 2 ,
  • HU Yi , 1, *
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  • 1 Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Hunan Shineway Agriculture Co., Ltd., Changsha 410116, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-05

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

Rosemary is a plant shrub that belongs to Dicotyledoneae, Labiaceae and Rosmarinus. Rosemary extracts, including rosemary essential oil, carnosic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid and so on, which contains various functional chemical substances, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, lipids and so on. Therefore, it plays a positive role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, bacteriostatic, insecticidal and so on. Therefore, this research mainly reviewed the biological functions of rosemary extracts, the effects of rosemary extracts on growth, immune, antioxidant and meat quality of animal and their related mechanism, in order to provide reference for the application of rosemary extract in the healthy breeding of animals.

Key words： rosemary extracts; growth; immune; antioxidant; meat quality

Cite this article

XU Shude , ZHENG Xin , HU Haibo , HU Yi . Mechanism of Rosemary Extracts and Their Application in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3401 -3409 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.316

迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)为双子叶植物纲唇形科迷迭香属植物灌木,最早在欧洲地区和非洲北部地中海沿岸种植,在曹魏时期引种至我国。迷迭香喜温暖气候,且要求种植土壤富含砂质,排水良好,因此主要在我国湖南、云南、广西和贵州等地种植。迷迭香是一种天然香料植物,其提取物有迷迭香精油、迷迭香酸、鼠尾草酸/酚、齐墩果酸和熊果酸等。这些迷迭香提取物中含有如黄酮类、萜类、酚酸类和脂类等活性物质,在抗氧化、增强免疫力、抗肿瘤、抑菌和预防细胞受损等方面发挥积极作用[1⇓-3],已被广泛应用于日化、医药、农业和畜牧生产等行业中。

1 迷迭香提取物的提取与加工

将迷迭香叶粉碎或者切断,转移至蒸馏容器中,向蒸馏容器中通入水蒸气进行蒸馏,收集迷迭香精油,对蒸馏后的迷迭香叶进行有机溶剂回流提取,得到提取液;提取液经脱色处理后,回收溶剂,继续加水煮沸,经离心、沉淀、真空干燥等工艺得到脂溶性成分——鼠尾草酸、齐墩果酸和熊果酸等;离心液经浓缩后,可得到水溶性成分——迷迭香酸[3]。有机溶剂提取一般选用乙醇。此外,还可通过较为先进的技术,如超临界二氧化碳(CO2)萃取法、超声波辅助热回流法和超临界流体萃取等,提取迷迭香中的抗氧化成分[4⇓-6]。提取到的抗氧化成分,根据不同的市场需求、不同的应用场景,可加工成不同组分、不同剂型的产品。

2 迷迭香提取物的主要成分及其功能

2.1 迷迭香精油

迷迭香精油是迷迭香干叶经蒸馏收集到的产物,其主要优势成分有α-蒎烯、1,8-桉叶素、莰烯、樟脑、龙脑和β-蒎烯[7]。迷迭香精油具有分子质量小、易渗透、能够抑制酪氨酸酶活性和具有独特的芳香气味等优势特点,可被用于护肤品用来改善皮肤状态,抑制色素的生成[8-9]。此外,因其独特的芳香气味,迷迭香精油具有明显的杀虫效用,可用于农业作物上,如对二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)和温室粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporairum)有良好的毒杀活性,且不影响寄主植物的生长[10];可有效防治朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的感染,与其可提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有关[11]。迷迭香精油的杀虫机制可能是:迷迭香精油可抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)并导致害虫体内氧化失衡,进而表现出杀虫效应[12]。此外,迷迭香精油因为分子量小,可快速渗透并导致害虫失水,或因脱水而死亡。研究显示,饲喂添加迷迭香精油的饲粮可促进动物的生长,提高免疫力和抗氧化能力[13-14]。

2.2 鼠尾草酸

鼠尾草酸属于酚型二萜类化合物,为无色至淡黄色粉末晶体,脂溶性,具有高效、无毒和耐高温的优势特点[15]。对几种迷迭香提取物抗氧化能力的研究结果显示,鼠尾草酸的抗氧化能力最强,优于迷迭香酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酚[16]。鼠尾草酸对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶诱导的多巴胺神经损伤有保护作用,可能与其抑制神经元氧化损伤,阻止半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)活性异常升高有关[17]。鼠尾草酸能够抑制铁死亡的发生,增加存活的神经元细胞,减轻脊髓损伤,促进神经功能的恢复,其机制可能与激活核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)通路,增强抗氧化能力有关[18]。

2.3 熊果酸和齐墩果酸

熊果酸和齐墩果酸属于五环三萜类化合物,二者互为同分异构体(齐墩果酸在C-20位上有个甲基,熊果酸在C-19位上有个甲基),并具有相似的生物学活性[19]。齐墩果酸可明显减轻四氯化碳引起的肝细胞坏死,脂肪变性、疏松、气球样变,间质炎症反应,线粒体肿胀、内质网囊泡病变及肝糖原减少[20-21]。熊果酸可防止乙醇诱导的离体大鼠肝细胞损伤,释放转氨酶和活化因子,阻滞乙醇降低肝细胞生存能力[22]。齐墩果酸和熊果酸的保肝护肝作用一方面可能与其调节血脂代谢和增强抗氧化能力有关[21];另一方面可能与其增强免疫功能相关,熊果酸可抑制肠上皮细胞和巨噬细胞中的核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路,进而缓解小鼠的实验性结肠炎[23]。

2.4 迷迭香酸

迷迭香酸是一种具有强抗氧化作用的酚酸,其主要功能是基于清除体内自由基防止氧化损伤,该作用与邻二酚羟基的结构相关[1]。此外,迷迭香酸可缓解氧化低密度脂蛋白引起的动脉粥样硬化的炎症反应[24],抑制血管平滑肌细胞中尼古丁诱导的C-反应蛋白和活性氧(ROS)的产生[25]。迷迭香酸还可抑制细菌的生长,其作用机制是:一方面,迷迭香酸可改变菌体细胞膜的通透性,致使糖类和蛋白质渗漏,进而扰乱细菌细胞的代谢进程;另一方面,迷迭香酸可抑制DNA聚合酶的活性,扰乱细菌DNA的复制[26]。

3 迷迭香提取物对动物生长性能的影响

饲喂添加迷迭香提取物的饲粮可促进动物生长(表1)。在猪上的研究表明,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.03%的迷迭香精油可提高粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率,进而改善饲料转化效率,但对增重、采食量和腹泻率无显著影响[14];饲粮中添加0.05%的迷迭香酸可以改善产肠毒素大肠杆菌K88(ETECK88)攻毒后断奶仔猪的结肠形态结构,调节结肠菌群组成,提高结肠食糜中细菌代谢产物短链脂肪酸的含量,有利于维持结肠屏障功能,缓解ETECK88攻毒引起的结肠炎症反应,缓解断奶仔猪腹泻,维持肠道健康[27]。在禽类上的研究显示,饲粮中添加0.5%的迷迭香叶粉可提高肉鸡的体增重和采食量,改善饲料效率[28];蛋鸡饲粮中添加0.01%~0.04%的迷迭香提取物可显著改善蛋黄颜色[29]。在水产动物上的研究显示,饲料中添加0.04%、0.07%、0.1%或0.3%的迷迭香精油均能够改善虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的特定生长率和增重,其改善效果与迷迭香精油的添加量呈正相关[30];饲料中添加0.05%的迷迭香提取物可提高虹鳟的存活率、蛋白质和脂肪效率比,改善肥满度[31];饲料中添加0.5%的迷迭香提取物可显著提高尖齿胡鲶(Clarias gariepinus)的增重率和蛋白质效率比[32];饲料中添加鼠尾草酸和鼠尾草酚的混合物(1∶1)对金头鲷(Sparus aurata)的生长性能无显著影响,但可以显著降低肝脏脂肪变性和血清中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)的活性[33];将2%和3%的迷迭香叶粉添加至鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)饲料中可提高增重率和特定生长率[34]。在其他动物上的研究显示,将迷迭香提取物(含5%迷迭香酸、5%多酚、5%水分、10%灰分、1%咖啡酸)添加至奶山羊饲粮中可使产奶量提高5.84%(差异不显著)[35];Cardinali等[36]的研究报道,在肉兔饲粮中添加0.1%迷迭香精油和0.1%牛至精油复合物可提高肉兔的平均日增重以及第80天的体重,但对平均日采食量和饲料转化率无显著影响。动物生长性能的改善得益于:1)迷迭香提取物可以改善养分消化率,提高肠道对养分的吸收利用率[30,37];2)迷迭香提取物具有抗炎、抗氧化、调节血脂代谢和抑菌等功效,其可提高肝脏与肠道健康水平,改善肝脏与肠道的代谢能力,进而促进动物生长。
表1 迷迭香提取物对动物生长性能的影响

Table 1 Effects of rosemary extract on growth performance of animals

动物种类
Animal
species		 迷迭香提取物形式
Form of
rosemary
extract		 推荐添加水平
Recommended
supplemental
level/%		 初始体重、
日龄或周龄
Initial body weight,
days of age or
weeks of age		 饲养周期
Feeding
period/d		 生长性能比较
Comparison
of growth
performance		 参考文献
References
断奶仔猪
Weaned piglets		 迷迭香精油 0.03 7.80 kg 21 FCR降低10.32% [14]
断奶仔猪
Weaned piglets		 迷迭香酸 0.05 6.91 kg 21 腹泻率下降17.94% [27]
肉鸡
Broiler chickens		 迷迭香叶粉 0.5 119.33 g 49 FCR降低4.83% [28]
肉鸡
Broiler chickens		 迷迭香叶粉 0.5~1.5 1日龄 42 无显著影响 [38]
黑羽绿壳蛋鸡
Black feather green
shell laying hens		 迷迭香酸、熊果酸 0.02~0.04 22周龄 105 无显著影响 [29]
京海黄鸡
Jinghai yellow chickens		 迷迭香精油 0.015 1日龄 70 无显著影响 [13]
虹鳟
Oncorhynchus mykiss		 迷迭香精油 0.1~0.3 30 g 40 WG提高55.70% [30]
虹鳟
Oncorhynchus mykiss		 迷迭香提取物 0.05 171.07 g 120 SR提高7.88% [31]
鲟鱼
Huso huso		 迷迭香精油 0.01 130.94 g 56 SGR提高13.81% [39]
尖齿胡鲶
Clarias gariepinus		 迷迭香提取物 0.5 10.61 g 60 SGR提高12.86% [32]
金头鲷
Sparus aurata		 鼠尾草酸和鼠尾草酚 0.06 214.0 g 84 WG提高2.48% [33]
鲤鱼
Cyprinus carpio		 迷迭香叶粉 2~3 13.00 g 65 SGR提高30.35% [34]
奶山羊
Dairy goats		 迷迭香酸 0.213 180日龄 52 产奶量提高5.84% [35]

FCR:饲料转化率 feed conversion ratio;WG:增重 weight gain;SR:存活率 survival rate;SGR:特定生长率 specific growth rate。

4 迷迭香提取物对动物免疫力的影响

动物生长性能的提高与免疫力的提升密切相关,免疫力与溶菌酶(LZM)、免疫球蛋白和炎症细胞因子息息相关[40]。研究显示,将迷迭香精油添加至饲料中,可提高虹鳟血清中LZM的活性与总免疫球蛋白和白细胞的含量,降低AST和ALT的活性[30];可降低鲟鱼血清中AST、ALT的活性和葡萄糖的含量,提高总蛋白、球蛋白和淋巴细胞的含量[39]。将迷迭香酸添加至饲粮中,可显著降低仔猪黏膜中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,增加白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的含量,下调Toll样受体(TLR)-2和TLR-4的mRNA表达水平,上调TLR-5的mRNA表达水平[27];可提高奶山羊血清中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量,但对细胞因子的含量无显著影响[35]。将迷迭香叶粉添加至动物饲粮中,可提高肉鸡和鲤鱼血清中白蛋白和球蛋白的含量[28];可提高鲤鱼血清中LZM活性、补体替代活性(ACH50)和白细胞总数(WBC)[34];可提高肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和IL-10的含量[38,41]。迷迭香提取物对动物免疫力改善的作用机制可能与其抑制NF-κB信号通路有关。NF-κB是调控细胞因子和其他炎症反应相关因子基因表达的重要转录因子[42]。研究报道,迷迭香酸可下调仔猪黏膜中NF-κB的mRNA表达水平[27];熊果酸可抑制肠上皮细胞和巨噬细胞中NF-κB的激活,从而减弱小鼠的结肠炎反应[23]。在BV-2胶质细胞中的研究发现,迷迭香提取物可降低IL-1β、TNF-α和NF-κB的蛋白表达水平,增强抗炎作用[43]。

5 迷迭香提取物对动物抗氧化能力的影响

自由基是生物体获得生物能的同时产生的废弃物。饲喂高蛋白质高脂肪饲粮、高投喂量或高养殖密度条件下,动物的能量代谢更旺盛,产生的自由基更多,因此动物更易受到自由基的攻击,进而导致细胞、器官和机体受损。为了抵御氧化损伤,动物自身发展形成了一套抗氧化系统,主要包括酶抗氧化系统和非酶抗氧化系统,酶抗氧化系统中抗氧化酶有SOD、CAT和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)等,这些抗氧化酶可以清除氧自由基[44]。饲喂添加迷迭香精油的饲料,可提高断奶仔猪血清中SOD和GPx活性,对总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响[14];可提高肉鸡[45]和京海黄鸡[13]血清中SOD活性,降低MDA含量;可提高虹鳟血清中CAT和SOD活性[30]。饲喂添加迷迭香酸的饲粮可提高奶山羊血清中GPx活性,但对MDA含量、T-AOC和SOD活性无显著影响[35]。饲喂添加橙皮苷和迷迭香酸的饲粮可降低肉鸡胸肌中MDA含量,增加总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性,增加醌NADH脱氢酶1(NQO1)和SOD的mRNA表达水平[46]。饲喂添加迷迭香叶粉的饲料,可提高肉鸡胸腺中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、T-SOD的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,降低MDA的含量[38];可提高虹鳟血清中SOD和GPx的活性,但对CAT的活性无显著影响[31];可提高鲤鱼血清中SOD和CAT的活性[34]。迷迭香提取物对动物抗氧化能力改善的作用机制:一方面与自身分子结构相关,酚羟基具有清除氧自由基的能力,且C-3位置的共轭双键具有增效作用;另一方面与激活的Nrf2通路相关,Nrf2是上调抗氧化酶基因表达的关键性转录因子[47]。肉鸡饲粮中添加含迷迭香酸的添加剂可上调肌肉中Nrf2的mRNA表达水平[46]。在人结肠癌细胞细胞系(HCT116和SW480)中的研究发现,迷迭香提取物可以增加Nrf2、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1(GPx1)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶P1(GSTP1)和SOD的蛋白表达水平[48]。在小鼠上的研究表明,在高脂饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物可以增加肝脏中CAT、SOD、GPx和Nrf2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,增强抗氧化能力[49]。

6 迷迭香对肉品质的影响

肉品质的好坏影响消费者的购买欲望,肉色、剪切力、蒸煮损失和pH等参数均是评价肉品质好坏的指标[50]。此外,消费者通常将肉色与新鲜程度和肉品质关联,肉色直接影响消费者的购买欲望[51]。肌肉的亮度(L*)值越小,越不发白,表面渗出的水分越少,表明肉质越好;肌肉的红度(a*)值越高,黄度(b*)值越低,表明肉色越好[52]。研究报道,在京海黄鸡饲粮中添加0.015%的迷迭香精油可提高腿肌率和胸肌率,并提高腿肌和胸肌中水分和粗蛋白质含量并降低粗脂肪含量,改善肉色,降低剪切力和pH,改善肉品质[13]。在饲喂添加迷迭香酸的饲粮可提高肉鸡的屠宰率和胸肌率,降低胸肌的L*和b*值,降低蒸煮损失和剪切力,改善胸肌品质[46]。胸肌率和腿肌率的提高可能是黄酮类化合物提高了肉鸡机体对蛋白质的沉积,进而提高了屠宰性能有关。此外,在延长货架期方面迷迭香提取物也发挥着积极作用。据报道,迷迭香提取物能够明显抑制凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)冷藏期间微生物的生长速度,减缓pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)与硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值的上升速度,保持良好的硬度与弹性值,降低蛋白质氧化速率,维持贮藏期间蛋白质三级结构的稳定性,并保持其体表色泽的稳定,使冷藏货架期延长2~3 d[53]。在冷藏猪肉丸中添加0.04%的迷迭香提取物可抑制脂肪氧化,改善肉丸色泽和风味,并在冷藏前期降低肉丸pH,且迷迭香提取物延长货架期的效果优于百里香提取物和二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)[54]。在含1.7 g/L的迷迭香提取物的溶液中浸泡41 min可显著降低白鲢鱼肉中TBA和三甲胺(trimethylamine,TMA)的含量,此外,对鱼腥味有重要贡献的腥味物质,如几醛、庚醛、壬醛和1-辛烯-3-醇等的含量也显著降低,表明迷迭香提取物可有效抑制白鲢鱼肉的脂肪氧化并改善鱼肉的风味,这对推动白鲢加工产业的发展具有积极意义[55]。马晨阳等[56]的研究也表明迷迭香酸是一种脱腥活性物质,且脱腥能力与其浓度呈正相关。迷迭香提取物对肉品质的保护和脱腥的作用机制可能是:迷迭香提取物能够有效地延缓肉品的氧化速度,保持肉质成分的相对稳定[57];可以与腥味物质竞争性的结合肌原纤维蛋白中的疏水位点,并且增强蛋白质与蛋白质之间的相互作用,从而促进腥味物质的释放[58]。

7 小结

综上所述,迷迭香提取物包括迷迭香精油、鼠尾草酸、熊果酸、齐墩果酸和迷迭香酸等,其在抗氧化、免疫调节、保肝护肝和抑菌等方面发挥着积极作用。将迷迭香提取物添加至动物饲粮中,可通过提高动物机体的抗氧化能力、免疫力以及改善肉品质等来促进动物的健康生长。但目前关于迷迭香提取物促进动物健康生长的作用机制还主要集中在酶活水平,在分子机制方面的研究较少,有待进行系统深入研究。此外,在此基础上,还需要进一步研究不同的迷迭香提取物成分在促进动物健康生长方面的作用及其作用机制是否一致或者有所差异,为迷迭香提取物在畜牧生产中的全面应用提供指导。

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