Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3563 - 3573

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.332

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Novel Protease Supplementation in Soybean Meal and Rapeseed Meal Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Growing Pigs

  • ZHU Qingqing ,
  • YU Bing ,
  • HE Jun ,
  • ZHENG Ping ,
  • MAO Xiangbing ,
  • LUO Yuheng ,
  • LUO Junqiu ,
  • HUANG Zhiqing ,
  • YAN Hui ,
  • YU Jie , *
Expand
  • Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-30

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of novel protease supplementation in soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indices of growing pigs. A 2 × 2 factorial design was adopted, and the experimental factors were diet types (corn-soybean meal type and corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type) and protease levels (0 and 300 mg/kg). Thirty-two Duroc×Landrace×Large White growing pigs with an initial body weight of (21.40±1.59) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate. Pigs in four groups were fed corn-soybean meal type diet, corn-soybean meal type diet+300 mg/kg protease, corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type diet and corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type diet+300 mg/kg protease, respectively. The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) diet type and protease level had no effect on growth performance of growing pigs (P>0.05). 2) Compared with corn-soybean meal type diet, the corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type diet significantly decreased the digestibility of organic matter, crude fiber and crude protein of growing pigs (P<0.05). 3) Dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg protease significantly increased the digestibility of organic matter, dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber and gross energy of growing pigs (P<0.05). 4) Compared with corn-soybean meal type diet, the corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type diet significantly decreased the serum urea nitrogen content of growing pigs (P<0.05). 5) Diet type and protease level had no significant interaction effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indices (P>0.05). In conclusion, there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of the novel protease on soybean meal and rapeseed meal, however, under the condition of adding protease, rapeseed meal can partially replace soybean meal in pigs’ diet, so as to reduce the weight gain cost.

Key words： protease; protein source; rapeseed meal; growing pigs; growth performance; digestibility; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

ZHU Qingqing , YU Bing , HE Jun , ZHENG Ping , MAO Xiangbing , LUO Yuheng , LUO Junqiu , HUANG Zhiqing , YAN Hui , YU Jie . Effects of Novel Protease Supplementation in Soybean Meal and Rapeseed Meal Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Growing Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3563 -3573 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.332

豆粕产量充足,蛋白质含量高,且氨基酸含量平衡,通常被认为是非反刍畜禽饲粮的优质蛋白质来源[1]。近年来,大豆的需求量持续上涨,我国年消费量超过1亿t,而年产量仅2 000万t左右[2],我国大豆需求大量依赖进口,年度进口量约占全球总量的60%[3]。豆粕需求的增加导致了其价格的上涨[4],饲料成本成为了影响现代化养殖业发展的重要因素。随着油菜籽压榨行业的快速发展,菜籽粕已成为第二大蛋白质来源[5]。但菜籽粕中的抗营养因子(如硫代葡萄糖苷)和较差的适口性等原因限制了其在饲料业中的发展。近年来研究发现,在榨油过程中对榨油机筒加热,可提高冷榨菜籽粕的表观全消化道消化率[6];榨油前去壳能显著降低菜籽粕的粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量[7];在猪饲粮中添加外源酶(纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶)可提高粗蛋白质(CP)消化率和所有氨基酸吸收率,并增强双低菜籽副产物的纤维降解[8];利用微生物发酵不仅降低了抗营养物质(葡萄糖苷、植酸和粗纤维)的含量,且提高了菜籽粕的适口性和养分消化率[9]。通过这些方法对菜籽粕的营养价值进行改良后,扩大了菜籽粕在非反刍畜禽饲粮中的使用[10]。
饲用酶制剂作为高效、环保的添加剂,在动物饲料中应用广泛。外源酶制剂能够改善动物生长性能,提高饲料转化率,调节肠道健康,并降低畜禽排泄物中氮、磷排放,减少环境污染[11⇓⇓-14]。蛋白酶在动物营养中的焦点是通过降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平和取代饲料中昂贵的蛋白质来源来降低饲料成本。研究表明,蛋白酶对氨基酸消化率低的原料更有效[15],但一些原料成分表现出了特殊性,对蛋白酶效应呈现出不同效果。玉米、小麦、豆粕和肉骨粉能对添加外源蛋白酶表现出合理、可预测的反应[15-16],而另一些原料,如菜籽粕对外源蛋白酶的反应是难以预测的,这说明在底物呈现和抗营养物质或抑制因素等方面存在的根本性差异会干扰蛋白酶的有效性。菜籽粕的纤维组成不同于豆粕[17],两者的可溶性非淀粉多糖(NSP)含量大致相似,但豆粕含有更高比例的可溶性半乳糖,而菜籽粕含有更高比例的可溶性阿拉伯糖和木糖。两者的氨基酸图谱也略有不同,因为菜籽粕缺乏精氨酸,但含有更高比例的硫氨基酸和苏氨酸[18]。豆粕和菜籽粕是畜禽饲粮中常用的蛋白质原料,在豆粕价格高昂且资源紧缺的当下,用菜籽粕替代豆粕是降低饲料成本的有效手段之一,但蛋白质来源的差异干扰了蛋白酶的有效性,因此有必要探究蛋白酶对不同蛋白质原料的作用效果。
最近,一种源于嗜热细菌的S2家族的新型蛋白酶被研发出来,其具有高稳定性、高耐酸性,并增加了酶切割位点的偏好性,与内源性蛋白酶形成良好的互补,广泛应用于各种饲料原料中[19]。我们之前的研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加适量的新型蛋白酶可以促进断奶仔猪的养分吸收,改善小肠形态,提高内源消化酶的活性[20]。而对于不同蛋白质原料,新型蛋白酶的作用效果尚不明确。作为世界第二大蛋白质资源[5],菜籽粕中新型蛋白酶的应用值得进一步研究。
因此,本试验旨在探究不同蛋白质原料饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响,为猪饲粮中添加蛋白酶的应用效果提供数据参考,并为蛋白质来源多样化饲粮中蛋白酶的合理应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

新型蛋白酶,活性10 000 U/g,由济南某生物工程有限公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

采用2×2因子试验设计,主效应分别是饲粮类型(玉米-豆粕型和玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型)、蛋白酶水平(0和300 mg/kg)以及二者的互作效应。选取初始体重为(21.40±1.59) kg的杜×长×大生长猪32头,根据体重按照区组设计分为4个组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。各组分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮、玉米-豆粕型饲粮+300 mg/kg蛋白酶、玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮以及玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮+300 mg/kg蛋白酶,试验期21 d。

1.3 试验饲粮

参照NRC(2012)11~25 kg和25~50 kg阶段猪营养需要配制玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮,饲粮均为粉料,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 含量 Content
玉米-豆粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal type diet		 玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type diet
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn (CP 7.8%) 67.00 64.00
豆粕 Soybean meal (CP 46%) 21.50 16.80
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 6.00
鱼粉 Fish meal (CP 62.5%) 3.00 3.00
葡萄糖 Glucose 3.00 3.70
豆油 Soybean oil 2.00 3.00
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.15 0.15
氯化钠 NaCl 0.30 0.30
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) 0.05 0.05
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) 0.20 0.20
石粉 Limestone 0.90 0.87
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.80 0.74
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl (78%) 0.40 0.48
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met (99%) 0.15 0.15
L-苏氨酸 L-Thr (98.5%) 0.13 0.13
L-色氨酸 L-Trp (98.5%) 0.02 0.03
三氧化二铬 Cr2O3 0.40 0.40
合计 Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels3)
粗蛋白质 CP 17.58 17.58
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 14.19 14.18
粗纤维 CF 2.82 3.19
钙 Ca 0.70 0.70
总磷 TP 0.54 0.56
有效磷 AP 0.35 0.34
可消化赖氨酸 DLys 1.23 1.23
可消化蛋氨酸 DMet 0.43 0.43
可消化蛋氨酸+可消化半胱氨酸 DMet+DCys 0.67 0.67
可消化苏氨酸 DThr 0.73 0.73
可消化色氨酸 DTrp 0.21 0.21

1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VB1 5 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 0.06 mg,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 40 IU,VK3 5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.25 mg,叶酸 folic acid 12.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 25 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg。

2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu (as copper sulfate) 5 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate)100 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 3 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.14 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.25 mg。

3)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验在四川农业大学动物营养研究所教学科研基地进行。每日08:00、14:00、20:00各饲喂1次,自由饮水,保持各组饲养管理条件基本一致。每天观察猪采食情况,并结算饲料。圈舍温度控制在18~22 ℃,每日定时打扫圈舍卫生并消毒,多种消毒液交替使用,降低细菌耐药性,保持圈舍通风、清洁、干燥和卫生。

1.5 样品的采集与处理

1.5.1 饲粮样品

按四分法采集配制好的4个组的试验饲粮各约200 g,粉碎过40目筛,装入提前标记好的样品袋,-20 ℃保存待测。

1.5.2 粪样

在试验的第18~21天,以重复为单位收集粪样,每个重复每天收集200 g左右的新鲜粪样于提前标记好的样品袋中,加入粪便重量10%的稀硫酸(浓度10%)进行固氮,滴加2~3滴甲苯防腐,放入-20 ℃冰箱中保存。试验结束后,在60~65 ℃将采集的粪样烘至恒重,然后粉碎过40目筛,用于测定常规营养成分含量。

1.5.3 血清样品

试验结束时对所有猪进行空腹12 h称重后,采集空腹状态下的前腔静脉血20 mL,室温下放置30 min,然后3 500 r/min离心15 min,吸取上层血清,分装保存于-20 ℃冰箱中待测。

1.6 检测指标及方法

1.6.1 生长性能

在整个动物试验期间对生长猪的健康状况进行观察和记录。记录每日的采食量,在试验第1天和第22天对所有生长猪进行空腹称重,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。

1.6.2 常规养分消化率

采用外源指示剂法测定养分消化率。在饲粮中添加0.4%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作为外源指示剂,从试验期第18天开始收集粪便,直至试验结束。包括饲粮和粪样中的干物质(DM)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白质、有机物(OM)、粗纤维、铬含量以及总能(GE)。饲粮及粪便中的干物质、有机物、粗纤维、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、铬含量及总能的检测方法参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》。养分消化率计算公式如下:
养分消化率(%)=[1-(A1/A)×(B/B1)]×100。
式中:A为饲粮中某养分含量(%);A1为粪中相应养分的含量(%);B饲粮中铬的含量(%);B1为粪中铬的含量(%)。

1.6.3 血清生化指标

使用HITACHI-7020全自动生化分析仪(日本)检测血清总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿素氮(UN)含量及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,并计算白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)。

1.7 统计分析

所有数据采用Excel 2016进行初步统计,并使用SPSS 23软件中的一般线性模型进行双因素方差分析,以饲粮类型和蛋白酶水平为主效应,结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.05为差异显著标准。

2 结果

2.1 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮类型和蛋白酶水平对生长猪的末重、ADFI、ADG和F/G无显著影响(P>0.05),且饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平对生长猪的末重、ADFI、ADG和F/G无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表2 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of novel proteases supplementation in soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets on growth performance of growing pigs

项目
Items		 玉米-豆粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal type diet		 玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal-
rapeseed meal type diet		 SEM P值 P-value
饲粮类型
Diet type		 蛋白酶水平
Protease
level		 互作效应
Interaction
蛋白酶水平 Protease level/(mg/kg)
0 300 0 300
初重 IBW/kg 21.40 21.40 21.41 21.40 0.59 0.99 0.99 0.99
末重 FBW/kg 39.63 40.45 39.83 40.03 0.86 0.90 0.36 0.72
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 1 481.29 1 550.87 1 503.92 1 493.67 40.21 0.67 0.47 0.33
平均日增重 ADG/g 867.86 907.14 876.79 886.91 24.63 0.82 0.33 0.56
料重比 F/G 1.71 1.71 1.72 1.69 0.04 0.90 0.76 0.74

2.2 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪养分消化率的影响

由表3可知,与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比,玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪的有机物、粗纤维和粗蛋白质的消化率(P<0.05),对干物质、粗脂肪和总能消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮中添加300 mg/kg蛋白酶显著提高了生长猪的有机物、粗脂肪、干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维以及总能消化率(P<0.05)。饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平对生长猪的养分消化率无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表3 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪养分消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of novel proteases supplementation in soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs%

项目
Items		 玉米-豆粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal type diet		 玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal-
rapeseed meal type diet		 SEM P值 P-value
饲粮类型
Diet type		 蛋白酶水平
Protease
level		 互作效应
Interaction
蛋白酶水平 Protease level/(mg/kg)
0 300 0 300
有机物 OM 89.77 91.23 89.16 89.97 0.42 0.03 0.01 0.44
粗脂肪 EE 74.68 77.13 74.44 78.63 1.36 0.65 0.02 0.53
干物质 DM 86.67 88.90 86.30 87.50 0.48 0.08 <0.01 0.29
粗蛋白质 CP 84.39 87.74 83.63 84.25 0.86 0.02 0.03 0.12
总能 GE 86.25 89.01 88.25 89.07 0.52 0.16 0.01 0.27
粗纤维 CF 42.53 53.89 34.04 46.66 3.22 0.02 <0.01 0.85

2.3 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比,玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪的血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05),对血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量和白蛋白/球蛋白及谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。蛋白酶水平对生长猪的血清生化指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平对生长猪的血清生化指标无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表4 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of novel proteases supplementation in soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets on serum biochemical indices of growing pigs

项目
Items		 玉米-豆粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal type diet		 玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal-
rapeseed meal type diet		 SEM P值 P-value
饲粮类型
Diet type		 蛋白酶水平
Protease
level		 互作效应
Interaction
蛋白酶水平 Protease level/(mg/kg)
0 300 0 300
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 54.15 52.97 54.23 53.80 1.22 0.72 0.52 0.76
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 32.36 31.36 32.27 32.76 0.93 0.49 0.79 0.43
球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) 21.79 21.61 21.96 21.04 0.83 0.81 0.51 0.66
白蛋白/球蛋白 A/G 1.51 1.47 1.49 1.56 0.07 0.64 0.83 0.45
谷丙转氨酶
ALT/(U/L)		 53.85 54.21 53.48 47.31 3.17 0.26 0.37 0.31
谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L)		 38.89 36.10 35.08 38.13 3.45 0.80 0.97 0.41
尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) 3.18 3.15 2.58 2.45 0.25 0.02 0.75 0.83

2.4 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪饲料成本的影响

由表5可知,玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮比玉米-豆粕型饲粮每吨平均便宜46.16元,玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮添加新型蛋白酶比玉米-豆粕型饲粮每吨平均便宜34.16元。饲粮中蛋白酶水平会影响经济成本,玉米-豆粕型饲粮添加蛋白酶会增加猪每千克的增重成本,且增重成本最高;而玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮中添加蛋白酶会降低增重成本,且增重成本最低。
表5 豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪饲料成本的影响

Table 5 Effects of novel proteases supplementation in soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets on feed costs of growing pigs

项目
Items		 玉米-豆粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal type diet		 玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮
Corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal type diet
蛋白酶水平 Protease level/(mg/kg)
0 300 0 300
饲料单价 Unit price of feed/(元/t) 4 362.14 4 374.14 4 315.98 4 327.98
总采食量 Total feed intake/(kg/头) 31.11 32.57 31.58 31.37
饲料总成本 Total feed cost/(元/头) 135.69 142.46 136.31 135.76
增重成本 Weight gain cost/(元/kg) 7.45 7.48 7.40 7.29

3 讨论

过去许多研究者认为饲粮中用菜籽粕完全或部分替代豆粕会降低猪的生长性能[21]。Baidoo等[22]研究猪对豆粕型饲粮和菜籽粕型饲粮的选择偏好发现,猪更喜欢吃豆粕型饲粮,这可能与菜籽粕中含有的硫代葡萄糖甙及其分解产物降低了饲粮适口性有关。有研究证实,增加菜籽粕替代比例可能线性降低断奶仔猪的ADFI与ADG[23]。但近年来许多研究出现了与之相反的结果,Landero等[24]用0、50、100、150和200 g/kg溶剂萃取油菜籽粕代替豆粕饲喂断奶仔猪,对ADFI、ADG和F/G无显著影响。对于此现象,可能有2种解释:其一是过去的饲粮配制主要基于消化能与粗蛋白质,而非标准回肠可消化氨基酸(SIDAA)或者净能(NE)。Zijlstra等[25]研究表明,如果使用SIDAA和NE系统,将副产品作为替代饲料配制饲粮,将最大限度地降低与生长性能下降相关的风险。其二则是与老品种相比,菜籽粕的新品种具有相对较低的硫代葡萄糖苷含量[24,26]。而Hansen等[5]将菜籽粕对断奶猪和生长育肥猪生长性能影响相关的多个试验数据进行Meta分析,表明饲粮中增加低硫代葡萄糖苷酸的菜籽粕降低了断奶仔猪的ADFI,但对生长育肥猪没有影响,对ADG和饲料转化率几乎没有影响。因此本试验中,用菜籽粕部分替代豆粕对生长猪的生长性能没有显著影响。
本试验结果表明,饲喂玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪有机物、粗蛋白质消化率,且有降低干物质消化率趋势。Sauer等[27]研究发现,与菜籽粕饲粮相比,饲喂豆粕饲粮提高了生长猪的干物质、粗蛋白质和大部分氨基酸消化率,其他研究也发现了相同结果[28-29],而本试验的研究结果与之一致。Mc Donnell等[30]研究表明,用菜籽粕替代不同水平的豆粕,氮消化率随着饲粮菜粕水平的增加呈线性下降。猪对豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮的养分消化率的差异可能部分由于中性洗涤纤维和抗营养因子的含量较高。此前有报道称[31-32],菜籽粕中较高含量的中性洗涤纤维可提高食糜通过小肠的速度,干扰酶与底物的相互作用,提高了猪回肠食糜中内源氨基酸回收率,从而降低氮和氨基酸消化率。但Mcintosh等[33]认为,用菜籽粕完全替代豆粕不会影响生长猪对干物质和氮的消化率。这些结果的不一致可能归因于菜籽粕的加工温度[34]、猪的生长阶段[35]以及菜籽粕的来源,比如遗传背景和生长条件[36]。
大多数饲料成分中的营养成分以复杂的基质形式存在,包括淀粉和非淀粉碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质以及各种矿物质和维生素,因而饲料酶制剂展现出极其广泛的影响。例如,木聚糖酶促进氨基酸消化率[16],作为“能量酶”的植酸酶可以提高代谢能[37]。而蛋白酶通常会提高非蛋白质养分的消化率,这可能与蛋白质水解后饲料中营养基质宏观结构的重大变化有关,也可能与内源性分泌、肠道健康、主动运输等细微差别有关。Cowieson等[38]研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加蛋白酶可提高回肠消化能值与表观代谢能值。Kalmendal等[39]研究表明,在肉鸡的小麦基础饲粮中添加外源性蛋白酶可显著提高淀粉、脂肪的回肠消化率。在本试验中,饲粮中添加300 mg/kg蛋白酶显著提高了生长猪的有机物、粗脂肪、干物质、粗蛋白质和能量消化率。这些影响不能仅用粗蛋白质消化率的增加来解释,可能涉及淀粉或粗脂肪消化率的增加。Cowieson等[40]报道,在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加蛋白酶会显著降低空肠食糜中牛磺酸含量,这说明胆汁分泌减少。空肠中牛磺酸含量升高会增加总胆汁酸含量,从而抑制肠道发育[41-42]。因而蛋白酶可能通过破坏饲料营养基质,减少胆汁酸的合成、分泌和肠道牛磺酸含量来提高粗脂肪消化率,从而促进肠道发育。
在本试验中,蛋白酶对饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮或玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮生长猪的养分表观消化率都有显著的提升,但饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平之间没有显著的互作效应。Wang等[43]探索了饲粮蛋白质来源(豆粕和棉籽粕)和外源蛋白酶对肉鸡生长性能的交互影响,蛋白酶的作用一般是积极的,但在幼龄阶段高于生长育成阶段。O’shea等[44]探讨了饲喂菜籽粕-小麦酒糟饲粮的生长育肥猪中木聚糖酶和蛋白酶之间的交互作用,发现蛋白酶对生长性能的影响有限,但显著提高了表观回肠能量消化率。Simbaya等[45]研究发现,在以油菜籽粕为基础的半合成饲粮中,5种替代蛋白酶(分别被标记为蛋白酶G、D、M、N和O)在改善肉鸡生长性能方面的效果存在显著差异,其中蛋白酶G的效果最佳;研究还指出,蛋白酶G在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中成功地降低了饲料转化率,但在小麦-菜籽粕型饲粮中没有显著效果。而Cowieson等[38]报道,在不含豆粕的玉米-菜籽粕-干酒糟及其可溶物型饲粮和玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加蛋白酶,玉米-豆粕型饲粮对肉仔鸡生长性能的提高作用比玉米-菜籽粕-干酒糟及其可溶物型饲粮更为明显,但2种饲粮对氮的回肠消化率提高程度相同。在本试验中,饲粮中添加蛋白酶对玉米-豆粕型饲粮或玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮均有积极作用,但蛋白质来源的差异对蛋白酶的有效性没有显著影响。
血清生化指标可以直接反映动物机体的健康状态与动物体内养分的沉积情况,有助于评估动物的总体健康和生长状况。血清尿素氮作为蛋白质、氨基酸代谢的终产物,能反映动物体内蛋白质代谢和氨基酸平衡的关系,血清尿素氮含量越低,说明氨基酸平衡越好[46-47]。本试验结果表明,与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比,玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮可以显著降低生长猪血清尿素氮含量,但并未改善蛋白质的利用状况,可能由于菜籽粕中粗蛋白质含量低于豆粕,因而在菜籽粕饲料配方中需要更多的单体氨基酸以达到2种饲料配方中粗蛋白质的水平一致。任继平等[48]研究表明,当按照理想蛋白质模式配制仔猪饲粮时,适当降低豆粕用量、提高合成氨基酸含量,血清尿素氮含量有下降的趋势,本试验结果与之一致。吕先召等[49]指出,用苜宿草粉部分替代豆粕用量后可以显著降低血清尿素氮含量,这可能与苜蓿草粉中含有活性营养成分有关。Choi等[50]用菜籽粕部分替代豆粕饲喂生长育肥猪后发现,添加菜籽粕后血清尿素氮含量有下降的趋势,同时发现粗蛋白质消化率降低,本试验结果与之一致。此外,血清尿素氮含量可以作为氮利用与排泄的指标[51],血清尿素氮含量下降,减少氮的坏境排放,从而改善养殖环境。

4 结论

与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比,玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮对生长猪的生长性能无显著影响,但会降低有机物和粗蛋白质消化率以及血清尿素氮含量。饲粮中添加蛋白酶可提高生长猪的有机物、干物质、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和能量消化率。饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平之间没有显著的互作效应。因此,蛋白酶对豆粕和菜籽粕作用的有效性没有明显差异,但在添加蛋白酶时,猪饲粮中菜籽粕可以部分替代豆粕,以降低增重成本。

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