Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3607 - 3616

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.336

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of N-Acylhomoserine Lactone Enzyme on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Nutrient Apparent Metabolism Rates of Broiler Chickens

  • ZHENG Aijuan ,
  • CHEN Xing ,
  • ZHANG Guangmin ,
  • WANG Zedong ,
  • CHEN Zhimin ,
  • CHANG Wenhuan ,
  • CAI Huiyi ,
  • LIU Guohua , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Risk Assessment Laboratory of Animal Product Quality Safety Feed Source Factors of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-05

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

This experiment was aimed to study the effects of N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme on the growth performance, slaughter performance, and nutrient apparent metabolism rate of broiler chickens. A total of 600 one-day-old Kebao broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates, 20 chickens in each replicate, half male and half female, and fed in separate cages. The control group was fed a basic diet, and the treatment groups were fed the basic diet with 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme, respectively. The experiment period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, supplementing 500 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme in the diet could increase the average daily feed intake of 1 to 21-day-old cock (P<0.05) and supplementing 500 and 750 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme could reduce the feed to gain ratio of hens (P<0.05). The average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of cocks were significantly higher than those of hens (P<0.05). With the increase of N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme level, the average daily gain of broilers was increased (0.05<P<0.10), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The addition level of N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme and sex had an interaction effect on feed to gain ratio (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, adding 500, 750 and 10 00 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme could significantly reduce the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of 21 to 42-day-old cocks (P<0.05), and reduce the feed to gain ratio of hens (0.05<P<0.10). The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of cocks were higher than those of hens (P<0.05), while the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that of hens (P<0.05). With the increase of N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme level, the average daily feed intake of broilers decreased (0.05<P<0.10), and the feed to gain ratio decreased significantly (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, adding 1 000 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme could significantly reduce the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of 1 to 42-day-old cocks and hens (P<0.05). The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of cocks were higher than those of hens (P<0.05), while the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that of hens (P<0.05). The average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of broilers decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of the level of N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, adding 500, 750 and 1 000 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme could significantly increase dressed percentage, eviscerated weight rate, half-eviscerated weight rate, and pectoral muscle rate of broilers (P<0.05), and reduce the abdominal fat rate (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme could significantly improve the apparent metabolism rates of dry matter, crude protein and energy in broilers (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme significantly improves growth performance, slaughter performance, and apparent metabolism rate of broiler chickens with different sexes. Among them, the effect of adding 500 mg/kg N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme is optimal.

Key words： N-acylhomoserine lactone enzyme; broiler chickens; growth performance; slaughter performance; nutrient apparent metabolism rate

Cite this article

ZHENG Aijuan , CHEN Xing , ZHANG Guangmin , WANG Zedong , CHEN Zhimin , CHANG Wenhuan , CAI Huiyi , LIU Guohua . Effects of N-Acylhomoserine Lactone Enzyme on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Nutrient Apparent Metabolism Rates of Broiler Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3607 -3616 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.336

抗生素作为一种生长促进剂被广泛应用于治疗家禽大肠杆菌病、坏死性肠炎以及沙门氏菌引起的疾病[1-2]。然而,由于抗生素引起的耐药性问题变得愈发严重,中国在2020年禁止在动物饲料中添加抗生素,这加剧了寻找抗生素替代品的紧迫性[3-4]。使用传统方法来预防和控制微生物疾病达不到预期效果,这鼓励我们寻找更有效的方法来解决这个问题[5]。群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是近年来公认微生物领域的重大突破[6-7]。细菌的生长会释放信号分子。当信号分子的累积浓度达到阈值时,它们将与细胞上的受体蛋白结合并开始相关基因的表达,从而表现出群体生理现象,如毒素和酶的分泌等[8]。在革兰氏阴性菌中,N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acylhomoserine lactone,AHL)被认为与QS有关,它可以通过与受体蛋白结合共同激活QS控制基因的表达[9-10]。先前的研究发现,大多数细菌病原体的生物膜形成受QS机制控制,而被称为群体淬灭(quorum-quenching,QQ)的QS抑制过程为控制生物膜相关感染提供了新的研究方向[11-12]。QQ不影响细菌的生长,但是可以阻断毒力因子的产生,所以QQ具有不直接杀死细菌、不对病原菌造成选择压力等优点,可以避免抗生素引起病原菌抗药性的弊病[13-14]。N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶(AHL酶)是一种可降解AHL的酶,主要作用于AHL的内酯环,使AHL失活,最终发挥QQ效果。在我们的前期研究中发现,500 mg/kg的AHL酶可以显著改善肉鸡的平均日增重和饲料转化率[15],但并未对屠宰性能和养分表观代谢率进行深入研究。因此,本试验旨在研究不同AHL酶添加水平对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和养分表观代谢率的影响,为AHL酶在肉鸡上的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

AHL酶外观性状为乳白色粉末,酶活性为104 U/g,由北京某生物技术有限公司惠赠。

1.2 试验设计

采用双因素试验设计,选取健康、体重相近的1日龄科宝肉仔鸡600只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡,公母各占1/2且分笼饲养。科宝肉仔鸡初始体重为(46.15±0.45) g,保证各组间体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加250、500、750、1 000 mg/kg的AHL酶。基础饲粮参考NY/T 33—2004[16]进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。肉鸡的光照和黑暗时长分别为16和8 h,使用乳头式饮水器供水,并可以自由采食。使用水循环式暖气进行供热,前3 d鸡舍温度维持在33 ℃,此后每周降低2 ℃,直到维持在24 ℃。在1日龄时接种马立克疫苗,7日龄时滴鼻点眼、接种新城疫、肾传支二联苗。试验鸡饲养管理、免疫规程和鸡舍卫生管理均按照科宝肉鸡饲养规程进行。试验期42 d。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 含量 Contents
1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42
days of age
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 57.120 58.550
豆粕 Soybean meal 27.340 22.850
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 3.000 6.000
豆油 Soybean oil 2.820 4.100
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 3.000 4.660
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 2.000
L-赖氨酸 L-lysine 0.640 0.260
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-methionine 0.200 0.190
石粉 Limestone 1.600 1.470
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.260 1.270
食盐 NaCl 0.350 0.350
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.200 0.100
预混料Premix1) 0.115 0.115
植酸酶 Phytase 0.010
沸石粉 Zeolite 0.345 0.085
合计 Total 100.000 100.000
营养水平 Nutritent levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.34 12.55
粗蛋白质 CP 21.00 20.00
钙 Ca 1.00 0.95
有效磷 AP 0.45 0.38
总磷 TP 0.65 0.60
赖氨酸 Lys 1.43 1.25
蛋氨酸 Met 0.71 0.53
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 1.00 0.87
苏氨酸 Thr 0.96 0.85

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 10 IU,VK3 2.5 mg,VB1 1 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB3 10 mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB11 0.3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg, Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.35 mg。

2)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.3 指标测定

1.3.1 生长性能

以每个重复为单位,在0、21和42日龄时,肉鸡进行称重,计算其平均日增重(ADG)。统计肉鸡的喂料量、剩料量和死亡数,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)。根据ADG和ADFI,计算料重比(F/G)。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

以每个重复为单位,每个重复随机选取2只肉鸡进行屠宰。屠宰前进行称重,记录活体重。42日龄时,每个重复随机选取2只公鸡,按《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)[17]测定屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率。计算公式为:
屠宰率(%)=(屠体重/宰前体重)×100;
全净膛率(%)=(全净膛重/宰前体重)×100;
半净膛率(%)=(半净膛重/宰前体重)×100;
腹脂率(%)=[腹脂重/(全净膛重+腹脂重)]×100;
腿肌率(%)=(腿肌重/全净膛重)×100;
胸肌率(%)=(胸肌重/全净膛重)×100。

1.3.3 养分表观代谢率

采用外源指示剂法(二氧化钛)测定干物质、能量、粗蛋白质表观代谢率。粗蛋白质含量利用杜马斯蛋白质测定仪,采用杜马斯燃烧法测定。能量采用C200量热仪测定。二氧化钛含量测定参考饲粮和食糜中二氧化钛含量的测定方法[18]。干物质表观代谢率和饲粮养分表观代谢率计算公式如下:
干物质表观代谢率(%)=[(饲粮中指示剂含量-排泄物中指示剂含量)/排泄物中指示剂含量]×100;
饲粮养分表观代谢率(%)=[1-(饲粮中指示剂含量/排泄物中指示剂含量)×(排泄物中养分含量/饲粮中养分含量)]×100。

1.4 数据统计

数据采用SPSS 17.0软件进行AHL酶添加水平和性别双因素方差分析,对主效应显著的指标进行Tukey’s多重比较。对AHL酶添加水平和性别间交互作用显著的指标,公、母分别进行单因素方差分析,对主效应显著的指标进行Tukey’s多重比较。P<0.05为差异显著,0.05<P<0.10为差异趋向显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 AHL酶对肉鸡生长性能的影响

2.1.1 AHL酶对1~21日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

AHL酶对1~21日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响见表2。对于公鸡,饲粮中添加AHL酶可以显著提高平均日采食量(P<0.05),但未对平均日增重和料重比造成显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组的平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05),而250 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组则无显著影响(P>0.05)。对于母鸡,与对照组相比,添加AHL酶对平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组和750 mg/kg组的料重比显著降低(P<0.05);1 000 mg/kg组的料重比和对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于250 mg/kg组、500 mg/kg组和750 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加AHL酶对1~21日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary AHL enzyme supplementation on growth performance of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age

项目
Items		 平均日增重
ADG/g		 平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 料重比
F/G
公鸡 Cock
对照组 Control group 36.53 55.17c 1.54
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 37.35 55.52bc 1.48
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 38.92 57.62ab 1.50
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 38.92 57.38abc 1.47
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 38.19 56.76bc 1.46
SEM 0.380 0.390 0.009
P值 P-value 0.122 0.012 0.109
母鸡 Hens
对照组 Control group 35.77 53.18 1.49ab
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 36.09 52.63 1.46bc
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 36.39 52.42 1.45c
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 37.18 51.96 1.44c
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 36.08 52.49 1.50a
SEM 0.260 0.320 0.006
P值 P-value 0.637 0.883 0.004
主效应分析 Main effect analysis
性别 公鸡 Cock 37.98a 56.54a 1.49a
Sex 母鸡 Hens 36.31b 52.54b 1.47b
0 36.10 53.98 1.51a
AHL酶添加水平 250 36.72 53.94 1.47b
AHL enzyme 500 37.51 54.78 1.47b
supplemental 750 37.96 54.67 1.45b
level/(mg/kg) 1 000 37.25 54.75 1.48ab
性别 Sex <0.001 <0.001 0.018
P值
P-value		 添加水平 Supplemental level 0.073 0.686 0.008
性别×添加水平 Sex×supplemental level 0.732 0.141 0.043

同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

主效应分析表明,与母鸡相比,饲粮中添加AHL酶显著提高公鸡的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比(P<0.05)。在AHL添加水平方面,500 mg/kg组和750 mg/kg组的平均日增重有高于对照组和250 mg/kg组的趋势(0.05<P<0.10)。1 000 mg/kg组与对照组的料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。肉鸡的性别和AHL酶添加水平在料重比中表现出显著互作效应(P<0.05)。

2.1.2 AHL酶对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

AHL酶对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响见表3。对于公鸡,与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组的平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),并且250 mg/kg组、500 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组的料重比均显著降低(P<0.05)。对于母鸡,250 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组的料重比相比于对照组有显著降低的趋势(0.05<P<0.10)。
表3 饲粮中添加AHL酶对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary AHL enzyme supplementation on growth performance of broiler chickens from 22 to 42 days of age

项目
Items		 平均日增重
ADG/g		 平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 料重比
F/G
公鸡 Cock
对照组 Control group 82.75 163.11a 1.96a
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 83.94 157.29ab 1.78b
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 85.92 152.92b 1.77b
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 86.31 148.89b 1.82b
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 87.91 147.57b 1.74b
SEM 1.003 1.532 0.019
P值 P-value 0.637 0.045 0.015
母鸡 Hens
对照组 Control group 69.25 134.56 1.95
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 72.12 133.18 1.84
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 71.39 132.18 1.87
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 70.89 130.69 1.85
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 72.93 136.43 1.82
SEM 0.871 0.932 0.015
P值 P-value 0.662 0.557 0.068
主效应分析 Main effect analysis
性别 公鸡 Cock 85.37a 153.95a 1.82b
Sex 母鸡 Hens 71.32b 133.41b 1.87a
0 76.00 148.83 1.95a
AHL酶添加水平 250 78.03 146.33 1.81b
AHL enzyme 500 77.85 143.49 1.82b
supplemental 750 79.46 140.62 1.83b
level/(mg/kg) 1 000 81.25 142.00 1.79b
性别 Sex <0.001 <0.001 0.021
P值
P-value		 添加水平 Supplemental level 0.424 0.072 0.001
性别×添加水平 Sex×supplemental level 0.919 0.112 0.497
主效应分析表明,在性别方面,饲喂AHL酶饲粮的公鸡平均日增重和平均日采食量显著高于母鸡(P<0.05),而料重比则显著降低(P<0.05)。在AHL酶添加水平方面,对照组平均日采食量与250 mg/kg组、500 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05),但在750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组中有降低的趋势(0.05<P<0.10)。与对照组相比,250 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组的料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。

2.1.3 AHL酶对1~42日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

AHL酶对1~42日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响见表4。对于公鸡,与对照组相比,250 mg/kg组和500 mg/kg组的平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05),而750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组的平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05)。500 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组的料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但250 mg/kg组和500 mg/kg组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。对于母鸡,250 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组的平均日采食量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组的料重比显著高于250 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05),但与500 mg/kg组和750 mg/kg组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮添加AHL酶对1~42日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary AHL enzyme supplementation on growth performance of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age

项目
Items		 平均日增重
ADG/g		 平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 料重比
F/G
公鸡 Cock
对照组 Control group 61.24 103.69a 1.71a
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 63.00 100.42ab 1.62ab
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 62.11 100.29ab 1.62b
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 63.35 95.69b 1.63ab
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 63.11 95.18b 1.55b
SEM 0.530 0.860 0.014
P值 P-value 0.807 0.026 0.009
母鸡 Hens
对照组 Control group 53.11 95.46a 1.77a
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 54.23 90.74b 1.70b
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 51.74 88.81b 1.72ab
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 54.14 89.43b 1.70ab
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 54.43 89.35b 1.66b
SEM 0.430 0.730 0.011
P值 P-value 0.367 0.042 0.022
主效应分析 Main effect analysis
性别 公鸡 Cock 62.56a 99.05a 1.62b
Sex 母鸡 Hens 53.53b 90.76b 1.71a
0 57.55 99.57a 1.74a
AHL酶添加水平 250 59.01 96.02ab 1.66b
AHL enzyme 500 56.92 95.70ab 1.66b
supplemental 750 59.66 92.56b 1.66b
level/(mg/kg) 1 000 57.90 92.59b 1.61b
性别 Sex <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
P值
P-value		 添加水平 Supplemental level 0.403 <0.001 <0.001
性别×添加水平 Sex×supplemental level 0.920 0.500 0.803
主效应分析表明,在性别方面,饲喂添加AHL酶饲粮的公鸡平均日增重和平均日采食量显著高于母鸡(P<0.05),而料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。在AHL酶添加水平方面,对照组的平均日采食量与250 mg/kg组和500 mg/kg组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。250 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组、1 000 mg/kg组的料重比相比于对照组显著降低(P<0.05),但组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

2.2 AHL酶对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

AHL酶对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响见表5。对照组和250 mg/kg组的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于500 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05),其中1 000 mg/kg组的半净膛率最高。与对照组相比,250 mg/kg组、500 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组的胸肌率显著提高(P<0.05),但是组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组与250 mg/kg组的腹脂率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于500 mg/kg组、750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加AHL酶对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary AHL enzyme supplementation on slaughter performance of broiler chickens%

项目
Items		 屠宰率
Dressed
percentage		 半净膛率
Half-eviscerated
weight rate		 全净膛率
Eviscerated
weight rate		 胸肌率
Pectoral
muscle rate		 腿肌率
Leg muscle
rate		 腹脂率
Abdominal
fat rate
对照组 Control group 89.12b 82.96c 71.43b 18.17b 15.61 18.88a
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 89.27b 83.81bc 72.99b 21.85a 17.84 17.54ab
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 90.70a 84.58b 74.60a 20.63a 17.08 15.44b
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 90.93a 84.67b 74.19a 21.76a 17.21 15.63b
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 90.96a 87.35a 74.08a 20.79a 17.32 15.29b
SEM 0.252 0.461 0.353 0.382 0.311 0.454
P值 P-value 0.010 0.038 0.025 0.009 0.207 0.020

2.3 AHL酶对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

AHL酶对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响见表6。对于干物质表观代谢率,对照组与500 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于750 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组(P<0.05),且显著低于250 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。对于粗蛋白质表观代谢率,与对照组相比,500 mg/kg组和750 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05),250mg/kg组显著提高(P<0.05)并表现出最高的表观代谢率,而1 000 mg/kg组显著降低(P<0.05)并表现出最低的表观代谢率。对于能量表观代谢率,对照组显著高于750 mg/kg组(P<0.05),但与250 mg/kg组、500 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05),其中250 mg/kg组最高,而750 mg/kg组最低。
表6 饲粮中添加AHL酶对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary AHL enzyme supplementation on nutrient apparent metabolism rates of broiler chickens%

项目
Items		 干物质
Dry matter		 粗蛋白质
Crude protein		 能量
Energy
对照组 Control group 68.07b 55.38bc 69.84ab
250 mg/kg组 250 mg/kg group 70.38a 60.26a 71.98a
500 mg/kg组 500 mg/kg group 68.14b 58.47ab 69.96ab
750 mg/kg组 750 mg/kg group 65.09c 54.23cd 66.67c
1 000 mg/kg组 1 000 mg/kg group 66.12c 51.51d 68.12bc
SEM 0.442 0.731 0.466
P值 P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 AHL酶对肉鸡生长性能的影响

前期研究中发现,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的AHL酶可以显著改善肉鸡1~21日龄和1~42日龄的料重比[18]。本研究中,主效应分析表明公鸡平均日增重和平均日采食量均高于母鸡,而料重比低于母鸡,这种现象可能是由于公鸡和母鸡之间对养分摄取的差异性所导致[19-20]。此外,Kaminski等[21]发现氨基酸和单糖等转运蛋白在公鸡中的表达量高于母鸡,这也解释了公鸡生长性能优于母鸡的原因。随着饲粮AHL酶添加水平的提高,肉鸡的平均日采食量和料重比显著降低,这可能是因为AHL酶淬灭了由AHL介导的病原菌之间的QS机制,降低了肠道中病原菌的丰度[22]。当肠道黏膜受到病原菌的侵扰减少时,肠黏膜功能健全,肠道对营养物质的吸收率显著提高[23]。此外,本研究发现,与对照组相比,公鸡在生长前期的平均日采食量显著提高,而生长后期的平均日采食量显著降低。在肉鸡生长前期,容易受到病原菌的侵害,而添加AHL酶可能降低了病原菌对肉鸡肠道的刺激,改善了由病原菌刺激导致的采食量降低。在生长后期,肉鸡机体和肠道发育成熟,基于前期肠道健康的改善,肠道对于营养物质的吸收利用率提高,进而出现采食量降低的现象。但是,关于AHL酶改善肉鸡生长性能的相关机制还有待进一步研究。

3.2 AHL酶对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是衡量肉用畜禽胴体品质的重要指标[24],它不仅能直接反映不同组织部位的质量在总质量中所占的百分比,还能反映营养物质在不同组织部位沉积量的差异[25]。肉鸡高腹脂率会直接影响肉制品的加工,降低屠宰率和消费者的购买欲望,影响经济效益[26]。通常情况下,屠宰率和全净膛率分别在80%和60%以上认为是产肉性能良好的标志[27]。在本试验中,饲粮中添加500、750和1 000 mg/kg AHL酶后,肉鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率和半净膛率均分别保持在90%、74%和84%以上,表明肉鸡具有很好的产肉性能。此外,本试验中肉鸡的胸肌率显著提高,而腹脂率降低,表明AHL酶可能提高了肉鸡对蛋白质和脂质的代谢与周转。然而,关于AHL酶对肉鸡脂质代谢的相关机制还需要进一步研究。

3.3 AHL酶对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

提高动物生长速度的最重要方法之一是提高主要营养物质的表观消化率或代谢率[28]。在本试验中,饲粮添加250和500 mg/kg的AHL酶提高了肉鸡对于干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的表观代谢率。这可能是因为AHL酶促进肠道发育,提高了肉鸡对饲粮中营养物质的消化代谢[29],或者解释为AHL酶直接刺激胃肠道的发育,增强了肠道的消化和吸收能力[30]。AHL酶提高了肉鸡对于饲粮中蛋白质等营养物质的吸收,这可能是由于AHL酶改善了肠道菌群结构所导致。在后续研究中,我们将探究AHL酶对肉鸡肠道功能的影响,进而揭示肉鸡养分表观代谢率变化的原因。

4 结论

饲粮中添加AHL酶显著降低了公鸡和母鸡的平均日采食量和料重比;显著提高了肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率和胸肌率,降低了腹脂率。AHL酶显著提高了肉鸡对饲粮中干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的表观代谢率。综合考虑上述指标,AHL酶在肉鸡饲粮中的适宜添加水平为500 mg/kg。

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