1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物及材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 试验设计Table 1 Experimental design |
| 组别 Groups | 饲粮 Diets |
|---|---|
| CON | 基础饲粮 |
| AN | 基础饲粮+500 mg/kg土霉素钙 |
| PRO | 基础饲粮+100 mg/kg蛋白酶 |
| PRO+CB | 基础饲粮+100 mg/kg蛋白酶+100 mg/kg丁酸梭菌 |
| PRO+EF | 基础饲粮+100 mg/kg蛋白酶+100 mg/kg粪肠球菌 |
| PRO+BC | 基础饲粮+100 mg/kg蛋白酶+150 mg/kg凝结芽孢杆菌 |
1.3 基础饲粮与饲养管理
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 57.03 | 62.50 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 32.67 | 23.78 | |
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal | 3.00 | 5.00 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.50 | 1.00 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.10 | 1.00 | |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 3.00 | 5.30 | |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl | 0.46 | 0.31 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.21 | 0.16 | |
| 苏氨酸 Threonine | 0.13 | 0.05 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.60 | 0.60 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.55 | 13.40 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 23.42 | 19.78 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.44 | 1.15 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.56 | 0.47 | |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.97 | 0.78 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.76 | 0.67 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.63 | 0.50 | |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.45 | 0.31 | |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of diets:1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age,VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 60 IU,VK3 4 mg,VB1 2.5 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 8 μg,生物素 biotin 0.8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 10 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 40 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 75 mg,胆碱 choline 700 mg,Zn 90 mg,Fe 110 mg,Cu 20 mg,Mn 100 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.3 mg;22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age,VA 10 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 50 IU,VK3 3.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 6 μg,生物素 biotin 0.6 mg,叶酸 folic acid 8 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,胆碱 choline 600 mg,Zn 80 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 15 mg,Mn 80 mg,I 0.5 mg,植酸酶 phytase 0.1 g,Se 0.3 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 指标测定及方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 肠道pH
1.4.3 肠道组织形态
1.4.4 肠道紧密连接蛋白mRNA相对表达量的测定
表3 引物序列Table 3 Primer sequences |
| 基因 Genes | 登录号 Accession number | 引物序列 Primer sequence (5'—3') | 产物大小 Product size/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| 密闭蛋白 Occludin | NM_205128.1 | F:GATGGACAGCATCAACGACC R:CTTGCTTTGGTAGTCTGGGC | 142 |
| 封闭蛋白-1 Claudin-1 | NM_001013611.2 | F:ACACCCGTTAACACCAGATTT R:GCATTTTTGGGGTAGCCTCG | 152 |
| 闭合小环蛋白-1 ZO-1 | XM_040680630.1 | F:GCCTACTGCTGCTCCTTACAACTC R:GCTGGATCTATATGCGGCGGTAAG | 129 |
| 三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 GAPDH | NM_204305.2 | F:AGCCATTCCTCCACCTTTGAT R:AGTCCACAACACGGTTGCTGTAT | 112 |
1.4.5 盲肠微生物区系
1.5 数据统计
2 结果
2.1 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表4 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of protease and probiotics combination supplementation on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | AN | PRO | PRO+CB | PRO+EF | PRO+BC | ||
| 1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age | |||||||
| 1日龄体重 BW at 1 day of age/g | 46.18±0.57 | 46.27±1.13 | 46.59±0.60 | 46.41±0.68 | 46.63±0.43 | 46.21±0.36 | 0.779 |
| 21日龄体重 BW at 21 days of age/g | 841.67±23.17 | 866.27±19.58 | 846.67±29.44 | 827.50±32.21 | 856.67±29.44 | 860.00±24.49 | 0.172 |
| 42日龄体重 BW at 42 days of age/g | 2 488.77±51.93b | 2 578.15±55.66ab | 2 514.44±111.99b | 2 515.18±89.19b | 2 648.68±72.65a | 2 630.14±58.35a | 0.003 |
| 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | |||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 48.10±1.95 | 50.19±4.68 | 52.84±4.76 | 53.93±2.87 | 51.55±6.10 | 52.01±2.34 | 0.207 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 37.88±1.11 | 39.05±0.89 | 38.10±1.41 | 37.19±1.53 | 38.57±1.40 | 38.75±1.16 | 0.169 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.27±0.08 | 1.29±0.14 | 1.39±0.11 | 1.45±0.12 | 1.34±0.19 | 1.35±0.10 | 0.187 |
| 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 154.68±2.32a | 143.54±6.69c | 149.07±12.22abc | 146.03±5.53bc | 153.61±6.18ab | 155.77±1.50a | 0.016 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 78.43±2.07b | 81.52±2.91ab | 79.42±5.26b | 80.37±3.13b | 85.34±2.45a | 84.29±1.91a | 0.003 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.97±0.05a | 1.76±0.08c | 1.88±0.06b | 1.82±0.07bc | 1.80±0.08bc | 1.85±0.03b | <0.001 |
| 1~42日龄 1 to 42 days of age | |||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 101.39±1.62ab | 96.86±2.77c | 100.95±5.04ab | 99.98±2.44bc | 102.58±2.14ab | 103.89±1.47a | 0.004 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 58.16±1.25b | 60.28±1.32ab | 58.76±2.66b | 58.78±2.13b | 61.95±1.73a | 61.52±1.39a | 0.003 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.75±0.04a | 1.61±0.03c | 1.72±0.04a | 1.70±0.07ab | 1.66±0.06bc | 1.69±0.05ab | 0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡肠道pH的影响
表5 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡肠道pH的影响Table 5 Effects of protease and probiotics combination supplementation on intestinal pH of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | AN | PRO | PRO+CB | PRO+EF | PRO+BC | ||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | 6.13±0.34 | 6.09±0.23 | 6.16±0.43 | 6.23±0.17 | 6.24±0.17 | 6.22±0.28 | 0.928 |
| 空肠 Jejunum | 6.37±0.21a | 5.99±0.25b | 6.27±0.11a | 6.38±0.28a | 5.95±0.22b | 6.41±0.11a | 0.001 |
| 回肠 Ileum | 6.28±0.11 | 6.42±0.23 | 6.44±0.24 | 6.52±0.23 | 6.59±0.18 | 6.49±0.22 | 0.200 |
| 盲肠 Cecum | 6.72±0.26 | 6.89±0.29 | 6.48±0.18 | 6.65±0.40 | 6.54±0.61 | 6.95±0.31 | 0.210 |
2.3 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肠道组织形态的影响
表6 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡肠道组织形态的影响Table 6 Effects of protease and probiotics combination supplementation on intestinal morphology of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | AN | PRO | PRO+CB | PRO+EF | PRO+BC | ||
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | |||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 1 650.01±86.89d | 2 452.98±226.60a | 1 871.41±163.57c | 1 849.12±38.71c | 2 071.46±44.99b | 1 883.82±89.15c | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 343.24±72.65a | 391.98±42.39a | 344.20±73.40a | 322.73±73.13a | 235.36±16.05b | 321.63±46.04a | 0.003 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 5.01±1.22b | 6.34±1.11b | 5.71±1.57b | 6.07±1.85b | 8.84±0.63a | 5.96±0.89b | <0.001 |
| 空肠 Jejunum | |||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 1 431.02±153.37b | 1 634.68±27.90a | 1 221.07±57.87c | 1 508.52±37.34b | 1 427.23±132.55b | 1 503.99±57.90b | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 215.71±18.53 | 223.31±35.78 | 249.48±10.38 | 243.58±38.04 | 211.03±43.08 | 229.66±36.06 | 0.281 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 6.70±1.09a | 7.48±1.18a | 4.91±0.40b | 6.33±1.06a | 6.93±1.04a | 6.68±0.98a | 0.003 |
| 回肠 Ileum | |||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 1 466.12±142.00b | 1 527.86±106.60ab | 1 267.16±134.52c | 1 218.33±55.33c | 1 514.31±73.34ab | 1 614.72±66.23a | <0.001 |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 255.76±25.46a | 233.53±15.54ab | 188.34±34.04b | 184.75±17.65b | 201.16±14.30b | 213.13±25.02bc | <0.001 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 5.76±0.57b | 6.59±0.87ab | 6.94±1.58ab | 6.65±0.74ab | 7.55±0.38a | 7.69±1.12a | 0.018 |
2.4 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡肠道紧密连接蛋白mRNA相对表达量的影响
2.5 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响
2.5.1 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡盲肠微生物alpha多样性的影响
表7 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡盲肠微生物alpha多样性的影响Table 7 Effects of protease and probiotics combination supplementation on cecal microorganism alpha diversity of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | AN | PRO | PRO+CB | PRO+EF | PRO+BC | |||||||||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 2 222.88 ±91.08c | 2 124.36 ±143.63c | 2 265.86 ±101.14c | 1 782.13 ±63.61d | 2 845.43 ±136.48a | 2 618.68 ±127.97b | <0.001 | |||||||
| Faith_pd指数 Faith_pd index | 122.15 ±4.63b | 125.81 ±8.58ab | 124.30 ±2.73ab | 109.09 ±8.40c | 135.33 ±7.38a | 130.43 ±8.40ab | 0.001 | |||||||
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 8.11 ±0.49a | 8.32 ±0.44a | 8.14 ±0.46a | 6.75 ±0.51b | 8.40 ±0.66a | 8.82 ±0.33a | 0.001 | |||||||
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.98 ±0.01a | 0.98 ±0.01a | 0.98 ±0.01a | 0.94 ±0.03b | 0.99 ±0.01a | 0.99 ±0.01a | 0.005 | |||||||
2.5.2 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡盲肠微生物门水平物种相对丰度的影响
图2 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡盲肠微生物门水平物种相对丰度的影响Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Synergistetes:互养菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Deferribacteres:脱铁杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻菌门;Elusimicrobia:迷踪菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.2 Effects of protease and probiotics combination supplementation on species relative abundance of cecal microorganism at phylum level of broilers |
2.5.3 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对盲肠微生物属水平物种相对丰度的影响
3 讨论
3.1 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响
3.2 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肠道组织形态的影响
图3 蛋白酶和益生菌组合添加对肉鸡盲肠微生物属水平物种相对丰度的影响Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺旋菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Megamonas:巨单胞菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;Prevotella:普雷沃菌属;Ruminococcaceae_Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌科_瘤胃球菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Effects of protease and probiotics combination supplementation on species relative abundance of cecal microorganism at genus level of broilers |
