Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3698 - 3707

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.343

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Iron Supplemental Level on Growth, Fat Deposition and Lipid Metabolism of Broilers

  • QI Xiaoting , 1 ,
  • ZHENG Lu 1 ,
  • WU Hao 1 ,
  • BAI Xue 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Xi 1, 2 ,
  • HUANG Yanling , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-30

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary iron supplemental level on growth, fat deposition and lipid metabolism of broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old healthy female Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20, 80 and 320 mg/kg Fe (FeSO4·7H2O), respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) with dietary iron level increasing, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers at 1 to 21 days of age were linearly decreased (P<0.05), while the average daily gain (ADG) of broilers at 1 to 21 days of age, the ADG and ADFI of broilers at 22 to 42 days of age and 1 to 42 days of age were firstly increased and then decreased in a quadratic curve (P<0.05), and reached the highest value at 20 mg/kg. Dietary iron supplemental level had no significant effect on feed/gain (F/G) of broilers at all stages (P>0.05). 2) Dietary iron supplemental levels had no significant effects on the contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and hemoglobin in blood at 42-day-old broilers (P>0.05). 3) Dietary iron supplemental level had no significant effects on liver TC content of broilers at 42 days of age (P>0.05), but liver TG content had a trend of decreasing with dietary iron supplemental level increasing (0.05<P<0.10). 4) Dietary iron supplemental levels had no significant effects on abdominal fat percentage, total fat content in liver and total fat content in chest muscle and leg muscle of broilers at 42 days of age (P>0.05). In conclusion, high-iron dietary can reduce the growth performance of broilers, and has a tendency to reduce the liver synthesis of TG.

Key words： broilers; iron; growth performance; lipid metabolism; fat deposition

Cite this article

QI Xiaoting , ZHENG Lu , WU Hao , BAI Xue , WANG Xi , HUANG Yanling . Effects of Dietary Iron Supplemental Level on Growth, Fat Deposition and Lipid Metabolism of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3698 -3707 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.343

铁是动物生命活动所必需的微量元素,参与机体内多种酶、激素、维生素的合成,在动物细胞和整个机体的能量供应、氧气运输和储存、DNA合成和蛋白质代谢等方面发挥着重要的作用[1⇓-3]。畜禽机体内缺铁或铁利用不良会引起贫血、含铁酶功能下降、脑神经系统异常、机体防御能力下降、体重增长迟缓、骨骼发育异常等疾病[4⇓⇓-7]。为避免动物出现铁缺乏症,常在饲粮中额外添加铁源来保证肉鸡正常的生产活动[8-9]。然而,肉鸡常用玉米-豆粕型饲粮原料中的铁含量较高、变异系数较大[10],且在肉鸡饲粮加工过程中铁污染严重,同时,饲粮生产者往往会忽略饲粮中铁的精准添加,按饲养标准中的铁需要量全额甚至超额添加,导致实际生产时饲粮中的含铁量可能远远地超过肉鸡对铁的营养需要量,不仅影响肉鸡的生长健康,还会造成铁过度排放,污染环境[11⇓⇓-14]。
过量的铁积累则会在机体细胞内产生自由基,导致DNA和蛋白质氧化,细胞膜脂质过氧化,从而使细胞损害或死亡[15⇓-17],导致机体生理功能紊乱。研究显示,铁过量诱导的代谢组织中的氧化应激会导致某些代谢异常的发展,包括肝脏脂肪变性和纤维化[18]、糖代谢受损[19]和血脂异常[20]等。铁与哺乳动物的脂质代谢密切相关[21⇓⇓⇓-25]。Ahmed等[21]研究发现,肝脏铁沉积会对血浆和肝脏脂肪的变化产生很大影响,血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)与动物摄入铁过量直接相关。此外,Dongiovanni等[22]在小鼠饲粮中添加过量的铁显著增加了空腹血糖和TG的含量,降低了内脏脂肪组织的重量,并减少了小鼠内脏脂肪组织重量和脂肪细胞的平均大小。骆婉秋[10]研究发现,在饲粮中添加500 mg/kg铁显著降低肉鸡生长前期的腹部脂肪组织发育及肝脏脂肪合成,从而降低腹部脂肪的沉积。鸡体内约90%的脂肪由肝细胞合成,其体内脂肪主要沉积在腹部、皮下和肌内[26],而肝脏是动物储存铁的主要器官,研究表明,肝脏和腹部脂肪组织中的铁含量随饲粮中铁水平的升高而升高,高铁会抑制肉鸡腹部脂肪组织发育[10]。这些研究结果表明,家禽脂质代谢和饲粮中铁水平是密切相关的。现如今经历数十年的选育,肉鸡的生长性能得到了显著提高,然而,过度地强调快速生长,伴随而来的是机体脂肪沉积、骨质疾病以及代谢疾病和死亡率的增加;过量脂肪沉积会导致饲料转化率、胴体产量和产蛋率等降低,还会阻碍加工,造成经济损失[27⇓-29]。但是关于饲粮铁水平添加对肉鸡脂质代谢的研究较少,且较集中于生长前期。因此,本试验以1日龄的爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡为试验对象,通过研究饲粮不同铁水平对其全期的生长性能、脂肪沉积和脂质代谢相关指标的影响,为肉鸡生产中合理利用铁制剂提供参考,为铁水平调控肉鸡脂质代谢及脂肪沉积的研究提供一定的理论基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

采用单因素完全随机设计,选用240只1日龄的AA肉鸡,设置4个铁添加水平,分别为0、20、80、320 mg/kg,每组6个重复,以笼为重复单位,每个重复10只鸡。试验期共42 d。

1.2 试验动物与饲粮

各阶段基础饲粮参照NRC(1994)[30]标准配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。为了降低基础饲粮中的含铁量,除硒和碘外,其他矿物质添加均使用试剂级。除对照组外,3个试验组在基础饲粮中以试剂级七水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)形式添加,1~21日龄饲粮铁的实测值分别为86.9、106.0、169.0、405.0 mg/kg,22~42日龄饲粮铁的实测值分别为75.5、98.9、148.0、403.0 mg/kg。试验鸡按AA肉鸡养殖方案进行免疫和饲养管理,试验期间自由采食和饮水。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)%

原料
Ingredients		 1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42
days of age		 营养水平
Nutrient levels3)		 1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42
days of age
玉米 Corn 62.31 62.37 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.37 12.98
豆粕 Soybean meal 31.58 30.18 粗蛋白质 CP 21.25 18.36
大豆油 Soybean oil 3.00 4.20 钙 Ca 1.01 0.90
食盐 NaCl1) 0.30 0.30 总磷 TP 0.73 0.61
碳酸钙 CaCO31 0.82 0.82 非植酸磷 NPP 0.48 0.38
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41 1.40 1.40 赖氨酸 Lys 1.15 1.09
七水硫酸亚铁+玉米淀粉
FeSO4·7H2O+corn starch		 0.16 0.16 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸
Met+Cys		 0.85 0.71
预混料 Premix2) 0.23 0.23 苏氨酸 Thr 0.81 0.72
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys ·HCl 0.03 0.17 铁 Fe/(mg/kg) 86.93 75.54
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 0.15 0.15
苏氨酸 Thr 0.02 0.02
合计 Total 100.00 100.00

1)试剂级 Reagant grade。

2)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VD3 5 100 IU,VE 19.2 IU,VK3 2.4 mg,VB1 1.2 mg,VB2 10.2 mg,VB6 2.4 mg,VB12 0.012 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 12 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 39 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.189 mg,胆碱 choline 700 mg,Cu(as reagent grade blue copperas)8 mg,Mn(as reagent grade manganese sulfate monohydrate)110 mg,Zn(as reagent grade zinc sulfate heptahydrate)60 mg,I(as feed grade calcium iodate)0.35 mg,Se(as feed grade sodium selenite)0.15 mg。

3)粗蛋白质、钙和铁为实测值,其他为计算值。CP, Ca and Fe were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 饲粮中钙、铁和粗蛋白质含量的测定

饲粮样品经浓硝酸消解后,用火焰原子吸收光谱法(Contr AA 700,Analytik Jena,德国)测定钙、铁的含量;用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—1994)测定粗蛋白质的含量。

1.3.2 生长性能

于试验期第21、42天,以重复笼为单元测定鸡体重和剩料量,计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.3.3 血液脂质代谢相关指标

于试验第42天,根据平均体重每个重复随机选取1只鸡,翅静脉采集血液,分装于2个非抗凝采血管中,一管分离血清,用于测定血清TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,另一管用于测定血红蛋白(Hb)含量。利用氰化高铁血红蛋白比色法,测定血液中Hb含量;利用微板法测定血清中HDL-C、LDL-C含量;利用甘油磷酸氧化酶-过氧化物酶方法测定血清中TG含量;利用胆固醇氧化酶-过氧化物酶方法测量血清中TC含量。

1.3.4 肝脏脂质代谢相关指标

采集肝脏组织,用锡纸包好,经液氮速冻后,储存在-80 ℃用于后续肝脏中TG与TC含量的测定。使用试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)测定肝脏TC和TG含量;利用考马斯亮蓝法试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)定量测定总蛋白含量。

1.3.5 脂肪沉积

鸡只采血后,断颈处死。采集腹部脂肪称重,计算腹脂率。采集单侧胸肌、腿肌、肝脏,用自封袋装好,并于-20 ℃中保存。取胸肌、腿肌、肝脏样品,65 ℃烘干,研磨过筛,使用索氏抽提法[31],利用石油醚测定胸肌、腿肌、肝脏绝干状态下总脂肪含量。计算公式如下:
腹脂率(%)=[腹脂重/(全净膛重+腹脂重)]×100;
总脂肪含量(%)=[(抽提前样品重量-抽提后样品重量)/抽样前样品重量]×100。

1.4 数据统计分析

本试验以重复笼为单位。所有数据采用SAS 9.0中MIXED程序进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),以最小显著差异(LSD)法比较各组间的差异显著性。采用正交多项式(orthogonal polynomials)分析各指标随饲粮铁添加水平的线性或二次曲线变化趋势。P<0.05为差异显著,0.05<P<0.10为差异有显著趋势。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,随着饲粮铁添加水平的增加,1~21日龄肉鸡的ADFI呈线性降低(P<0.05),而1~21日龄肉鸡的ADG、22~42日龄和1~42日龄肉鸡的ADG、ADFI随着饲粮铁添加水平的提高呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P<0.05),且均在铁添加水平为20 mg/kg时达到最大值。饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡各阶段的F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary iron supplemental level on growth performance of broilers (n=6)

项目
Items		 铁添加水平 Fe supplemental levels/(mg/kg) 均值标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
0 20 80 320 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 26.99b 28.40a 26.67bc 25.70c 0.38 0.001 2 0.001 1 0.699 2
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 35.13a 36.73a 35.22a 33.23b 0.58 0.004 2 0.001 5 0.637 3
料重比 F/G 1.37 1.36 1.39 1.36 0.02 0.652 0 0.786 5 0.298 5
22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 68.28b 77.01a 73.90a 63.53c 1.08 <0.000 1 <0.000 1 0.000 3
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 132.55c 150.84a 143.98b 122.48d 0.99 <0.000 1 <0.000 1 <0.000 1
料重比 F/G 1.94 1.96 1.95 1.93 0.04 0.941 4 0.658 9 0.822 8
1~42日龄 1 to 42 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 48.62c 53.86a 51.41b 45.52d 0.63 <0.000 1 <0.000 1 0.001 2
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 86.16c 96.50a 92.19b 79.98d 0.60 <0.000 1 <0.000 1 <0.000 1
料重比 F/G 1.80 1.82 1.82 1.78 0.03 0.738 0 0.406 0 0.530 4

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡血液脂质代谢相关指标的影响

由表3可知,肉鸡血清中的TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C含量及血液中的Hb含量随着饲粮铁添加水平的提高均无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮铁添加水平对42日龄肉鸡血液脂质代谢相关指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary iron supplemental level on blood lipid metabolism related indexes of broilers at 42 days of age (n=6)

项目
Items		 铁添加水平 Fe supplemental levels/(mg/kg) 均值标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
0 20 80 320 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) 2.46 2.43 2.39 2.49 0.20 0.987 1 0.838 4 0.767 8
甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) 0.53 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.07 0.411 8 0.965 8 0.463 3
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 2.97 3.02 2.90 3.25 0.20 0.638 1 0.271 8 0.554 9
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 0.31 0.32 0.26 0.30 0.04 0.735 8 0.793 5 0.328 5
血红蛋白 Hb/(g/L) 86.93 119.56 85.82 86.99 11.35 0.124 1 0.346 5 0.717 0

2.3 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡肝脏脂质代谢相关指标的影响

由表4可知,随着饲粮铁添加水平的提高,42日龄肉鸡肝脏的TC含量无显著变化(P>0.05),但TG含量呈线性降低的趋势(0.05<P<0.10)。
表4 饲粮铁添加水平对42日龄肉鸡肝脏脂质代谢相关指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary iron supplemental level on lipid metabolism related indexes in liver of broilers at 42 days of age (n=6)mmol/g prot

项目
Items		 铁添加水平 Fe supplemental levels/(mg/kg) 均值标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
0 20 80 320 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次曲线
Quadratic
总胆固醇 TC 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.05 0.819 0 0.542 1 0.536 1
甘油三酯 TG 0.77 0.59 0.50 0.38 0.10 0.079 9 0.026 1 0.246 8

2.4 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡脂肪沉积的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加20、80、320 mg/kg的铁对42日龄肉鸡的腹脂率及肝脏总脂肪、胸肌总脂肪、腿肌总脂肪含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮铁添加水平对42日龄肉鸡脂肪沉积的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary iron supplemental level on fat deposition of broilers at 42 days of age (n=6)%

项目
Items		 铁添加水平 Fe supplemental levels/(mg/kg) 均值标准误
SEM		 P值 P-value
0 20 80 320 方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
腹脂率 Abdominal fat percentage 1.21 1.54 1.58 1.52 0.18 0.473 0 0.528 7 0.275 5
肝脏总脂肪含量
Total fat content of liver		 9.65 8.81 11.61 11.31 1.31 0.394 1 0.269 0 0.306 6
胸肌总脂肪含量
Total fat content of breast muscle		 3.33 2.92 2.71 3.02 0.45 0.806 9 0.890 6 0.380 8
腿肌总脂肪含量
Total fat content of thigh muscle		 6.30 4.73 5.27 4.08 0.75 0.255 2 0.136 5 0.745 2

绝干状态下总脂肪含量。

The total fat content in the absolute dry state。

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡生长性能的影响

在现代化养殖模式中,许多品种肉鸡生长速度较快,饲粮内的铁含量往往不足以支撑肉鸡日常生理活动需求。但在饲粮中添加过量的铁,会影响肉鸡采食量,引起免疫系统损伤,影响肉鸡生理机能和生长性能[9]。在肉鸡饲粮适宜铁添加水平的研究中,Ma等[32]研究发现,生长前期(21日龄)肉鸡正常生长所需要的饲粮铁含量为97~136 mg/kg。马春艳等[33]研究发现,在22~42日龄肉鸡饲粮中铁添加的适宜水平为103.8~110.4 mg/kg。马新燕等[34]在1~21日龄肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕型饲粮(基础饲粮铁含量为67 mg/kg)中添加20、40和60 mg/kg铁时,肉鸡ADG均显著高于对照组,但添加100 mg/kg铁组日增重与对照组并无显著差异。雷凯文等[35]在黄羽肉鸡饲粮(基础饲粮铁含量为86.90 mg/kg)中添加20 mg/kg铁,与对照组相比显著提高了1~21日龄肉鸡的ADG。与上述研究结果相似,本试验结果显示,随着饲粮铁添加水平的提高,1~21日龄肉鸡的ADFI呈线性降低的趋势,ADG呈先升高后减低的趋势,且在饲粮铁添加水平为20 mg/kg时(基础饲粮铁含量为86.93 mg/kg)达到最大值。这可能与肉鸡生长前期对铁需求量较大有关,表明本试验基础饲粮中的铁含量可能并不能满足生长前期肉鸡对铁的需求,在饲粮中额外补充一定量铁是有必要的。
骆婉秋[10]在饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的铁显著降低了肉鸡1~21日龄的ADG和ADFI。Ma等[32]研究发现,肉鸡饲粮中铁含量超过167 mg/kg时肉鸡的日增重显著下降。Cao等[36]研究发现,饲粮中额外添加400 mg/kg铁时,肉鸡的采食量显著降低。杨柳[37]研究发现,在AA肉鸡基础饲粮(基础饲粮铁含量为66.85 mg/kg)中添加500 mg/kg铁时,会降低21日龄肉鸡ADG和ADFI。雷凯文等[35]在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加1 280 mg/kg铁显著降低了其ADG和ADFI。本试验研究结果与上述研究结果一致,在饲粮中添加320 mg/kg铁时显著降低了肉鸡21、42日龄的ADG和ADFI,表明高铁可能影响了肉鸡的能量代谢,过量铁沉积在肝脏细胞中,会减少胰岛素分泌,阻碍胰岛素信号传导,干扰葡萄糖代谢而导致胰岛素抵抗[10],对肉鸡正常生长产生负面作用,导致ADG和ADFI降低。饲喂高铁饲粮导致生长性能下降,还可能与高铁导致机体氧化应激,从而引起肠道氧化损伤有关[38-39]。研究发现,动物摄入过多的铁会增加消化道的铁沉积[40],并反应产生大量活性氧,攻击多不饱和脂肪酸引起细胞内脂质过氧化[41],破环细胞内蛋白质、核酸、线粒体等的功能,引起肠道炎症,影响肠道对营养物质的消化吸收,最终导致采食量和增重降低。

3.2 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡血液脂质代谢相关指标的影响

HDL-C在脂酶作用下通过转运富含TG的乳糜微粒和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)在TG转运过程中起重要作用。LDL-C是富含胆固醇的脂蛋白,其胆固醇主要来自从胆固醇酯转运的高密度脂蛋白中的胆固醇。LDL-C把胆固醇从肝脏运送到全身组织,HDL-C将各组织的胆固醇送回肝脏代谢[42]。高晔等[43]在蛋鸡饲粮中分别添加30、60 mg/kg的铁,随着铁添加水平的增加,蛋鸡血清胰岛素含量提高,血糖含量逐步降低,但对血清中的TG和TC含量无显著影响。Kwiecień等[44]研究发现,在饲粮中添加20、40 mg/kg铁对42日龄肉鸡血清内TC、TG、LDL-C含量及血液Hb含量均无显著影响。与此结果一致,在本试验中随着饲粮铁添加水平的提高,42日龄肉鸡血清中的TC、TG、HDL-C及LDL-C含量均无显著变化。骆婉秋[10]在饲粮中添加高铁(500 mg/kg)显著降低了21日龄肉鸡血清TC和HDL-C的含量,同时有降低血液Hb含量的趋势,但对血清TG和LDL-C含量无显著影响。在啮齿动物上的研究表明,铁过载会增加血清中TG的含量[24,45-46]。造成研究结果有差异的原因可能是由于生长阶段的差异及不同物种之间铁代谢与脂质代谢途径存在差异。
铁大部分以Hb的形式贮存于机体内,Hb参与机体氧气和二氧化碳的运输。因此血液中的Hb含量经常被用来作为动物体内铁营养状况的评价指标[47]。赵秀花[48]发现,在饲粮内添加30、60 mg/kg铁时,肉仔鸡血液中Hb的含量无显著变化。与本试验结果相一致。在饲粮铁缺乏的时候,Hb的含量会下降,而本试验血液Hb含量在饲粮铁水平升高的情况下未出现显著变化,这可能说明肉鸡在摄取一定剂量的铁后仍有能力维持内环境的稳态。

3.3 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡肝脏脂质代谢相关指标的影响

肝脏是家禽铁储存和脂质代谢的主要场所,在这2种代谢途径相互作用时起着重要作用[49]。TG在家禽脂肪组织中的储存依赖于肝脏中TG的合成和富含TG的脂蛋白的转运[27-28]。肝脏从血浆非酯化脂肪酸库及肝脏内新生脂肪生成产生的脂肪酸中摄取脂肪酸,脂肪酸经脂肪酸合成蛋白和脂肪酸转位酶进入肝细胞,一旦进入就会被氧化,或通过与甘油和胆固醇重新酯化来解毒,从而分别形成TG和胆固醇酯[49]。胆固醇主要在肝脏内合成,由肝脏运往机体各处发挥作用,部分胆固醇经过肠肝循环,重新回到肝脏中形成动态平衡。有研究表明,大鼠缺铁会增加肝脏脂肪生成,导致细胞TG积累和脂肪变性[49]。骆婉秋[10]研究发现,饲粮中添加高铁(500 mg/kg)可显著降低肉鸡肝脏中脂质沉积和TG的含量,但对肝脏TC含量无显著影响。Kitamura等[50]研究发现,在高脂模型下,添加高铁(307 mg/kg)可以降低小鼠肝脏TC、TG含量。Ma等[25]研究发现,在饲粮中添加高铁会降低肥胖小鼠肝脏TG含量。与以上结果不同,本试验中,饲粮铁添加水平对42日龄肉鸡肝脏的TC含量无显著影响,但TG含量有线性降低的趋势。肝脏TG含量降低可能是由于肝脏脂肪酸氧化增加、循环中游离脂肪酸摄取再酯化减少以及脂肪酸生物合成减少所致[51]。造成试验结果出现差异的原因目前尚不清楚,可能与基础饲粮铁含量及铁添加水平有关。本试验中,最高铁添加水平为320 mg/kg(基础饲粮铁含量前期为86.93 mg/kg,后期为75.54 mg/kg),而骆婉秋[10]试验中铁最高添加水平为500 mg/kg(基础饲粮铁含量为109 mg/kg),可能本试验中铁的剂量仍在家禽铁稳恒调控的范围内,当铁超过一定水平,则会对家禽脂质代谢产生影响,具体原因需进一步研究证实。

3.4 饲粮铁添加水平对肉鸡脂肪沉积的影响

腹部脂肪是肉鸡的重要胴体性状[28]。目前铁调节家禽脂肪代谢,影响脂肪沉积的研究结果不一致。有研究表明,饲粮高水平铁可以降低肉鸡腹脂沉积。宋丹等[52]在AA肉鸡饲粮中添加0、100、500 mg/kg的铁,发现添加500 mg/kg铁的饲粮组腹脂率较添加100 mg/kg铁的饲粮组降低25.7%。与宋丹等[52]研究结果相似,骆婉秋[10]研究表明,在铁含量为109 mg/kg的基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg铁会降低21日龄罗斯308肉鸡腹部脂肪相对重量,与Bai等[53]也研究得出相似的结论。另外,也有研究表明,肉仔鸡的慢性缺铁会使肝脏的绝对重量降低,并且肝脏出现中度脂肪肝积累以及心脏肥大[25,54]。与以上研究不同,本试验结果发现,饲粮不同铁添加水平对腹脂率、肝脏总脂肪含量、胸肌及腿肌总脂肪含量均无显著影响。本研究结果与Behroozlak等[55]研究结果相似。Apple等[54]在肉鸡饲粮中添加0、40、80 mg/kg铁对肉鸡胸肌总脂肪含量无显著影响。造成试验结果出现差异的原因目前尚不清楚,可能与基础饲粮铁含量、铁添加水平以及家禽品种和日龄有关,具体原因需进一步研究证实。

4 结论

① AA肉鸡除1~21日龄的ADG随饲粮铁添加水平的增加线性降低外,其各阶段的ADG和ADFI均随着饲粮铁添加水平的增加呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化,且均在铁添加水平为20 mg/kg时达到最大值,而320 mg/kg铁添加组在各阶段的ADG和ADFI均为最低。
② 饲粮中添加不同水平铁对42日龄AA肉鸡血清中的TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C含量,血液Hb含量及肝脏中的TC含量均无显著影响,而肝脏中的TG含量随饲粮铁添加水平的增加呈降低的趋势。
③ 综上所述,饲粮中添加高铁水平会降低AA肉鸡的ADG和ADFI,并有降低肝脏TG含量的趋势。

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