Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3724 - 3733

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.345

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Enterococcus faecium on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal Morphology and Antioxidant Function of Broilers

  • XU Chaoyang , 1 ,
  • TONG Qingfang 2 ,
  • ZHAO Yuyan 1 ,
  • ZHU Xiaoqian 1 ,
  • SUN Lanyuan 1 ,
  • ZHU Liangyun 1 ,
  • GUO Shuangshuang , 1, * ,
  • WU Tao , 1, *
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  • 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
  • 2 Wuhan Jiangxia District Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wuhan 430200, China
*GUO Shuangshuang, associate professor, E-mail: ;
WU Tao, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-14

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of Enterococcus faecium supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal morphology and antioxidant function of broilers. A total of 150 healthy Ross 308 broilers of 1-day-old were randomly divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate (half male and half female). Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in low-dose Enterococcus faecium group and high-dose Enterococcus faecium group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 500 and 1 000 mg/kg Enterococcus faecium powder (viable bacteria count was 3.46×108 CFU/g), respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, different doses of Enterococcus faecium supplementation had no significant effects on growth performance of broilers at each stage (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the total protein content in serum of broilers in high-dose Enterococcus faecium group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the phosphorus content in serum had a tendency to increase (P=0.054); the calcium content in serum of broilers in low-dose Enterococcus faecium group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of broilers in low-dose Enterococcus faecium group and high-dose Enterococcus faecium group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the crypt depth in duodenum was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the hydrogen peroxide content in serum and duodenum of broilers in low-dose Enterococcus faecium group and high-dose Enterococcus faecium group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in jejunum were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the malondialdehyde content in ileum was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the catalase activity in serum of broilers in low-dose Enterococcus faecium group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary Enterococcus faecium can improve intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity of broilers, and the appropriate supplemental level is 500 mg/kg.

Key words： broilers; Enterococcus faecium; growth performance; intestinal morphology; antioxidant function

Cite this article

XU Chaoyang , TONG Qingfang , ZHAO Yuyan , ZHU Xiaoqian , SUN Lanyuan , ZHU Liangyun , GUO Shuangshuang , WU Tao . Effects of Dietary Enterococcus faecium on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal Morphology and Antioxidant Function of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3724 -3733 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.345

抗生素的应用使畜牧业规模化生产成为可能,但其所引发的药物残留和耐药性问题严重威胁人类健康[1-2]。益生菌可维持肠道菌群平衡,并具有安全、绿色和无残留等优点[3-4],可作为抗生素替代品应用于畜牧业生产之中[5]。屎肠球菌属于厚壁菌门肠球菌属,菌落呈圆形或椭圆形,为革兰氏阳性菌,属兼性厌氧菌,生长迅速,是动物体内正常菌群的重要组成部分[6-7]。屎肠球菌具有耐高温、耐胃酸和耐胆碱的特性,其可黏附于肠道表面形成保护屏障,其合成的乳酸以及分泌的细菌素能够有效抑制或杀灭胃肠道中的病原菌,在畜牧业生产中有着广泛的应用前景[8]。安文艺等[9]研究表明,在饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可促进肉鸡生长,缓解脂多糖刺激导致的肉仔鸡生长性能下降,改善肠道微生物群组成。Yu等[10]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以改善肉鸡腿肌品质,增加腿肌中肌苷酸(IMP)含量,提高肌肉抗氧化能力。He等[11]研究发现,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以改善肉鸡肠道形态,降低肉鸡料重比。Wu等[12]研究表明,在饲粮中添加5.0×107 CFU/kg的屎肠球菌可提高爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡的生长性能。因此,本试验拟通过研究屎肠球菌对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、肠道形态和抗氧化功能的影响,旨在探讨屎肠球菌在肉鸡生产中的实际应用效果,为其在肉鸡生产中的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用屎肠球菌R170菌种由本实验室分离保藏,菌粉制备由湖北浩华生物技术有限公司完成,菌粉中活菌数为3.46×108 CFU/g。

1.2 试验动物和试验设计

试验选用150只1日龄健康罗斯308肉鸡,随机分为3个组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,低剂量屎肠球菌组和高剂量屎肠球菌组分别在基础饲粮中添加500和1 000 mg/kg屎肠球菌菌粉。试验期28 d。

1.3 基础饲粮

试验用基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of thebasal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 51.73
豆粕 Soybean meal 40.73
大豆油 Soybean oil 3.36
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.92
石粉 Limestone 1.16
食盐 NaCl 0.35
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 0.26
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) 0.25
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix1) 0.20
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix2) 0.04
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels3)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 2.92
粗蛋白质 CP 21.50
钙 Ca 0.95
有效磷 AP 0.45
赖氨酸 Lys 1.17
苏氨酸 Thr 0.82
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.90

1)矿物质预混料每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu 8 mg,Zn 75 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 100 mg,Se 0.15 mg,I 0.35 mg。

2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VD3 2 500 IU,VE12 0.025 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 2 mg,VE 30 IU,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.032 5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.25 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12 mg,烟酸 niacin 50 mg。

3)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.4 饲养管理

肉鸡饲养采用网上平养,试验前将鸡舍、鸡笼、料盘、水槽和喂料器消毒处理。养殖过程中,肉鸡自由采食和饮水,采用24 h连续光照。试验第1周鸡舍温度控制在33~35 ℃,以后每周降低2~3 ℃,直到温度降至24 ℃左右,并维持至试验结束;鸡舍相对湿度为50%~60%。

1.5 样品采集

于28日龄早上,从每个重复随机选取公鸡和母鸡各1只,翅下静脉采血,在4 ℃、3 000 r/min下离心15 min,分离血清,于-80 ℃冷冻保存。将肉鸡颈动脉放血致死后屠宰取样,剖取十二指肠、空肠和回肠肠段中部(长约1 cm)置于预冷的4%多聚甲醛中固定,送往武汉博士德生物工程有限公司制作肠道组织切片并进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色;另取十二指肠、空肠、回肠中间部分(长约10 cm),剖开肠段后用预冷的无RNA酶水冲洗肠道内容物,刮取肠黏膜,于-80 ℃保存,用于肠道抗氧化指标测定。

1.6 检测指标及方法

1.6.1 生长性能

试验期间,统计每个重复的采食量、死淘鸡数和死淘鸡重。分别于第13日龄和第27日龄晚上断料12 h,并于第1、14和28日龄以重复为单位对肉鸡进行称重。记录1~14日龄、15~28日龄和1~28日龄的平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI),并计算料重比(F/G)。

1.6.2 血清生化指标

采用日立HITEC7100自动生化分析仪(日本)测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、尿酸(UA)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总胆红素(TBIL)、总胆固醇(TC)、葡萄糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)、磷(P)和钙(Ca)含量以及谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性测定试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所,测定方法参照文献[13]。

1.6.3 肠道形态

将肠段从4%的多聚甲醛溶液中取出,包埋于石蜡中,制作HE染色切片。使用OLYMPSBX-41TF型光学显微镜(装有计算机辅助形态测定系统)观察各肠道组织切片,记录其绒毛高度(villus height,VH)、隐窝深度(crypt depth,CD)以及绒毛面积(villus area,VA),并计算绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(VH/CD),取10根完整肠绒毛数据的平均值作为此切片的最终测量值[14]。其中,绒毛高度指绒毛顶端到肠腺开口的垂直距离,隐窝深度值隐窝开口处到隐窝底部的垂直距离,绒毛面积为用面积测量工具测定完整绒毛的面积。

1.6.4 血清和肠道抗氧化指标

用生理盐水制备10%的肠道组织匀浆。在4 ℃、3 000 r/min下离心处理15 min,取上清液测定抗氧化指标。血清和肠道过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒测定。

1.7 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并用Duncan氏法多重比较进行组间分析。以P<0.05为统计学差异显著,以0.05≤P<0.10为差异有显著的趋势。试验结果用“平均值±标准差”来表示。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加不同剂量的屎肠球菌对肉鸡1~14日龄、15~28日龄和1~28日龄3个阶段的ADG、ADFI和F/G均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,低剂量屎肠球菌组1~14日龄肉鸡F/G有提高的趋势(P=0.074),15~28日龄肉鸡F/G有降低的趋势(P=0.061)。
表2 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary Enterococcus faecium on growth performance of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 低剂量屎肠球菌组
Low-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 高剂量屎肠球菌组
High-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 P值
P-value
1日龄体重 BW at 1 day of age/g 22.76±0.28 22.70±0.21 22.68±0.27 0.844
14日龄体重 BW at 14 days of age/g 394.08±24.24 385.08±25.24 388.00±6.50 0.783
28日龄体重 BW at 28 days of age/g 1 187.70±25.71 1 199.44±73.18 1 182.00±24.61 0.838
1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) 30.17±1.34 31.77±1.70 31.22±1.50 0.279
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 24.89±1.72 24.25±1.80 24.47±0.46 0.784
料重比 F/G 1.18±0.06 1.31±0.12 1.28±0.06 0.074
15~28日龄 15 to 28 days of age
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) 87.92±1.96 86.41±6.26 88.71±3.05 0.685
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 56.69±1.91 58.17±3.79 56.71±1.60 0.606
料重比 F/G 1.57±0.04 1.49±0.08 1.56±0.02 0.061
1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) 59.04±1.28 59.09±3.21 59.96±1.48 0.759
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 40.79±0.92 41.21±2.61 40.59±0.88 0.838
料重比 F/G 1.45±0.03 1.44±0.06 1.47±0.03 0.532

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,高剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清TP含量显著提高(P<0.05),肉鸡血清P含量有提高的趋势(P=0.054);低剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清Ca含量显著降低(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同剂量的屎肠球菌对肉鸡血清其他生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary Enterococcus faecium on serum biochemical indices of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 低剂量屎肠球菌组
Low-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 高剂量屎肠球菌组
High-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 P值
P-value
总蛋白 TP/(g/dL) 2.69±0.20b 2.60±0.14ab 2.89±0.33a 0.016
白蛋白 ALB/(g/dL) 1.31±0.10 1.30±0.07 1.33±0.16 0.219
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 211.73±10.52 214.55±10.35 214.68±13.16 0.502
高密度脂蛋白 HDL/(mmol/L) 92.15±11.90 86.00±10.52 88.00±11.61 0.791
低密度脂蛋白 LDL/(mmol/L) 16.22±3.28 16.52±2.76 19.26±3.60 0.833
尿酸 UA/(mg/dL) 4.55±1.17 5.40±1.50 4.17±1.27 0.368
谷氨酰转肽酶 GGT/(U/L) 17.29±3.04 18.00±3.20 15.30±2.98 0.865
总胆红素 TBIL/(mg/dL) 0.34±0.05 0.34±0.03 0.31±0.05 0.246
直接胆红素 DBIL/(mg/dL) 0.06±0.02 0.06±0.01 0.06±0.02 0.116
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 206.86±38.43 204.00±19.66 208.40±13.45 0.919
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 0.43±0.54 0.70±0.48 0.90±0.32 0.119
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) 3 189.43±1 293.08 2 702.90±776.92 2 445.20±450.41 0.224
总胆固醇 TC/(mg/dL) 111.16±13.77 106.23±10.50 109.59±12.32 0.688
甘油三酯 TG/(mg/dL) 28.68±11.45 26.74±4.02 28.52±9.54 0.863
磷 P/(mg/dL) 6.53±0.50 6.94±0.56 7.13±0.38 0.054
钙 Ca/(mg/dL) 11.20±1.48a 10.03±0.63b 10.37±0.61ab 0.047

2.3 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,低剂量屎肠球菌组和高剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡十二指肠VH/CD显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠CD显著降低(P<0.05),空肠VH/CD显著提高(P<0.05),空肠VH有提高的趋势(P=0.066)。
表4 饲粮中屎肠球菌对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary Enterococcus faecium on intestinal morphology of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 低剂量屎肠球菌组
Low-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 高剂量屎肠球菌组
High-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 P值
P-value
十二指肠 Duodenum
绒毛高度 VH/μm 1 398.01±197.70 1 243.14±12.39 1 358.94±160.48 0.174
隐窝深度 CD/μm 176.11±70.51a 116.03±17.43b 116.59±23.19b 0.006
绒毛高度/隐窝深度VH/CD 10.74±1.42b 11.54±2.04a 11.73±2.13a 0.047
绒毛面积 VA/μm2 258 083.40±69 356.87 246 929.00±69 288.20 230 372.62±59 562.90 0.647
空肠 Jejunum
绒毛高度 VH/μm 707.18±160.08 811.42±98.78 819.58±63.11 0.066
隐窝深度 CD/μm 105.06±10.75 108.06±22.59 96.65±9.02 0.237
绒毛高度/隐窝深度VH/CD 6.76±1.67b 7.73±0.95a 8.68±0.53a 0.002
绒毛面积 VA/μm2 97 234.36±37 477.42 278 293.77±491 109.59 133 506.51±36 264.21 0.338
回肠 Ileum
绒毛高度 VH/μm 557.20±228.54 511.45±66.61 578.92±131.79 0.123
隐窝深度 CD/μm 82.83±17.69 72.45±10.55 82.73±18.65 0.269
绒毛高度/隐窝深度VH/CD 7.72±1.55 7.55±1.53 7.16±0.76 0.635
绒毛面积 VA/μm2 96 278.83±19 902.64 79 020.01±15 338.26 81 935.38±24 955.27 0.149

2.4 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡血清和肠道抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,低剂量屎肠球菌组和高剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清和十二指肠H2O2含量显著降低(P<0.05),空肠CAT和GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),回肠MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,低剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清CAT活性显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠T-SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,高剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清T-SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡血清和肠道抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary Enterococcus faecium on antioxidant indices in serum and intestine of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 低剂量屎肠球菌组
Low-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 高剂量屎肠球菌组
High-dose Enterococcus
faecium group		 P值
P-value
血清 Serum
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) 1 285.32±164.34 1 372.38±153.60 1 396.44±206.97 0.348
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) 5.61±0.30b 6.23±0.98a 5.46±0.30b 0.024
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) 115.89±1.78a 110.51±10.49a 101.75±4.63b 0.022
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) 6.53±0.76 7.18±0.66 6.93±0.90 0.189
过氧化氢 H2O2/(mmol/L) 11.23±2.36a 6.93±2.33b 5.95±1.09b 0.001
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) 1.32±0.03 1.28±0.13 1.25±0.02 0.139
十二指肠 Duodenum
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)		 27.57±7.04 27.75±8.70 25.68±4.38 0.730
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) 1.21±0.23 1.11±0.15 1.19±0.15 0.412
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) 181.13±25.23a 155.93±17.60b 164.16±11.24ab 0.019
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) 0.61±0.12 0.57±0.19 0.59±0.12 0.891
过氧化氢 H2O2/(mmol/mg prot) 25.55±12.87a 14.62±3.48b 16.63±6.45b 0.019
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/mg prot) 0.14±0.02 0.12±0.01 0.13±0.01 0.241
空肠 Jejunum
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)		 31.56±6.85c 62.38±17.32a 47.40±14.12b 0.031
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) 3.63±2.45b 7.49±2.48a 8.36±1.75a 0.001
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) 241.88±25.52 256.23±21.53 267.88±28.22 0.142
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) 2.91±0.61 3.22±0.59 3.30±0.94 0.465
过氧化氢 H2O2/(mmol/mg prot) 16.75±7.32 15.55±6.05 14.08±3.74 0.603
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/mg prot) 0.29±0.07 0.45±0.03 0.35±0.03 0.210
回肠 Ileum
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)		 285.79±59.14 347.60±68.77 297.62±53.49 0.072
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) 2.10±1.55 2.21±1.04 3.33±0.91 0.060
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) 219.83±16.44 226.50±27.76 222.60±29.78 0.841
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) 2.76±0.59a 1.43±0.26b 1.36±0.22b 0.001
过氧化氢 H2O2/(mmol/mg prot) 64.40±22.94 58.37±17.37 52.71±11.01 0.353
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/mg prot) 0.10±0.04 0.14±0.03 0.13±0.04 0.097

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡生长性能的影响

本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加不同剂量的屎肠球菌对肉鸡各阶段的生长性能均没有显著影响。彭众等[15]在为期42 d的试验中,在2个试验阶段,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡的ADFI、ADG和F/G均无显著影响;张立恒等[16]研究结果显示,在1~21日龄,饲粮中添加3个不同剂量的屎肠球菌对肉仔鸡采食和生长均没有显著影响,本试验结果与上述研究结果基本一致。但黄丽卿等[17]研究发现,连续35 d对肉鸡饲喂含量为4×108 CFU/kg的屎肠球菌能显著提高肉鸡的生长性能;Simonová等[18]报道,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以调节肉兔血清生化指标,改善免疫力,有提高饲料转化率和生长性能的趋势。以上结果与本试验结果不同,可能是由于屎肠球菌菌种以及添加剂量不同。

3.2 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清TP含量是体现肝脏功能及生理健康的重要指标,能有效反映家禽体内蛋白质代谢状况[19]。血清TP含量提高,表明体内蛋白质代谢旺盛,有利于提高饲料转化率,促进动物生长。彭众等[15]试验结果显示,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌使肉鸡血清TP含量有所提高。在本试验中,与对照组相比,高剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清TP含量显著提高,这与上述研究结果基本一致,说明在饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以提高机体蛋白质代谢。Ca和P含量占机体总灰分含量的70%以上,与畜禽骨骼健康密切相关[20]。在本试验中,随着屎肠球菌添加剂量的增加,肉鸡血清P含量不断增加,这说明屎肠球菌在一定程度上可以促进家禽骨的P代谢;不过,与对照组相比,低剂量屎肠球菌组肉鸡血清Ca含量显著降低,这与既往的研究所得结果有所不同,其具体机理有待进一步研究。

3.3 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

小肠VH和CD反映了肠道的功能状态和健康状况,VH增高使肠道与营养物质的接触面积增大、吸收效率提高;CD降低时则表明上皮细胞成熟周期短,消化能力增强;VH/CD越大,说明肠道的有效吸收面积越大,吸收营养物质的能力越强[21]。李凯年[22]和Awad等[23]发现,在基础饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以显著降低肉鸡空肠CD,显著提高肉鸡空肠VH。Cao等[24]报道,饲粮中添加活菌数为109 CFU/kg的屎肠球菌HJEF005对大肠杆菌K88攻毒肉鸡的空肠形态有益,空肠VH显著提高,CD显著降低。在本试验中,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌能显著提高肉鸡十二指肠和空肠VH/CD,显著降低十二指肠CD,有提高空肠VH的趋势,这与上述研究结果相似。在本试验中,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡回肠的肠道形态无显著影响,这与张伟等[25]报道的饲粮中添加由丁酸梭菌和屎肠球菌组成的复合微生态制剂能够显著提高蛋鸡回肠VH/CD的结果不同。这可能是由于单一的屎肠球菌与复合微生态制剂对肠道的作用机制和效果不同,但总得来说,无论是单一的屎肠球菌还是包含屎肠球菌的复合微生态制剂都能改善家禽的肠道形态,对家禽营养物质的消化吸收起到积极作用。

3.4 饲粮中添加屎肠球菌对肉鸡抗氧化功能的影响

过量自由基可干扰细胞DNA及蛋白质合成进而破坏细胞结构[26]。GSH-Px和CAT是清除机体内自由基的抗氧化酶,能够维持体内自由基含量的动态平衡[27]。MDA是脂质发生过氧化反应的终产物[28],且具有细胞毒性,它的产生能加剧细胞膜的损伤。动物体内GSH-Px、CAT活性和MDA含量是衡量机体抗氧化能力的重要指标[29]。毛俊舟等[30]研究发现,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以降低肉鸡血清H2O2含量,显著提高肉鸡血清CAT活性。Ognik等[31]研究发现,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌显著降低肉鸡血清MDA和多种过氧化物含量。Capcarová等[32]研究表明,在雄性肉鸡饮水中添加屎肠球菌M74可提高肉鸡抗氧化能力。本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加低剂量和高剂量屎肠球菌可以显著降低肉鸡血清和十二指肠H2O2含量,显著提高空肠CAT和GSH-Px活性,并显著降低回肠MDA含量,与上述研究结果基本一致。这说明在饲粮中添加屎肠球菌可以促进机体抗氧化物酶活性,提高机体清除自由基的能力,维持氧化还原系统稳态,从而促进动物健康生长。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中添加不同剂量的屎肠球菌对1~28日龄肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响,但可促进肉鸡蛋白质代谢,改善肠道形态,并提高抗氧化能力。在本试验条件下,综合生长性能、血清生化指标、肠道形态和抗氧化指标的试验结果,建议肉鸡饲粮中添加500 mg/kg屎肠球菌较为适宜。

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