Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3761 - 3770

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.349

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Phaffia rhodozyma on Fetal Days, Serum Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Perinatal Dairy Cows

  • GAO Liangke , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Yuanxiao , 1, 2, * ,
  • LIU Dan 1, 2 ,
  • YAN Kecan 1, 2 ,
  • ZHANG Cai 1, 2 ,
  • LI Wang 1, 2 ,
  • CAO Zhijun 3 ,
  • LU Zhimin 4
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
  • 2 Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Healthy Breeding, Luoyang 471000, China
  • 3 China Agricultural University, Beijing 10094, China
  • 4 Jiyuan Weiheng Cattle Industry Co., Ltd., Jiyuan 459017, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-10-28

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation of Phaffia rhodozyma on fetal days, calf weight, colostrum quality, serum antioxidant and immune indexes of perinatal dairy cows. A total of 90 perinatal cows were divided into three groups, 30 cows in each group. The cows in control group were fed a basal diet, those in group Ⅰ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 5 g/d Phaffia rhodozyma, and those in group Ⅱ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 10 g/d Phaffia rhodozyma. The experimental period was from 21 days before delivery to 21 days after delivery. The results showed as follows: 1) the fetal days of cows in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). 2) The serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the control group on 7 days after delivery (P<0.05). The serum malonaldehyde (MDA) content in group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that in the control group on the day of delivery and 7 days after delivery (P<0.05). 3) Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgG, IgM contents increased with the increase of supplemental level of Phaffia rhodozyma on 7 days postpartum. The serum contents of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in control group on 7 days postpartum (P<0.05). The serum contents of IL-1β and IL-6 in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in control group on 21 days postpartum (P<0.05). It can be seen that under the conditions of this experiment, the suitable addition of Phaffia rhodozyma to the diet of dairy cows during perinatal period can effectively increase the number of days in the fetus, alleviate oxidative stress, improve the immunity of dairy cows and reduce the inflammatory response of dairy cows, which plays a positive role in postpartum health of dairy cows.

Key words： Phaffia rhodozyma; perinatal dairy cows; antioxidant; immune; fetal days

Cite this article

GAO Liangke , LI Yuanxiao , LIU Dan , YAN Kecan , ZHANG Cai , LI Wang , CAO Zhijun , LU Zhimin . Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Phaffia rhodozyma on Fetal Days, Serum Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Perinatal Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3761 -3770 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.349

围产期奶牛在短时间内,要经历怀孕、产犊和泌乳3个完全不同的生理过程,同时在围产期需要经历频繁的转圈,奶牛的生理、代谢和圈舍环境均发生了巨大变化,使奶牛频繁遭受各种应激,容易引起免疫抑制[1],导致乳房炎和胎衣不下等疾病易发[2],给奶牛养殖企业造成了巨大的经济损失。
如何减轻围产期奶牛生理性应激和免疫抑制是奶牛科研和生产实践工作者关心的话题。天然虾青素是一种酮式类胡萝卜素,前人的研究证实,其在提高动物免疫、抗氧化及抗病能力等方面有着显著作用[3]。在水产养殖中使用虾青素可以减少水产动物的氧化应激[4-5]。此外,肉鸡饲粮中补充天然虾青素,可增强其在热应激条件下的内源性抗氧化防御功能[6]。Fang等[7]的研究结果表明,虾青素可显著降低猪血清活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。红发夫酵母是工业上生产天然虾青素的主要原材料[8],含有丰富的天然虾青素,而且含有多种营养及活性物质,直接使用红发夫酵母能否缓解围产期奶牛的应激并不明确。故本试验在围产期奶牛饲粮中添加红发夫酵母(虾青素含量>0.5%,α-甘露聚糖肽含量>4.6%,蛋白质含量25%,脂肪含量27%),研究红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛的生产性能、血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响,为红发夫酵母作为免疫增强剂的合理性提供理论依据,同时为生产上减少围产期奶牛发病率并维持正常生理机能提供一定的参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

试验采用单因素试验设计,选取体重、体况评分、产奶量、胎次、预产日期相近的90头围产期奶牛,随机分为3组,每组30个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在基础饲粮中分别添加5、10 g/d的红发夫酵母。试验期为产前21 d到产后21 d。
基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。全混合日粮(TMR)每天现用现配,产前每天在06:30和18:30投料2次;产后每天在08:00、14:00和20:00投料3次。自由饮水。每日清晨饲喂时,放下颈夹对奶牛固定,将红发夫酵母与TMR混合,固定30 min,确保每头试验牛都能完全采食各组的红发夫酵母。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 产前
Prepartum		 产后
Postpartum
原料 Ingredients
青贮玉米 Silage corn 21.98 21.65
燕麦干草 Oaten hay 25.64 4.33
苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay 18.94
小麦秸 Wheat straw 7.33
玉米 Corn 7.33 16.23
豆粕 Soybean meal 11.71 7.58
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物
Corn DDGS		 7.33 4.33
大豆皮 Soybean peel 6.59 2.71
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 4.40 2.16
麸皮 Bran 3.65
蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn 5.41
甜菜粕 Beet meal 3.79
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 2.71
膨化大豆 Expanded soybean 1.62
全棉籽 Whole cottonseed 2.71
糖蜜 Molasses 2.71
石粉 Limestone 2.20 0.80
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.47 0.38
小苏打 NaHCO3 0.54
氯化钠 NaCl 0.54
脂肪粉 Fatty powder 0.32
产前预混料 Prepartum premix1) 0.37
产后预混料 Postpartum premix2) 0.54
合计 Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels3)
泌乳净能 NEL/(MJ/kg) 5.91 6.28
粗蛋白质 CP 15.31 17.33
粗脂肪 EE 5.59 6.17
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 43.92 30.35
钙/磷 Ca/P 1.95 1.92

1) 每千克产前预混料含有 One kg prepartum premix contained the following: VA 2 500 000 IU,VD 150 000 IU,VE 5 000 IU,I 110 mg,Se 20 mg,Co 25 mg,Cu 950 mg,Zn 5 000 mg,Mn 4 500 mg。

2) 每千克产后预混料含有 One kg postpartum premix contained the following:VA 350 000 IU,VD 150 000 IU,VE 6 000 IU,I 80 mg,Se 30 mg,Co 40 mg,Cu 1 000 mg,Zn 6 000 mg,Mn 4 900 mg。

3) 奶牛泌乳净能是依据中国饲料数据库计算得出,其余营养水平均为实测值。NEL was calculated according to China Feed Database,while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 样品采集

1.2.1 血清样品

在奶牛产前21 d(-21 d)、产前7 d(-7 d)、分娩当天(0 d)、产后7 d(7 d)和产后21 d(21 d),每组随机挑选10头牛,晨饲前尾静脉采血5 mL,待自然凝固后,3 000 r/min离心10 min分离血清,分装于2 mL离心管中,-20 ℃保存待测。

1.2.2 初乳样品收集及品质检测

奶牛产后5 h内,产后灌服时采集初乳,然后用初乳折光仪进行检测,仪器型号为HT-113ATC。

1.3 数据记录及指标检测

1.3.1 在胎天数和新生犊牛体重

奶牛分娩后,记录其分娩日期算出其在胎天数;犊牛出生当日空腹称重并记录。

1.3.2 血清抗氧化指标

使用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒测定血清中的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,按试剂盒说明操作。

1.3.3 血清免疫指标

使用仑昌硕生物科技有限公司所生产的试剂盒,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清中的免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,按照试剂盒说明操作。

1.4 数据统计分析

用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,试验结果用平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 红发夫酵母对奶牛在胎天数、犊牛出生重和初乳质量的影响

由表2可知,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组奶牛在胎天数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);犊牛出生重以及母犊出生重和初乳折光率各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但犊牛出生重Ⅰ组为40.21 kg,Ⅱ组为39.40 kg,高于对照组的37.82 kg。
表2 奶牛在胎天数、犊牛出生重和初乳折光率

Table 2 Fetal days, calf birth weight and colostrum refraction rate of dairy cows

项目 Items 对照组 Control group Ⅰ组 Group Ⅰ Ⅱ组 Group Ⅱ
在胎天数 Fetal days/d 275.92±0.80a 278.81±0.86b 278.36±0.85b
犊牛出生重 Calf birth weight/kg 37.82±1.03 40.21±1.25 39.40±0.90
母犊出生重 Female birth weight/kg 37.21±1.05 38.58±1.09 38.54±0.56
初乳折光率 Colostrum refractive rate/% 27.96±0.25 27.95±0.35 27.88±0.26
母犊占比 Proportion of females/% 83.33 63.33 70.00

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表3可知,在-21、0、7和21 d,各组之间奶牛血清CAT和GSH-Px活性无显著差异(P>0.05),在-7 d,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的血清CAT活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),在-7 d,Ⅱ组血清GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05);在-21和-7 d,各组之间血清T-AOC和MDA含量差异不显著(P>0.05),在0、7和21 d,Ⅱ组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在0、7和21 d,Ⅱ组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在-7、0、7和21 d,Ⅱ组的血清SOD活性显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。
表3 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of Phaffia rhodozyma on serum antioxidant indexes of perinatal dairy cows

项目
Items		 时间
Time/d		 对照组
Control group		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 -21 6.15±0.99 5.80±0.97 6.05±0.53
-7 10.04±0.84b 6.27±0.62a 6.51±0.84a
0 9.48±0.85 8.19±1.05 8.75±1.03
7 8.51±2.17 9.27±0.94 9.17±0.76
21 6.11±1.29 7.57±1.30 6.08±0.96
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 -21 148.61±16.82 131.93±18.50 151.51±30.03
-7 123.86±13.46a 121.10±11.00a 166.50±16.14b
0 166.37±14.08 147.26±12.42 164.66±22.34
7 207.84±14.12 240.94±30.65 194.68±23.46
21 186.65±12.39 166.49±15.68 179.85±17.44
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 -21 5.46±0.74 5.40±0.37 5.50±0.57
-7 6.01±0.76 4.75±0.65 6.78±0.81
0 5.21±0.45a 5.58±0.97a 7.91±1.15b
7 2.03±0.22a 3.76±0.47b 4.95±0.63b
21 3.99±0.62a 4.32±0.76a 7.60±0.64b
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 -21 90.39±3.60 89.53±2.59 84.74±2.56
-7 68.04±3.79a 70.87±3.27a 89.54±3.86b
0 73.93±3.60a 72.32±4.53a 93.91±3.14b
7 74.31±3.66a 77.00±3.52a 91.52±4.95b
21 69.89±4.73a 76.87±2.25a 88.35±2.39b
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 -21 3.54±0.23 3.68±0.19 3.58±0.14
-7 2.53±0.43 2.46±0.21 1.99±0.25
0 3.16±0.38b 2.78±0.38ab 2.10±0.15a
7 2.70±0.20b 2.49±0.18ab 2.01±0.24a
21 3.75±0.31b 2.02±0.22a 1.78±0.18a

2.3 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

由表4可知,在21 d,Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组血清IgA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在7 d,Ⅱ组血清IgG含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。在0和7 d,Ⅱ组血清IgM含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);在21 d,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清IgM含量高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of Phaffia rhodozyma on serum immunoglobulin contents of perinatal dairy cows

项目
Items		 时间
Time/d		 对照组
Control group		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(g/mL)		 -2 307.75±18.71 315.60±22.69 324.85±8.10
0 327.96±22.61 402.47±22.75 400.37±29.97
7 411.11±39.38 420.59±30.14 471.14±15.30
21 410.27±23.21a 509.79±26.42b 548.03±26.62b
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(mg/mL)		 -21 1.13±0.02 1.15±0.05 1.11±0.03
0 1.32±0.09 1.44±0.05 1.48±0.08
7 1.39±0.02a 1.45±0.07a 1.75±0.05b
21 1.58±0.10 1.76±0.06 1.72±0.02
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(g/mL)		 -21 263.18±15.87 240.70±18.52 255.39±4.09
0 224.21±18.90a 276.19±17.01ab 310.75±14.85b
7 279.92±21.50a 311.93±16.47ab 355.30±13.03b
21 295.33±22.19 342.33±25.54 341.80±15.18

2.4 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清炎症因子含量的影响

由表5可得,在0和21 d,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清中IL-1β含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在7 d,Ⅱ组血清中IL-1β和IL-2含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在21 d,试验组血清中IL-2和IL-6含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);其他时间点血清中IL-2和IL-6含量均差异不显著(P>0.05)。在0 d,Ⅱ组血清中TNF-α的含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他时间点差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清炎症因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of Phaffia rhodozyma on serum inflammatory factor contents of perinatal dairy cowspg/mL

项目
Items		 时间
Time/d		 对照组
Control group		 Ⅰ组
Group Ⅰ		 Ⅱ组
Group Ⅱ
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β		 -21 78.96±5.24 77.47±4.96 75.04±2.19
0 121.11±2.96b 97.35±6.08a 94.16±3.32a
7 99.82±4.64b 97.31±4.01ab 87.52±2.65a
21 99.07±3.36b 84.95±4.59a 80.61±4.17a
白细胞介素-2
IL-2		 -21 191.58±5.44 209.05±8.75 207.57±6.67
0 225.71±5.75 190.31±8.28 204.62±16.38
7 248.02±9.75b 226.06±9.78ab 208.69±6.84a
21 289.01±1.32c 257.16±6.54b 236.37±6.74a
白细胞介素-6
IL-6		 -21 30.67±2.00 30.04±1.82 30.48±0.68
0 35.86±1.33 35.96±2.72 31.98±1.74
7 34.17±1.65 32.50±1.91 32.12±1.89
21 36.09±0.73b 29.35±2.13a 29.30±1.52a
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α		 -21 30.76±1.31 29.79±1.09 30.92±0.96
0 38.82±1.99b 35.93±1.87ab 32.96±1.29a
7 33.49±0.75 32.02±1.72 33.07±1.18
21 32.93±1.93 32.35±1.92 28.22±1.29

3 讨论

3.1 红发夫酵母对奶牛在胎天数、犊牛出生重和初乳质量的影响

犊牛出生重反映出犊牛在母体的发育情况,也是其出生后生长发育的基础,还可以影响成年后的泌乳量等多项指标。顾亚玲[9]通过研究32头荷斯坦母犊的出生重和头胎产奶量的关系,得出了这两者之间存在显著正相关。犊牛出生重受多个因素影响,其中一个影响因素是在胎天数。代旭等[10]的调查分析得出,在胎天数为285~290 d时,母犊牛出生重最大,可达40 kg左右,而当在胎天数为270~274 d时,其出生重最小,为38 kg左右。犊牛出生重也受到性别、胎次的影响。王梦琦等[11]对不同妊娠天数对犊牛出生重的研究表明,当妊娠天数在270~274 d和275~279 d时,出生公犊重分别为(37.45±4.76) kg、(39.16±4.67) kg;而母犊重分别为(35.82±3.95) kg、(36.64±4.23) kg。本次试验结果显示,添加红发夫酵母奶牛在胎天数均显著高于对照组,虽然试验组的犊牛出生重和对照组差异不显著,但都高于对照组。这表明在饲喂红发夫酵母后,犊牛出生重得到了提高。
初乳的质量对新生犊牛的健康至关重要,关乎犊牛被动免疫建立的成败。Prom等[12]研究发现,在产前补加β-胡萝卜素对初乳IgG含量没显著影响,但会使初乳颜色变得更红和更黄。杨茜锌等[13]研究表明,在饲粮中添加β-胡萝卜素可以使母猪初乳中的IgM含量提高,但对IgG含量没有显著影响。此次试验初乳质量结果差异不显著,与添加β-胡萝卜素的结果一致,这可能与添加量和牛群差异等因素相关[14]。

3.2 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

氧化应激对奶牛的负面影响被广泛关注,它产生的过多“氧自由基”可使奶牛出现多种代谢性疾病,严重影响奶牛的健康和福利。其中Tsuchiya等[15]研究发现,健康奶牛的氧化应激水平显著低于患有疾病的奶牛。在围产期奶牛氧化应激的研究中,Laliotis等[16]发现患乳房炎奶牛体内的“氧自由基”水平比健康组奶牛水平显著增高。这些研究都表明氧化应激与奶牛健康水平密切相关,提高围产期奶牛抗氧化能力非常重要。本次试验通过检测奶牛血清中的氧化应激标志物含量和活性发现,添加红发夫酵母可在一定程度上增加奶牛血清中GSH-Px、SOD、CAT活性,提高了奶牛血清的T-AOC,减少有害物质MDA的产生,从而使抗氧化能力得到提高。贺维朝等[17]研究饲喂虾青素对69~74周龄蛋鸡的影响,与空白组相比,饲粮中含有虾青素的蛋鸡其卵巢中SOD活性呈显著性的提高,且卵巢中MDA含量显著减低。李美鑫等[18]研究结果表明,虾青素能显著提高乌鳢血清中的SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性。Otton等[19]对大鼠采取灌胃的方式饲喂虾青素,结果发现虾青素能够降低活化的T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞中活性氧(ROS)含量,提高SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性,说明虾青素能增强机体的免疫调节能力,并降低氧化损伤。这些研究说明虾青素能够明显增强动物抗氧化能力,在本试验中,添加红发夫酵母同样可以提高奶牛的抗氧化能力。

3.3 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清免疫指标的影响

刘国林等[20]研究发现,奶牛围产期免疫功能与其分娩前以及分娩后血清IgG的含量有关。奶牛围产期外周血中IgG含量的高低能反映奶牛在该时期的免疫力[21]。维生素A可直接作用于B细胞调节体液免疫,促进免疫球蛋白合成[22]。本试验所用红发夫酵母中含有大量维生素A前体物质,所以各试验组奶牛血清免疫球蛋白含量均有所提升。IgA能够中和毒素和抗病毒的作用,称之为免疫的第1道防线[23-24],IgM常作为判断机体是否被病原微生物入侵以及免疫应答阶段的重要依据[25]。有研究表明,在饲粮中添加虾青素能有效地提高血清中免疫球蛋白的含量,从而提高机体的免疫力[26]。Okai等[27]研究确定虾青素能够增强小鼠免疫细胞增殖和功能的免疫调节活性,显著刺激小鼠的脾细胞和胸腺细胞的增殖反应,并大大提高了抗体IgG和IgM的产生。在本试验中,奶牛饲粮中添加红发夫酵母后,各试验组奶牛血清免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG和IgM)含量在各个时期均有所提升,和预期试验结果一致。

3.4 红发夫酵母对围产期奶牛血清炎症因子含量的影响

炎症因子是指参与炎症反应的各种细胞因子,IL-1β、IL-2、TNF-α和IL-6是主要的促炎症细胞因子[28-29]。研究表明,TNF-α是前期炎症反应中最先产生并且起到最关键作用的炎症因子[30]。IL-6同样具有多种生物活性,参与机体的炎症反应,能够刺激参与免疫反应的细胞增殖、分化并提高其功能[31]。武小姣等[28]研究表明,金黄色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎乳腺上皮组织中TNF-α和IL-6的含量显著高于正常奶牛;同样Kasimanickam等[32]研究证明,患有临床型子宫内膜炎的荷斯坦奶牛,血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β含量显著高于正常奶牛。余盼等[33]研究证明在患有乳房炎的奶牛中,炎症反应过程中,TNF-α、IL-1β蛋白和mRNA表达量都显著提高。这说明奶牛健康与否与机体中炎症细胞因子的水平有关。虾青素抗氧化活性是维生素E的550倍,被誉为“超级抗氧化剂”,在提高免疫力和清除体内自由基等方面有着积极作用[34]。Bi等[35]对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠用60 mg/(kg·d)浓度的虾青素进行口服强饲法治疗,其结果减少了血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的释放并可通过抑制肺部组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的转录水平,以减少炎症的发生来保护肺脏和肾脏器官免受损伤。Li等[36]和朱凌羽等[37]研究表明,虾青素能够抑制脂多糖所诱导的细胞炎症反应,抑制细胞核因子-κB (NF-κB)信号通路并显著降低炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-Iβ和IL-10)的含量。张靖垚等[38]对脓毒症小鼠连续2周以30 mg/(kg·d)的虾青素灌胃,小鼠体内炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放被显著抑制,对小鼠肾脏、肝脏和肺器官具有保护作用,降低了小鼠的死亡率。本试验研究中,在奶牛饲粮中添加红发夫酵母,奶牛血清中炎症因子的含量得到一定程度的降低,与直接添加虾青素的研究结果一致,可能是降低了诱导型一氧化氮(iNOS)、环氧合酶(COX)-2蛋白和mRNA表达水平,抑制角质形成细胞凋亡,降低TNF-α、IL-1β和巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(MIF)的蛋白和mRNA表达水平[39]。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,在奶牛围产期饲粮中添加适量的红发夫酵母,可以有效提高奶牛在胎天数,缓解氧化应激,提高奶牛的免疫力和降低奶牛的炎症反应,对奶牛产后的健康具有积极作用。

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