Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 6: 3910 - 3920

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.363

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Seabuckthorn Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Meat Rabbits

  • DU Xinyu ,
  • LIU Mei ,
  • LI Jiantao ,
  • YANG Guiqin ,
  • $\boxed{\hbox{GUO Dongxin}}$ ,
  • ZHU Yujing , * ,
  • LI Fangfang , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
*ZHU Yujing, associate professor, E-mail: ;
LI Fangfang, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-24

  Online published: 2023-06-08

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Abstract

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of seabuckthorn flavonoids on growth performance, slaughtering performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and immune function of meat rabbits. A total of 120 healthy (35±2)-day-old meat rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 4 rabbits per replicate. The rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet, and the others in experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04% seabuckthorn flavonoids, respectively. The pre-experiment lasted for 7 days and the experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the final weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of 0.02% seabuckthorn flavonoids group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased(P<0.05); the diarrhea rate of 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04% seabuckthorn flavonoids groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the dressing rate of 0.02% seabuckthorn flavonoids group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the half eviscerated rate and all eviscerated rate of 0.01% and 0.02% seabuckthorn flavonoids groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the contents of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and glucose in serum of 0.03% seabuckthorn flavonoids group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum high density lipoprotein content of 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04% seabuckthorn flavonoids groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum and liver superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity of 0.02% seabuckthorn flavonoids group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum and liver malondialdehyde content of 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04% seabuckthorn flavonoids groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the thymus index and contents of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in serum of 0.02% seabuckthorn flavonoids group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the spleen index and contents of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in serum of 0.03% seabuckthorn flavonoids group were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary seabuckthorn flavonoids can improve the growth performance of meat rabbits, regulate the metabolism of cholesterol, increase the content of high-density lipoprotein and immune factors, improve the antioxidant capacity, and enhance the immune function. Under the experimental conditions, the dietary appropriate seabuckthorn flavonoids supplemental is 0.02%.

Key words： seabuckthorn flavonoids; growth performance; serum biochemical index; antioxidant capacity; immune function; meat rabbits

Cite this article

DU Xinyu , LIU Mei , LI Jiantao , YANG Guiqin , $\boxed{\hbox{GUO Dongxin}}$ , ZHU Yujing , LI Fangfang . Effects of Seabuckthorn Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(6) : 3910 -3920 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.363

沙棘黄酮(seabuckthorn flavonoids,SF)是沙棘叶中主要的生物活性物质,具有清除自由基、抗氧化、促进动物生长发育、提高饲料利用效率、增强动物免疫力等作用[1⇓⇓⇓-5]。幼兔断奶后处于生长阶段,其免疫系统和消化系统发育不完善,极易出现腹泻问题[6],且随着国家全面禁止饲料中添加促生长类抗生素添加剂,沙棘黄酮作为绿色功能性添加剂备受关注。Sharma等[7]研究发现,沙棘黄酮能够提高火鸡的生长性能,并可以提高血清球蛋白含量,增强其免疫力。孙琛等[8]研究发现,沙棘黄酮能够提高小鼠血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量,并可以降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量。郑伟等[9]研究发现,沙棘黄酮可以增强海兰褐壳蛋鸡的免疫功能,并且能够提高其合格蛋平均产蛋率,降低残次蛋率。饲粮中添加沙棘黄酮可以提高阿勒泰羊的生长性能,提高血清免疫因子含量,增强其免疫力[10]。目前已报道文献中对沙棘黄酮的研究主要集中在提取工艺、活性成分及其体外抗氧化能力评价,并且在动物上的应用多以猪、鸡和羊为研究对象,在肉兔饲粮中的应用尚未有文献报道。因此,本试验旨在通过饲粮中添加不同水平沙棘黄酮,研究其对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力及免疫功能的影响,确定沙棘黄酮在肉兔饲粮中适宜的添加水平,以期为沙棘黄酮在肉兔生产上的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用沙棘黄酮纯度为50%。

1.2 试验设计与饲粮

试验选取(35±2)日龄、体重相近、健康状况良好的伊拉肉兔120只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复4只兔(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%和0.04%的沙棘黄酮。预试期7 d,正试期35 d。基础饲粮参照《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[11]配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air dry basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 24.00
小麦麸 Wheat bran 18.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS 12.00
花生秧 Peanut vine 13.60
花生壳 Peanut shell 20.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 11.00
骨粉 Bone meal 0.40
预混料 Premix1) 1.00
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 10.12
粗蛋白质 CP 15.77
粗纤维CF 16.49
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 32.34
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 21.40
酸性洗涤木质素 ADL 6.39
赖氨酸 Lys 0.76
含硫氨基酸 Sulfur-containing amino acids 0.60
钙 Ca 0.61
总磷 TP 0.43

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe 70 mg,Cu 20 mg,Zn 70 mg,Mn 10 mg,Se 0.25 mg,I 0.2 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 2 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 50 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,烟酸 niacin acid 50 mg,赖氨酸 Lys 2 g,蛋氨酸 Met 1.5 g。

2)赖氨酸、含硫氨基酸为计算值,其余为实测值。Lys and sulfur-containing amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 生长性能指标测定

试验开始和结束当天记录各组试验肉兔始重(IW)和末重(FW),以重复为单位记录试验肉兔每天耗料量、腹泻只数、腹泻天数及死亡只数,饲养试验结束后计算各组试验肉兔的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)、料重比(F/G)、腹泻率和死亡率,参照李燕舞等[12]方法进行测定。

1.3.2 屠宰性能指标测定

饲养试验结束第2天,在每个重复中随机选取1只试验肉兔进行屠宰试验,记录宰前活重、屠体重、半净膛重和全净膛重,计算屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率,参照来宁洁等[13]的方法。

1.3.3 血清生化指标测定

饲养试验结束第2天,在每个重复中随机选取1只兔进行心脏采血,离心管呈45°斜面静置,待血清析出后4 000 r/min离心10 min,分装上清,用液氮速冻后置于-80 ℃冰箱冷冻保存。参照试剂盒说明书检测血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、TC、TG、HDL、LDL、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量及门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性,试剂盒均购自北京华英生物技术研究所。

1.3.4 血清和肝脏抗氧化指标测定

饲养试验结束第2天,在每个重复中随机选取1只兔,取其肝脏,研磨后按1∶9比例与磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)混匀;心脏采血,4 000 r/min离心10 min,分装上清,于-80 ℃冰箱保存。采用生化法测定肝脏和血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,参照试剂盒说明书进行检测,试剂盒均购自北京华英生物技术研究所。

1.3.5 免疫器官指数和血清免疫指标测定

饲养试验结束第2天,在每个重复中随机选取1只试验肉兔屠宰,取其胸腺和脾脏,剔除周边脂肪,用滤纸吸去血渍后称重,计算胸腺指数和脾脏指数。参照试剂盒说明书检测血清中免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量,试剂盒均购自北京华英生物技术研究所。

1.4 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 28统计软件对数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。P<0.05为差异显著,数据用“平均值±标准差”表示。

2 结果

2.1 沙棘黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,0.02%沙棘黄酮组FW、ADG和ADFI显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了7.88%、8.17%和6.00%;F/G显著降低(P<0.05),降低了5.96%。0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了66.1%、55.37%和38.42%。0.02%沙棘黄酮组死亡率最低。
表2 沙棘黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of SF on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 沙棘黄酮添加水平 SF supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
始重 IW/g 911.83
±31.82		 906.33
±60.28		 874.33
±64.34		 890.60
±56.47		 923.01
±42.83		 0.305
末重 FW/g 2 076.67
±25.17b		 2 160.01
±70.00ab		 2 240.33
±26.46a		 2 110.00
±90.02ab		 2 190.11
±140.01ab		 0.036
平均日增重 ADG/g 30.60
±0.71b		 31.90
±0.93ab		 33.10
±1.76a		 32.20
±1.17ab		 32.10
±1.94ab		 0.040
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 106.24
±3.68b		 109.33
±3.72ab		 112.61
±4.44a		 110.33
±3.65ab		 107.97
±3.29ab		 0.014
料重比 F/G 3.86
±0.09a		 3.76
±0.11ab		 3.63
±0.19b		 3.78
±0.16ab		 3.73
±0.23ab		 0.002
腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% 1.77
±0.38a		 1.28
±0.44ab		 0.60
±0.53b		 0.79
±0.71b		 1.09
±0.57b		 0.009
死亡率 Mortality rate/% 12.5 8.3 4.2 8.3 8.3

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 沙棘黄酮对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,各组之间宰前活重差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,0.02%沙棘黄酮组屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05),提高了6.49%;0.01%和0.02%沙棘黄酮组半净膛率和全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了5.27%、7.02%和5.29%、7.20%。
表3 沙棘黄酮对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of SF on slaughtering performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 沙棘黄酮添加水平 SF supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
宰前活重
Live weight before slaughter/g		 2 200.12
±43.82		 2 261.67
±64.32		 2 290.00
±74.83		 2 193.33
±106.14		 2 281.67
±117.20		 0.180
屠宰率
Dressing rate/%		 53.03
±0.91b		 55.18
±2.22ab		 56.47
±1.30a		 54.80
±1.47ab		 54.71
±1.78ab		 0.004
半净膛率
Half eviscerated rate/%		 47.24
±0.67b		 49.73
±1.48a		 49.74
±1.34a		 48.27
±1.70ab		 48.07
±1.45b		 0.007
全净膛率
All eviscerated rate/%		 43.03
±1.11b		 46.05
±1.47a		 46.13
±1.28a		 44.44
±1.85ab		 44.16
±1.38b		 0.004

2.3 沙棘黄酮对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,0.03%沙棘黄酮组肉兔血清TC、LDL和GLU含量显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了22.37%、45.88%和28.72%;0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清HDL含量显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了34.21%、47.37%和44.74%。0.02%和0.03%沙棘黄酮组血清UN含量显著低于0.04%组(P<0.05),分别降低了22.9%和26.29%。与对照组相比,0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清AST活性显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了11.64%和22.37%;0.01%沙棘黄酮组血清ALT活性显著提高(P<0.05)。各组之间血清TP、ALB、TG含量和ALP、γ-GT活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 沙棘黄酮对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of SF on serum biochemical indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 沙棘黄酮添加水平 SF supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 40.94±8.80 41.48±7.35 44.79±7.28 46.43±6.27 43.83±8.19 0.322
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 20.78±4.90 20.99±0.93 24.67±4.94 25.05±4.22 21.67±4.97 0.265
总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) 1.52±0.40a 1.32±0.33ab 1.21±0.27ab 1.18±0.11b 1.49±0.50a 0.032
甘油三脂 TG/(mmol/L) 1.14±0.26 0.93±0.33 0.79±0.17 0.95±0.23 0.87±0.74 0.126
高密度脂蛋白
HDL/(mmol/L)		 0.38±0.05b 0.41±0.1ab 0.51±0.17a 0.56±0.19a 0.55±0.19a 0.025
低密度脂蛋白
LDL/(mmol/L)		 0.85±0.17a 0.61±0.14ab 0.70±0.2ab 0.46±0.81b 0.78±0.32a 0.012
尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) 6.27±1.03ab 6.28±1.4ab 5.44±0.74b 5.16±0.34b 7.00±0.99a 0.031
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 4.84±0.53a 4.80±0.68a 4.27±0.63ab 3.45±0.62b 4.74±1.08a 0.017
门冬氨酸氨基转移酶
AST/(U/L)		 15.20±1.29b 15.86±5.60ab 15.69±1.31ab 16.97±5.82a 18.60±3.92a 0.023
丙氨酸氨基转移酶
ALT/(U/L)		 22.03±9.28b 35.45±9.27a 31.20±5.21ab 27.46±3.32ab 26.27±8.99ab 0.021
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) 97.39±33.02 98.06±24.95 115.58±32.75 116.17±29.89 110.03±26.86 0.462
谷氨酰转肽酶
γ-GT/(U/L)		 3.12±1.45 3.63±2.43 3.54±2.25 3.45±0.84 3.21±2.41 0.253

2.4 沙棘黄酮对肉兔血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,0.02%沙棘黄酮组血清SOD活性和肝脏T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了12.91%和9.71%;0.02%和0.03%沙棘黄酮组血清T-AOC和肝脏SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了16.16%、13.15%和29.04%、22.71%;0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清和肝脏MDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了21.10%、18.06%、23.38%和31.73%、28.51%、20.88%。
表5 沙棘黄酮对肉血清和肝脏兔抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of SF on serum and liver antioxidant indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 沙棘黄酮添加水平 SF supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
血清 Serum
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 86.66±5.56b 89.30±3.58b 97.85±5.64a 92.41±5.41ab 86.88±6.10b 0.003
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 7.30±0.37c 7.73±0.60bc 8.48±0.54a 8.26±0.45ab 7.41±0.56c 0.001
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 5.26±0.23a 4.86±0.53a 4.15±0.27b 4.31±0.38b 4.03±0.57b 0.010
肝脏 Liver
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 111.03±7.31c 122.66±6.47bc 143.27±16.33a 136.24±9.97ab 125.03±14.62bc 0.001
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 5.87±0.28b 6.03±0.35ab 6.44±0.31a 6.35±0.50ab 5.99±0.45ab 0.017
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 4.98±0.62a 4.69±0.46a 3.40±0.18b 3.56±0.99b 3.94±0.45b 0.012

2.5 沙棘黄酮对肉兔免疫器官指数和血清免疫指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,0.02%沙棘黄酮组胸腺指数和血清IgA含量显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了23.32%和25.71%;0.03%沙棘黄酮组脾脏指数显著提高(P<0.05),提高了15.63%;0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了10.7%、9.68%和9.00%;0.01%、0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清IgM、IL-2和IL-6含量显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了6.45%、8.06%、17.74%、9.68%,12.58%、23.54%、19.94%、16.56%和10.97%、27.66%、15.76%、15.79%。
表6 沙棘黄酮对肉兔免疫器官指数和血清免疫指的影响

Table 6 Effects of SF on immune organ indexes and serum immune indexes of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 沙棘黄酮添加水平 SF supplemental level/% P值
P-value
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
胸腺指数
Thymus index/(g/kg)		 1.93±0.18b 2.01±0.19ab 2.38±0.67a 2.14±0.47ab 2.08±0.71ab 0.012
脾脏指数
Spleen index/(g/kg)		 0.64±0.30b 0.66±0.17ab 0.67±0.24ab 0.74±0.19a 0.68±0.18ab 0.006
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(g/L)		 0.70±0.43b 0.74±0.09b 0.88±0.10a 0.78±0.04ab 0.72±0.20b 0.006
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(g/L)		 5.89±0.11b 6.19±0.13ab 6.52±0.30a 6.46±0.30a 6.42±0.42a 0.030
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(g/L)		 0.62±0.02c 0.66±0.04b 0.67±0.05b 0.73±0.03a 0.68±0.04b 0.001
白细胞介素-2
IL-2/(pg/mL)		 365.84±13.52c 411.86±40.63b 451.95±28.08a 438.80±15.12ab 426.41±24.16ab 0.012
白细胞介素-6
IL-6/(pg/mL)		 159.94±4.41c 177.49±4.62b 204.18±11.37a 185.14±6.62b 185.19±3.69b 0.025

3 讨论

3.1 沙棘黄酮对肉兔生长性能的影响

黄酮类化合物主要存在于天然植物的根、茎、叶中,具有显著的促生长作用。研究表明,饲粮中添加适量沙棘黄酮能够提高奶牛采食量,促进其生长[14]。郑伟等[15]研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加适量沙棘黄酮可以提高肉鸡的ADG和饲料转化率。本试验表明,饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮可显著提高肉兔ADFI、ADG,显著降低F/G,与前人研究结果基本一致。沙棘黄酮可以提高肉兔生长性能的原因可能是其能够调控机体甲状腺素的分泌,促进蛋白质合成,加快机体新陈代谢,调节胃肠道菌群结构,改善肠道环境,提高饲料适口性,进而提高生长性能[16⇓-18]。沙棘黄酮能够降低肉兔腹泻率和死亡率。本试验中,对照组腹泻兔最后均死亡,各试验组肉兔发生腹泻后经休养可恢复健康,故在加强饲养管理的同时补充沙棘黄酮可降低肉兔腹泻率。肖凡等[19]研究表明,在饲粮中添加适量大豆异黄酮能够提高荷斯坦犊牛生长性能,降低腹泻率。本试验结果与其相似,与对照组相比,0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组肉兔腹泻率显著降低,这表明沙棘黄酮在调节家兔机体健康上同样发挥重要作用。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮时肉兔生长性能最佳。

3.2 沙棘黄酮对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

饲料加工工艺、饲料配方、疾病等影响着肉兔的生长速度,不同的生长速度会影响肉兔各项屠宰指标[20]。研究发现,在饲粮中添加0.20%沙棘黄酮后,肉鸡的屠宰率、腿肌的肉色、胸肌粗蛋白质含量极显著提高[21]。在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.10%沙棘黄酮能够提高肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能[22]。本试验结果与之相似,在各组宰前活重差异不显著的前提下,0.02%沙棘黄酮组屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率均显著高于对照组。

3.3 沙棘黄酮对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

血清TP含量高时蛋白质代谢旺盛,机体新陈代谢加快,可促进动物生长,提高机体免疫功能[23]。赵萌等[24]报道,藤茶总黄酮可以提高仔猪血清TP和ALB含量,促进蛋白质代谢,提高仔猪生长速度。本试验结果与之相似,各试验组肉兔血清TP和ALB含量均高于对照组。这说明沙棘黄酮可以为血清中蛋白质合成提供能量,从而提高肉兔的生长性能和代谢水平。血清UN含量反映动物体内蛋白质代谢和氨基酸之间的均衡状态,氨基酸均衡时,血清UN含量下降[25]。在本试验中,0.02%和0.03%沙棘黄酮组肉兔UN含量显著低于对照组,但沙棘黄酮添加水平超过0.03%后血清UN含量提高,这表明沙棘黄酮具有剂量效应,适量的沙棘黄酮能够促进肉兔的生长和蛋白质沉积。目前国内外研究肉兔饲粮中添加沙棘黄酮对其影响及适宜沙棘黄酮添加水平的研究较少。血清TG、TC和LDL含量的高低反映脂类的吸收代谢及利用情况,其含量越低对脂肪的利用率越高[26]。马建爽[22]研究发现,沙棘黄酮通过调控肉仔鸡胰岛素和脂联素水平来改变血清LDL和TG含量,从而调控肌内脂肪沉积。周萍芳[27]研究发现,在饲粮中添加苜蓿黄酮可以降低麻鸡血清TG、TC和LDL含量。本试验结果与其相似,与对照组相比,各试验组肉兔血清TC、TG和LDL含量均有所降低,其中0.03%沙棘黄酮组血清TC和LDL含量显著降低;0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清HDL含量显著提高。这表明沙棘黄酮具有调节脂肪沉积及代谢作用,减小LDL颗粒体积,防止其过度氧化,从而减少脂肪沉积,降低血清TG、TC和LDL含量,提高血清HDL含量,改善脂类代谢。血清GLU含量可以反映机体能量平衡及营养状况,正常状态下,动物血清GLU含量应保持平衡,对于肉兔而言,其血清GLU含量应该保持在6.1 mmol/L以下[28]。本试验中,各组血清GLU含量均在正常范围区间,这表明沙棘黄酮对肉兔的能量平衡无不良影响,可以在一定程度上提升肉兔的适应与抗逆能力。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.03%沙棘黄酮可以降低肉兔血清TG、TC、LDL和UN含量,提高血清TP、ALB和HDL含量。

3.4 沙棘黄酮对肉兔血清和肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

T-AOC和SOD是反映机体抗氧化能力的直接指标[29]。在本试验中,各试验组血清及肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性均高于对照组,其中0.02%沙棘黄酮组肉兔血清和肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性均显著高于对照组。Kong等[30]研究表明,用黄酮类化合物作为饲料添加剂饲喂犊牛,机体抗氧化能力显著增强。胡芳等[31]研究发现,沙棘果渣提取物可以使小鼠血清T-AOC和SOD活性显著提高。李义等[32]研究表明,饲粮中添加竹叶黄酮对可以显著提高奶牛血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和T-AOC,增强奶牛的抗氧化能力。这与本试验结果相似,沙棘黄酮能够提高肉兔血清和肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性的原因,一方面可能因为沙棘黄酮直接与体内活性氧或自由基发生反应,从而保护机体避免受到损伤;另一方面可能因为沙棘黄酮通过调节体内抗氧化酶相关基因的表达,从而促进酶合成,提高血清和肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性,进而提高机体抗氧化能力。MDA含量反映氧自由基介导的脂质过氧化程度,是氧自由基引起的脂质过氧化物的降解终产物,有很强的氧化作用[33]。苏效双等[34]研究发现,苜蓿黄酮可以降低奶牛血清MDA含量,从而提高乳腺上皮细胞的抗氧化能力,增强机体抗氧化性能。本试验结果与之相似,与对照组相比,0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组肉兔血清和肝脏MDA含量均显著降低。沙棘黄酮能够降低肉兔体内MDA含量的主要原因在于沙棘黄酮的供氧和供电子能力,从而清除体内自由基,保护机体避免受到过氧化物的损伤。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮可以提高血清和肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性,降低血清和肝脏MDA含量。

3.5 沙棘黄酮对肉兔免疫器官指数和血清免疫指标的影响

机体内的免疫细胞大多数分布于胸腺和脾脏中,因此,胸腺指数和脾脏指数是衡量其功能的一项重要指标,免疫器官重量增加为免疫增强的表现[35-36]。本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组胸腺指数和脾脏指数均高于对照组,其中0.02%沙棘黄酮组肉兔胸腺指数最高,0.03%沙棘黄酮组肉兔脾脏指数最高。这表明沙棘黄酮在提高机体免疫器官指数上有一定的作用,能够促进免疫器官的发育。栗明月等[37]研究表明,饲粮中添加低剂量竹叶黄酮显著提高了奶牛血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量。本试验结果与之相似,与对照组相比,0.02%沙棘黄酮组血清IgA含量显著提高;0.02%、0.03%和0.04%沙棘黄酮组血清IgG含量显著提高;各试验组血清IgM含量均显著提高。这表明沙棘黄酮能够通过调节免疫球蛋白的分泌进而调节机体体液免疫。IL-2可以刺激T细胞分裂,增强T细胞的杀伤活性,提高机体免疫力。研究发现,沙棘黄酮可以提高血清IL-2含量,促进免疫器官增重,提高T细胞中CD4细胞的比例,增强肉鸡的免疫功能[21]。Mishra等[38]研究发现,沙棘黄酮可通过刺激人外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)促进IL-6生成,增强机体免疫功能。本试验研究与前人研究结果基本一致,各试验组血清IL-2和IL-6含量均显著高于对照组,其中0.02%沙棘黄酮组肉兔血清IL-2和IL-6含量最高。这表明沙棘黄酮可以促进IL-2和IL-6分泌,提高肉兔免疫功能。结合生长性能、血清生化和抗氧化指标结果,饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮可提高血清IgA、IgG、IgM、IL-2和IL-6含量,从而提高肉兔免疫力,最终有效改善肉兔生长性能。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮可以降低肉兔腹泻率,提高ADG和ADFI,提高屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率。
② 饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮可以提高肉兔血清HDL含量,降低血清TC、LDL和GLU含量。
③ 饲粮中添加0.02%沙棘黄酮可以提高肉兔血清和肝脏SOD活性和T-AOC,降低血清和肝脏MDA含量,提高血清IgA等免疫因子含量。
④ 本试验条件下,肉兔饲粮中沙棘黄酮适宜添加水平为0.02%。

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