RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs

  • WANG Jing , 1 ,
  • HAN Lu 2 ,
  • MA Qiang 1 ,
  • CHEN Junfeng 1 ,
  • HUA Liushuai 1 ,
  • SUN Jiajie 3 ,
  • ZHANG Jiaqing 1 ,
  • LI Wenjia 1 ,
  • REN Qiaoling 1 ,
  • YAN Xiangzhou 1 ,
  • XING Baosong , 1, **
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  • 1 Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2 Henan Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 3 National Pig Breeding Engineering Technology Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control in Guangdong, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
** professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2023-01-28

  Online published: 2023-07-11

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides (GLP) on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs. Sixty cross-bred (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) finishing pigs (castrated male pigs) with a similar initial body weight of 80 kg were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups with 3 replicates per group and 10 finishing pigs per replicate. The pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the GLP group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% GLP. The pre-experimental period lasted for 10 days, and the experimental period lasted for 40 days. The results indicated as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the supplementation of GLP had no significant effects on the final body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed-to-gain ratio (P>0.05). 2) The differences in carcass traits such as slaughter rate, carcass weight, loin muscle area, backfat thickness, leaf fat weight, carcass length and carcass slanting length between control group and GLP group were not significant (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the yellowness value of meat color and intramuscular fat content in longissimus dorsi of GLP group were significantly increased by 36.427% and 69.012% (P<0.05), respectively. 4) Compared with the control group, the contents of glutamate, lysine and proline in longissimus dorsi of GLP group were increased by 5.528%, 7.358% and 21.523% in GLP group (P<0.01), and the contents of essential amino acids and total amino acids were increased by 4.623% and 7.723% (P<0.05), respectively. 5) Compared with the control group, the contents of four polyunsaturated fatty acids in longissimus dorsi of GLP group were higher. And for monounsaturated fatty acids, only pentadecenic acid (C15∶1) content in longissimus dorsi of GLP group was increased compared with the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplemented with GLP can improve the meat quality of finishing pigs, meanwhile GLP has no negative effects on the growth performance and carcass traits.

Cite this article

WANG Jing , HAN Lu , MA Qiang , CHEN Junfeng , HUA Liushuai , SUN Jiajie , ZHANG Jiaqing , LI Wenjia , REN Qiaoling , YAN Xiangzhou , XING Baosong . Effects of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(7) : 4238 -4246 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.394

我国是全球最大的猪肉生产和消费国,2022年我国猪肉产量和消费量分别占全球的44%和47%。随着饲养规模的提高,饲料资源短缺的问题严重影响养猪业的可持续发展[1]。寻找绿色、安全、环保的促生长、增强免疫、提高肉品质的保健型饲料添加剂来降低发病率,提高生产效率,改善猪肉安全性和适口性,促进饲料资源合理配置,对养猪业意义重大[2]。近年来,来源广泛的天然产品被开发用作猪饲料添加剂,其中海藻具有高蛋白质、低脂肪、低糖分等优点,同时含有丰富的微量元素、矿物质、维生素以及甾醇、脂肪酸、萜烯、抗生素等特殊成分,营养价值高,产量大,是优良的饲料添加剂[3]。我国是海藻生产大国,海藻产量占全球总产量的58.4%,尽管从20世纪80年代我国就开展了海藻饲料的相关研究,但仍处于初级阶段[4]。研究发现,螺旋藻对仔猪腹泻有一定的治疗作用,可提高育肥猪的平均日增重,降低料重比,提高瘦肉率,降低背膘厚,提高猪肉中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量[5-6];马尾藻多糖可促进猪脾细胞增殖,增加一氧化氮、白细胞介素-2和γ-干扰素的分泌,进而调节免疫细胞活性和抗病毒活性[7]
龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)是一种传统的可食用海藻,产量在大型栽培海藻中占第2位,富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、矿物质和维生素,脂肪含量极低[8]。研究表明龙须菜多糖(Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides,GLP)具有增强免疫力[9]、抗氧化[10]、抗病毒[11]、抗肿瘤[12]、调节肠道菌群[13]、调节脂质代谢[14]等多种生物学功能。关于龙须菜多糖作为饲料添加剂的研究较少,仅李文嘉等[15]研究表明,在饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖可显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重,降低料重比,提高抗氧化能力和免疫功能,缓解肠道炎症。目前尚未见龙须菜多糖作为猪饲料添加剂的报道,因此,本试验拟研究龙须菜多糖对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响,以期缓解饲料资源紧缺,为促进新型功能性饲料的开发提供基础材料。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用龙须菜多糖购自陕西某生物技术有限公司,有效含量达50%以上,主要包括琼二糖、琼胶糖前体、6-OCH3-琼二糖等。

1.2 试验设计和饲养管理

试验采用单因素随机分组设计,将60头体重约80 kg的健康“杜×长×大”三元杂交育肥阉公猪随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。参照NRC(1998)和我国《猪饲养标准》(NY/T 65—2004)中生长育肥猪的营养需要配制粉状配合饲料,该基础饲粮配方为玉米58%、豆粕14%、麦麸9%、草粉15%、预混料4%,饲粮的消化能为11.33 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质含量为13.13%,其他营养成分均达到规定的饲养标准。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,龙须菜多糖组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.1%龙须菜多糖的试验饲粮。
饲养试验在河南省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所新密养殖基地开展,试验预试期10 d,正试期40 d。试验猪舍为半敞开式,舍内自然通风。在整个试验期,采用圈养群饲,所有试验猪只均自由采食和饮水,每天于09:00与16:00各饲喂1次;每天清扫圈舍,定期消毒,保持圈内干净整洁;每天观察猪只健康状况,记录发病情况,记录每天的饲粮消耗量。

1.3 样品采集及指标测定

1.3.1 生长性能

试验开始和试验结束当天对猪只进行称重,分别记录为初始体重和终末体重,计算平均日增重;结算对照组和龙须菜多糖组饲粮消耗量,计算平均日采食量和料重比。

1.3.2 胴体性状

试验结束后,从每个重复中选取中等体重的育肥公猪2头,每组6头,共12头用于屠宰试验。禁食12 h,按照《生猪屠宰操作流程》(GB/T 17236—2008)进行屠宰。参照《瘦肉型种猪性能测定技术规程》(GB 8467—1987)测量屠宰率、胴体重、板油重、胴体直长、胴体斜长、背膘厚、眼肌面积。

1.3.3 肉品质

对屠宰的所有猪只取背最长肌测定pH、肉色、大理石纹评分、滴水损失、加压损失、肌内脂肪含量,检测方法参考《瘦肉型猪胴体性状测定技术规范》(NY/T 825—2004)。

1.3.4 氨基酸与脂肪酸含量

采集屠宰的12头试验猪只的背最长肌样品,检测氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。氨基酸含量测定方法参照《食品中氨基酸的测定》(GB 5009.124—2016)。将龙须菜多糖组的6个样品和对照组的6个样品分别等量混合,进行脂肪酸含量测定,测定方法参照《食品中脂肪酸的测定》(GB 5009.168—2016)。

1.4 数据处理与分析

使用Excel 2013对试验数据进行初步整理,然后使用SPSS 19.0软件进行组间t检验分析,结果用平均值±标准误表示,以P<0.05表示差异显著,以P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪生长性能的影响

表1可知,龙须菜多糖组和对照组育肥猪的终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表1 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪生长性能的影响

Table 1 Effects of GLP on growth performance of finishing pigs

项目Items 对照组Control group 龙须菜多糖组GLP group
初始体重IBW/kg 91.200±2.086 89.200±0.917
终末体重FBW/kg 128.100±2.669 127.500±2.217
平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) 0.923±0.032 0.933±0.049
平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) 3.232±0.026 3.243±0.058
料重比F/G 3.551±0.030 3.537±0.047

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪胴体性状的影响

表2可知,龙须菜多糖组和对照组育肥猪的胴体直长、胴体斜长、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积、背膘厚、板油重均差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪胴体性状的影响

Table 2 Effects of GLP on carcass traits of finishing pigs

项目Items 对照组Control group 龙须菜多糖组GLP group
胴体直长Carcass length/cm 102.664±3.180 107.000±0.000
胴体斜长Carcass slanting length/cm 90.000±1.528 93.000±0.577
胴体重Carcass weight/kg 87.563±2.289 88.893±1.667
屠宰率Dressing percentage/% 70.518±2.532 71.880±1.121
眼肌面积Loin muscle area/cm2 50.000±5.058 42.000±2.843
背膘厚Backfat thickness/cm 20.503±0.762 22.340±1.267
板油重Leaf fat weight/kg 0.737±0.073 0.917±0.134

2.3 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪肉品质的影响

表3可知,与对照组相比,龙须菜多糖组育肥猪背最长肌肉色的黄度值显著提高(P<0.05),提高了36.427%;同时,龙须菜多糖组育肥猪背最长肌的肌内脂肪含量比对照组提高了69.012%,2组差异显著(P<0.05)。背最长肌的pH45 min、滴水损失、加压损失、大理石纹评分、肉色的红度值2组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪肉品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of GLP on meat quality of finishing pigs

项目Items 对照组Control group 龙须菜多糖组GLP group
pH45 min 6.397±0.290 6.267±0.274
滴水损失Drip loss/% 7.100±0.200 6.700±0.300
加压损失Pressurization loss/% 34.600±2.000 33.900±2.200
大理石纹评分Marbling score 2.333±0.441 2.500±0.500

肉色Meat color
红度值a* value 47.896±4.572 51.740±2.750
黄度值b* value 24.857±1.520a 18.220±1.027b
肌内脂肪含量Intramuscular fat content/% 1.933±0.145b 3.267±0.267a

2.4 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪背最长肌中氨基酸组成的影响

表4可知,与对照组相比,龙须菜多糖组育肥猪背最长肌中谷氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸含量均极显著提高(P<0.01),分别提高了6.125%、5.528%、7.358%和21.523%;天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了6.125%、7.338%、5.781%、4.623%和7.723%。育肥猪背最长肌中其他氨基酸在2个组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪背最长肌中氨基酸组成的影响

Table 4 Effects of GLP on amino acid composition in longissimus dorsi of finishing pigs %

项目
Items
对照组
Control group
龙须菜多糖组
GLP group
天冬氨酸Asp 2.057±0.033b 2.183±0.015a
苏氨酸Thr 0.980±0.025 1.007±0.035
丝氨酸Ser 0.743±0.029 0.797±0.024
谷氨酸Glu 3.437±0.028B 3.627±0.027A
甘氨酸Gly 0.888±0.029 0.973±0.024
丙氨酸Ala 1.130±0.101 1.253±0.014
半胱氨酸Cys No hit No hit
缬氨酸Val 1.113±0.029 1.127±0.049
蛋氨酸Met 0.697±0.015 0.690±0.026
异亮氨酸Ile 0.993±0.024 1.073±0.032
亮氨酸Leu 1.717±0.019b 1.843±0.012a
酪氨酸Tyr 0.780±0.017 0.807±0.024
苯丙氨酸Phe 1.030±0.036 1.037±0.058
赖氨酸Lys 2.093±0.014B 2.247±0.033A
组氨酸His 1.077±0.049 1.113±0.023
精氨酸Arg 1.453±0.015b 1.537±0.026a
脯氨酸Pro 0.683±0.027B 0.830±0.017A
必需氨基酸EAA 11.183±0.012b 11.700±0.167a
总氨基酸Total AA 20.587±0.394b 22.177±0.198a

“No hit”表示半胱氨酸未检测出。

“No hit” indicated the cystine no detection.

2.5 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪背最长肌中脂肪酸组成的影响

表5可知,龙须菜多糖组育肥猪背最长肌中饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均比对照组低,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量比对照组高,检测的4种多不饱和脂肪酸的含量均比对照组高。单不饱和脂肪酸中,龙须菜多糖组中除了十五碳一烯酸的含量较对照组有所提高外,棕榈油酸、十七碳一烯酸、油酸和花生一烯酸的含量均低于对照组。饱和脂肪酸中,龙须菜多糖组中除了棕榈酸和二十一碳酸的含量较对照组降低外,其他饱和脂肪酸的含量均较对照组增加,其中十七碳酸含量增加的最多。
表5 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪背最长肌中脂肪酸组成的影响

Table 5 Effects of GLP on fatty acid composition in longissimus dorsi of finishing pigs %

项目
Items
对照组
Control group
龙须菜多糖组
GLP group
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 1.120 1.220
棕榈酸C16∶0 24.400 23.600
棕榈油酸C16∶1 3.400 3.090
十七碳酸C17∶0 0.122 0.136
十七碳一烯酸C17∶1 0.150 0.140
硬脂酸C18∶0 12.900 13.400
油酸C18∶1 50.000 48.500
亚油酸C18∶2 5.260 6.820
α-亚麻酸C18∶3n3 0.129 0.161
花生酸C20∶0 0.195 0.210
花生一烯酸C20∶1 0.890 0.878
花生二烯酸C20∶2 0.214 0.282
花生四烯酸C20∶4n6 0.988 1.020
十五碳一烯酸C15∶1 0.200 0.247
二十一碳酸C21∶0 0.144 0.143
饱和脂肪酸SFA 38.881 38.709
不饱和脂肪酸UFA 61.231 61.138
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA 54.640 52.855
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA 6.591 8.283

3 讨论

3.1 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪生长性能的影响

有关龙须菜多糖的研究主要集中在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调控免疫和肠道菌群等方面[15],关于龙须菜多糖对畜禽生长发育的研究较少,但其他海藻相关研究较多。研究发现,螺旋藻可改善育肥猪生长性能[6],复方螺旋藻提取物可显著提高金华猪的平均日增重,降低平均饲料转化率[5]。在本研究中,龙须菜多糖组育肥猪的平均日增重高于对照组,料重比低于对照组,提示龙须菜多糖对生长性能有一定的促进作用。海藻多糖对生长性能的影响,一方面是由于这些海藻营养价值高,可促进营养物质的消化吸收[16];另一方面,海藻多糖具有较好的抑菌和保健作用,可增强肠道的完整性和抗氧化状态[17],有助于猪只肠道健康。多糖调节肠道菌群主要受分子质量、单糖组成、糖醛酸含量、链的构象等理化特性影响[18]。研究表明低分子质量有利于多糖发挥调控菌群的作用[19],酸提取法得到的龙须菜多糖平均分子质量为31.5 kDa,比紫菜多糖、红藻多糖、螺旋藻多糖等其他海藻多糖的分子质量低,且无螺旋结构[20]。由此可知,龙须菜多糖的溶解性更好,可优先被肠道菌群降解,进而发挥调节肠道菌群的作用。已知葡萄糖和半乳糖对乳杆菌的促增殖作用更强,可显示出更高的益生元活性[21]。龙须菜多糖主要由半乳糖(52.18%)和葡萄糖(37.37%)组成,相比之下,螺旋藻多糖不含葡萄糖,石莼多糖和浒苔多糖均不含半乳糖[22],由此可推测龙须菜多糖益生元活性更高。研究表明,含有(1→3)、(1→4)和(1→6)型糖苷键的多糖,调节肠道菌群的活性更强,例如,坛紫菜提取的硫酸化多糖中(1→3)、(1→4)和(1→6)型糖苷键分别占50.00%、25.00%和25.00%,可促进丙酸产生菌的生长和丙酸的产生[23];岩藻聚糖主要以(1→3)和(1→4)型糖苷键为主,可显著降低肠道厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例[24];异麦芽糖主要由(1→6)型糖苷键构成,可显著降低类杆菌的相对丰度,增加普氏菌属、布劳特氏菌属和巨单胞菌属的相对丰度和短链脂肪酸的含量[25]。龙须菜多糖以(1→6)型糖苷键为主(90.94%),同时含有少量的(1→3)和(1→4)型糖苷键,其调节菌群的活性和异麦芽糖更接近。此外,研究表明非硫酸化的海藻多糖更易被肠道微生物降解,更有利于促进短链脂肪酸的形成,减少有害化合物的产生[26],酸提法得到的龙须菜多糖硫酸基含量为(22.85±0.80)%,明显高于浒苔多糖(15.53%),低于岩藻聚糖(25.19%)和石莼多糖(27.00%)[22]

3.2 龙须菜多糖对育肥猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响

目前关于龙须菜多糖对猪胴体性状和肉品质影响的研究未见报道,但是关于其他海藻多糖的相关研究不少。研究显示,螺旋藻可显著提高猪肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量,降低肌肉中水分含量[6],显著提高瘦肉率,降低背膘厚[5]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖后,育肥猪背最长肌中肌内脂肪含量显著提高,较对照组提高了69.012%,这可能与龙须菜多糖参与调控肠道菌群和脂质代谢有关。Sun等[27]研究发现,龙须菜多糖可抑制高脂饮食小鼠脂质代谢相关基因表达,抑制脂肪组织脂质积累,调节肠道菌群,促进短链脂肪酸生成,抑制小鼠体重增加。黄诗铭[14]研究表明,龙须菜多糖是一种低升糖指数(GI)食物,可降低小鼠甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸含量,下调肝脏胆固醇含量,抑制胆固醇从头合成的能力。滴水损失、大理石纹评分、肌内脂肪含量直接影响肉的嫩度,嫩度越高,口感越好。在本试验中,饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖后,育肥猪背最长肌的滴水损失和加压损失降低,大理石纹评分升高,肌内脂肪含量显著增高,表明龙须菜多糖可提高肉的嫩度和系水力,进而改善肉品质,这可能与龙须菜多糖的活性成分有关,有研究表明龙须菜多糖具有很好的凝胶保水性[28]
肉色评定指标有亮度、红度和黄度,红度和黄度与肌肉内部氧合型肌红蛋白转化为氧化型肌红蛋白导致肉色褐变有关[29]。一般认为,肌肉肉色中,红度值越高、黄度值越低,肉品质越好[30]。朱政奇[31]比较发现,添加酶解多糖可提高育肥猪背最长肌存放24 h的红度值、黄度值和肉色综合评分。在本研究中,饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖后,育肥猪背最长肌肉色中的黄度值显著升高,较对照组提高了36.427%,红度值虽然变化不显著,但有上调的趋势,这可能与龙须菜多糖的抗氧化活性有关。龙须菜多糖具有很强的羟自由基清除能力,可用作抗氧化剂[32]。Long等[33]发现龙须菜多糖可增强超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶基因表达,降低丙二醛含量,证实龙须菜多糖具有抗氧化活性。龙须菜多糖因具有抗氧化活性,可抑制肌红蛋白或氧合肌红蛋白氧化,进而改善了肉色。
氨基酸的种类和含量是衡量肌肉营养水平和感官鲜味的重要指标,可分为甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸[34]。鲜味氨基酸可使食物产生特殊的鲜味,其中谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸是最重要的2种鲜味氨基酸,其含量与肉的鲜味呈正相关。脂肪酸的组成对肉品质有重要影响,饱和脂肪酸的种类和含量可影响脂肪的硬度和氧化稳定性,不饱和脂肪酸是肉风味的重要前体物[35],多不饱和脂肪酸氧化所产生的挥发性物质(如醛、醇、酮、酯等)可提高肉的香味[36]。研究表明藻类作为畜禽饲料添加剂,对肉的氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢也有积极影响。Jerez-Timaure等[37]研究发现在,育肥猪饲粮中添加4%褐藻,可使背最长肌中胆固醇含量提高3.37 mg/100 g。Ribeiro等[38]研究发现,使用掌状海带酶解物饲喂仔猪,其背最长肌中n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值升高,C20∶5n-3和C18∶4n-3含量显著增加。褐藻提取物可显著降低育肥猪背最长肌的脂质氧化程度和饱和脂肪酸含量[39-40],微藻可促进猪肉中不饱和脂肪酸的蓄积[41]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖后,育肥猪背最长肌中除蛋氨酸外的其他氨基酸含量均有所升高,其中甜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸含量相对稳定,鲜味氨基酸含量显著升高,谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量分别较对照组提高了5.530%和6.130%;此外,育肥猪背最长肌中饱和脂肪酸含量降低,不饱和脂肪酸含量升高,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸,其含量提高的较多,说明龙须菜多糖有助于提高肉的鲜味,改善肉的风味。这与海藻的组成有关,与其他饲料相比,虽然海藻的脂肪含量较低,但不饱和脂肪酸含量较高[21,42],所以将其作为饲料添加剂,可提高畜禽肉中的不饱和脂肪酸含量。此外,不饱和脂肪酸还具有治疗和预防心脑血管疾病[43]、预防肥胖[44]、抗炎[45]、抗病毒[46]等功能。因此,在育肥猪饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖,不仅可以增加肉的风味,还具有保健作用。上述研究结果提示,龙须菜多糖育肥猪对肉品质有改善作用。

4 结论

饲粮中添加龙须菜多糖可改善育肥猪的肉品质,对生长性能和胴体性状无负面影响,龙须菜多糖是优良的功能性饲料添加剂。
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