Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 7: 4402 - 4409

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.409

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Glucosamine on Growth Performance, Nutrient Metabolism and Inflammatory Response of Broilers

  • XU Tianzheng , 1 ,
  • BAN Mingzheng 2 ,
  • CHEN Qin 1 ,
  • HUANG Yanhua 1 ,
  • LIN Jiale 1 ,
  • LU Shengtao 1 ,
  • SHI Xiaoli , 1, *
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  • 1 Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guiyang 551400, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-12

  Online published: 2023-07-11

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on growth performance, nutrient metabolism and inflammatory response of broilers. A total of 360 one-day old healthy Liuzhou Mahua broilers with similar body weight were randomly allotted to 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 18 hens per replicate. Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, and the others in the experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20% and 0.30% GlcN, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the body weight at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age of 0.05% and 0.10% GlcN groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), the average daily gain during 1 to 7 days of age, 22 to 28 days of age and 1 to 28 days of age of 0.10% GlcN group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the average daily feed intake during 8 to 14 days of age and 1 to 28 days of age of 0.05% GlcN group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio during 1 to 7 days of age of 0.05% and 0.10% GlcN groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) There was a quadratic relationship between GlcN supplemental level with body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers, when GlcN supplemental level was 0.113%, 0.119% and 0.113%, respectively, the body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers reached the maximum. 3) Compared with the control group, the apparent metabolic rates of dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% GlcN groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the gross energy apparent metabolic rate of 0.10% and 0.20% GlcN groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% GlcN groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content of 0.10% GlcN group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary appropriate GlcN can improve the growth performance and nutrient apparent metabolic rates, and decrease the body inflammatory response. Under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary optimal supplemental level of Liuzhou Mahua broilers during 1 to 28 days of age is 0.11% to 0.12%.

Key words： glucosamine; broilers; growth performance; apparent metabolic rates; inflammatory factor

Cite this article

XU Tianzheng , BAN Mingzheng , CHEN Qin , HUANG Yanhua , LIN Jiale , LU Shengtao , SHI Xiaoli . Effects of Glucosamine on Growth Performance, Nutrient Metabolism and Inflammatory Response of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(7) : 4402 -4409 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.409

自2020年我国全面禁止饲用抗生素以来,寻找绿色安全的生长促进剂替代抗生素的政产学研工作成为饲料禁抗后畜牧领域的重点工作方向[1⇓⇓-4]。大量研究显示,各类抗生素均有很强的抗炎症反应,抗生素促生长剂(antibiotic growth promoter,AGP)的促生长作用很可能是通过抑制炎症反应得以实现[5-6],炎症反应不仅降低动物食欲,还阻碍动物生长[7],提示抗炎症化合物是AGP的潜在替代物。
氨基葡萄糖(glucosamine,GlcN)广泛存在于生物细胞中[8],可抑制革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌及白色念球菌,降低机体炎症反应,治疗骨关节炎和调节机体免疫[9⇓-11]。有研究显示,饲粮中添加GlcN可促进肉仔鸡生长和提高小肠绒毛高度[12]。数个蛋鸡试验均表明,饲粮中添加GlcN可降低血液中免疫球蛋白-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,提高蛋鸡采食量及产蛋率[13⇓-15],改善钙的吸收[16]。但GlcN是否能促进动物生长,是否与炎症反应相关,是否提高其他养分消化吸收,所见报道较少。因此,本试验以肉仔鸡为试验动物,探讨GlcN对其生长性能、养分代谢及炎症反应的效应规律,以期为GlcN在肉仔鸡养殖和饲料工业中的应用提供技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

GlcN购自江苏某生物有限公司,纯度>99%。

1.2 试验设计

采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,挑选1日龄、体重相近、健康的柳州麻花肉仔鸡360只,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复18只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.20%和0.30%的GlcN。试验期28 d。

1.3 试验饲粮

参照我国《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)中黄羽肉仔鸡营养需要设计玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加0.05%、0.10%、0.20%和0.30%的GlcN,各组饲粮的营养水平一致。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 62.40
麦麸Wheat bran 3.00
大豆油Soybean oil 1.70
豆粕Soybean meal 28.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.85
石粉Limestone 1.30
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.49
食盐NaCl 0.14
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine·HCl 0.26
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.25
L-色氨酸L-tryptophan 0.17
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.20
预混料Premix1) 0.24
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能Metabolizable energy/(MJ/kg) 11.96
粗蛋白质Crude protein 18.99
钙Calcium 0.99
有效磷Available phosphorus 0.45
真可消化赖氨酸TD-lysine 1.04
真可消化蛋氨酸TD-methionine 0.53
真可消化苏氨酸TD-threonine 0.76
真可消化色氨酸TD-tryptophan 0.35

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.15 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.35 mg,VD3 400 IU,VE 30 IU,VK3 4 mg,VB1 4 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.16 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg。

2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验场地、设备、器具均清洗干净,用百毒杀消毒液喷雾消毒,晾干后,甲醛-高锰酸钾熏蒸48 h(每立方米40 mL甲醛和20 g高锰酸钾)。鸡舍温度第1周保持在33~35 ℃,每周降低2 ℃;鸡舍内相对湿度控制在50%~60%,保持通风良好。每日打扫鸡舍,保持鸡舍清洁卫生。自由采食和饮水。于7和21日龄滴鼻免疫新支二联苗,14和28日龄免疫传染性支气管炎疫苗。

1.5 消化代谢试验

饲养试验显示0.20% GlcN组的肉仔鸡的采食和增重已开始下降,故未测定0.30% GlcN组的养分表观代谢率。采用全收粪法收集肉仔鸡粪便4 d,每天收集粪便并清理粪便中的饲粮和毛屑等杂物,加入10%盐酸(HCl)固氮,充分混匀后置于-20 ℃以备待测。

1.6 指标测定

1.6.1 生长性能

于试验鸡1、7、14、21和28日龄空腹称重,计算各阶段平均日增重(ADG);记录每日喂料量、剩料量和抛洒量,计算各阶段平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。计算公式如下:
平均日增重=(末重-初重)/试验天数;
平均日采食量=耗料量/试验天数;
料重比=耗料量/(末重-初重)。

1.6.2 养分表观代谢率

粪样于55 ℃下烘干,制成风干样本,饲粮和粪中的干物质(DM)含量参照GB/T 6435—2014中的方法测定,总能(GE)参照ISO 9831:1998中的方法测定,粗蛋白质(CP)含量参照GB/T 6432—1994中的方法测定,钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2002中的方法测定,磷(P)含量参照GB/T 6437—2002中的方法测定。养分表观代谢率计算公式如下:
养分表观代谢率(%)=100×(养分摄入量-养分排泄量)/养分摄入量。

1.6.3 血清免疫和炎症指标

饲养试验结束后,每个重复随机挑选4只,每组共16只鸡,从翅下静脉采集4 mL血样,静置15 min,以3 000 r/min离心15 min后,收集血清,于-80 ℃贮存,血清中免疫球蛋白Y(IgY)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、IL-6、TNF-α和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量均采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法,按照试剂盒说明书进行测定。所用试剂盒均购自江苏酶免实业有限公司。

1.7 数据统计分析

使用PASW 18.0统计软件进行单因素随机区组方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验。结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05为差异显著。以GlcN添加水平为自变量,生长性能(体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量)为因变量,进行曲线回归分析。

2 结果

2.1 GlcN对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可见,与对照组相比,0.05%和0.10% GlcN组的7、14、21和28日龄体重显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05%和0.10% GlcN组的1~7日龄平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),0.20%和0.30% GlcN组的15~21日龄平均日增重显著降低(P<0.05),0.10%和0.20% GlcN组的22~28日龄平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),0.10% GlcN组的1~28日龄平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05% GlcN组的8~14日龄和1~28日龄平均日采食量显著升高(P<0.05),0.30% GlcN组的15~21日龄和1~28日龄平均日增采食量显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05%和0.10% GlcN组的1~7日龄料重比显著降低(P<0.05);0.20%和0.30% GlcN组的8~14日龄料重比显著低于0.05%和0.10% GlcN组(P<0.05),0.10%、0.20%和0.30% GlcN组的22~28日龄料重比显著低于0.05% GlcN组(P<0.05)。
表2 GlcN对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of GlcN on growth performance of broilers

项目
Items		 日龄
Days of age		 GlcN添加水平GlcN supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照
Control)		 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30
体重
BW/g		 1 40.05±1.04 39.46±0.16 40.23±0.64 40.27±0.19 39.85±0.69 0.405
7 111.20±1.79b 131.35±5.00a 128.00±3.73a 113.92±2.79b 116.07±2.21b <0.001
14 215.23±4.99c 235.18±5.45a 228.48±3.16ab 223.01±6.64bc 225.05±10.21abc 0.009
21 364.85±6.55b 387.04±7.76a 379.10±9.92a 353.83±7.01bc 342.97±6.77c <0.001
28 542.63±11.35c 561.11±6.62ab 574.47±4.12a 548.14±15.29bc 523.81±4.84d <0.001
平均
日增重
ADG/g		 1~7 10.17±0.41b 13.13±0.73a 12.54±0.59a 10.52±0.42b 10.89±0.32b <0.001
8~14 14.86±0.63 14.83±0.46 14.36±0.47 15.58±0.68 15.57±1.17 0.134
15~21 21.48±1.03a 21.70±1.11a 21.52±1.27a 18.69±0.71b 16.84±1.69c <0.001
22~28 25.40±1.12b 24.87±1.45b 27.91±1.00a 27.76±1.27a 25.84±0.28b 0.003
1~28 17.95±0.39b 18.63±0.24ab 19.08±0.14a 18.14±0.55bc 17.29±0.16c <0.001
平均日
采食量
ADFI/g		 1~7 15.93±0.45ab 15.43±0.56b 16.71±0.21a 15.73±0.51b 15.67±0.73b 0.031
8~14 29.12±1.21b 31.31±1.50a 29.87±0.79ab 28.71±1.26b 28.81±0.47b 0.026
15~21 42.93±1.47a 44.41±1.87a 42.85±1.55a 43.04±0.84a 40.22±0.93b 0.011
22~28 61.59±1.31ab 63.67±1.49a 64.13±2.22a 63.77±2.71a 60.19±1.28b 0.040
1~28 37.39±0.96b 38.71±0.90a 38.39±0.54ab 37.82±0.86ab 36.22±0.48c 0.003
料重比
F/G		 1~7 1.57±0.04a 1.18±0.08d 1.34±0.07c 1.50±0.04ab 1.44±0.06b <0.001
8~14 1.96±0.14ab 2.11±0.14a 2.08±0.10a 1.84±0.02b 1.85±0.15b 0.018
15~21 2.01±0.17 2.04±0.07 2.00±0.14 2.30±0.05 2.26±0.32 0.070
22~28 2.43±0.13ab 2.57±0.14a 2.30±0.10b 2.30±0.17b 2.33±0.04b 0.036
1~28 2.08±0.09 2.08±0.03 2.01±0.04 2.09±0.04 2.10±0.04 0.292

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 GlcN对肉仔鸡体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量影响的曲线回归分析

由表3可见,GlcN添加水平与肉仔鸡1~28日龄体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量呈二次曲线关系,即随着GlcN添加水平提高,肉仔鸡体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量先增加后降低,当GlcN添加水平分别达到0.113%、0.119%和0.113%时,肉仔鸡的体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量到最大。
表3 GlcN对肉仔鸡体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量影响的曲线回归分析

Table 3 Curve regression analysis of effects of GlcN on BW, ADG and ADFI of broilers

项目
Items		 方程
Equation		 GlcN适宜添加水平
GlcN optimal
supplemental level/%		 决定系数
R2		 P值
P-value
体重BW 314.592+162.592×GlcN-717.894×GlcN2 0.113 0.576 0.001
平均日增重ADG 18.09+11.97×GlcN-50.10×GlcN2 0.119 0.712 <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI 37.65+15.26×GlcN-67.58×GlcN2 0.113 0.573 0.001

2.3 GlcN对肉仔鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

由表4可见,与对照组相比,0.05%、0.10%和0.20% GlcN组的DM、CP、Ca和P表观代谢率显著升高(P<0.05),0.10%和0.20% GlcN组的GE表观代谢率显著升高(P<0.05)。
表4 GlcN对肉仔鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 4 Effects of GlcN on nutrient apparent metabolic rates of broilers %

项目
Items		 GlcN添加水平GlcN supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 0.05 0.10 0.20
干物质DM 76.74±0.42c 83.98±0.40a 80.33±0.81b 79.60±0.52b <0.001
总能GE 75.35±0.69c 76.18±0.68c 80.07±0.64a 77.73±0.80b 0.001
粗蛋白质CP 65.27±0.34c 73.60±0.23a 72.96±0.21a 70.41±0.70b <0.001
钙Ca 64.80±0.61d 73.90±0.63a 71.05±0.47b 66.91±0.58c <0.001
磷P 40.90±0.73d 57.25±0.68b 59.91±0.52a 44.24±0.35c <0.001

2.4 GlcN对肉仔鸡血清免疫和炎症指标的影响

由表5可见,各组之间血清IgY、IgA、IgM和IL-1β含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05%、0.10%和0.20%组的血清IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05),0.10%组的血清TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表5 GlcN对肉仔鸡血清免疫和炎症指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of GlcN on serum immune and inflammation indexes of broilers

项目
Items		 GlcN添加水平GlcN supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照Control) 0.05 0.10 0.20
免疫球蛋白Y
IgY/(μg/mL)		 3 001.67±662.31 3 039.17±532.17 2 281.30±78.83 2 884.31±249.85 0.193
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(μg/mL)		 362.58±51.06 285.96±28.19 310.82±50.66 340.76±13.78 0.113
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(μg/mL)		 1 195.80±228.77 1 134.15±246.95 1 009.24±334.57 1 198.92±166.41 0.729
白细胞介素-6
IL-6/(pg/mL)		 46.95±1.61a 33.24±5.25b 34.76±4.46b 35.84±4.68b 0.013
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α/(pg/mL)		 97.72±1.18a 85.29±8.86ab 72.74±9.78b 94.49±9.76a 0.039
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β/(pg/mL)		 75.81±10.79 75.27±2.25 71.67±1.95 69.56±4.64 0.711

3 讨论

3.1 GlcN对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

关于GlcN在肉仔鸡生产中的应用报道较少。但在GlcN防治肉仔鸡脚垫开裂的研究中发现,饲粮中添加0.15%和0.30%的GlcN均可以提高1~42日龄科宝-500肉仔鸡生长,GlcN添加水平与体增重(weight gain,WG)呈线性关系(1~35日龄WG=88.133 GlcN+2 606.5;1~42日龄WG=104.47 GlcN+3 364.40)[17]。从与WG的回归方程可以看出,1~42日龄方程斜率高于1~35日龄(104.47>88.133),表明35日龄后GlcN的添加水平仍随体重在升高,且对体重的提升幅度较1~35日龄更大,这提示着GlcN添加水平与WG呈现一定的时间(体重)-剂量效应。在本试验中,在1~28日龄柳州麻花肉仔鸡饲粮中添加0.05%~0.30%的GlcN,发现添加0.05%和0.10%的GlcN显著提高了1~7日龄平均日增重,添加0.10%和0.20% GlcN显著提高了22~28日龄平均日增重,同样呈现出一定的时间(体重)-剂量效应关系。GlcN添加水平与肉仔鸡1~28日龄体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量呈二次函数关系,当GlcN添加水平高于0.11%时,对生长的促进作用开始回落。这可能是因为Martins等[17]选用的肉仔鸡生长速度快,1~42日龄平均体重达3 352.83 g,本试验选用的柳州麻花肉仔鸡1~28日龄平均体重为542.63 g,仅为前者的0.16倍。由此可见,GlcN确实可以促进肉鸡生长,其适宜添加水平与体重有关。Martins等[17]研究发现,在饲粮中添加GlcN对肉仔鸡采食量无显著影响。而本试验中,饲粮中添加0.05%的GlcN显著提高了肉仔鸡1~28日龄平均日采食量,当GlcN添加水平超过0.11%时,肉仔鸡平均日采食量下降。在蛋鸡上的研究显示,饲粮中添加0.20%~0.45%的GlcN可提高蛋鸡采食量,而添加水平高于0.45%后GlcN的促采食作用减少[13],添加水平超过0.80%时GlcN会明显降低蛋鸡采食量[15]。因此,Martins等[17]的试验鸡可能未达到GlcN的适宜添加水平,但均表明GlcN具有促生长作用。

3.2 GlcN对肉仔鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加0.10%和0.20%的GlcN显著提高了DM、GE、CP、Ca和P的表观代谢率。Da Silva Martins等[12]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.30%的GlcN显著增加了肉仔鸡Ca的消化率。在蛋鸡饲粮中添加0.60%的GlcN,Ca的表观代谢率和真代谢率分别提高了11.54%和11.42%[16],这些试验结果均表明GlcN增加了肉仔鸡从饲料中获取的可利用养分,用于机体生长。这可能是由于GlcN可以改善肉仔鸡肠道形态,增加小肠绒毛的高度和肠道内有益菌群的数量,并上调养分吸收结合蛋白的表达[12-13],从而提高对肉仔鸡对饲料的吸收效率。

3.3 GlcN对肉仔鸡血清免疫和炎症指标的影响

炎症反应会提高动物机体的基础代谢率,使机体内蛋白质降解率升高,合成率下降,影响动物生长[18⇓-20]。IL-6和TNF-α是机体主要的促炎因子[21]。在本试验中,饲粮中添加0.05%、0.10%和0.20%的GlcN显著降低了血清IL-6含量,添加0.10%的GlcN显著降低了血清TNF-α含量,这与石靖[13]在蛋鸡上的试验得出了同样的结果。这表明GlcN可以降低血液中炎症因子的分泌,起到抗炎的作用。IgA、IgM和IgY在体液免疫中发挥重要作用[22]。在本试验中,饲粮中添加GlcN对肉仔鸡血清IgA、IgM和IgY含量无显著影响。但在蛋鸡上发现,粮中添加0.40%的GlcN显著提高了血清IgY含量[13],造成结果的差异可能与GlcN的添加水平、鸡的品种和日龄等因素有关。综上所述,粮中添加GlcN能提高肉仔鸡的生长性能,可能与GlcN提高肉仔鸡的养分表观代谢率和降低炎症反应有关,但具体调节机理仍待于进一步研究。

4 结论

饲粮中添加适量GlcN可以降低1~28日龄柳州麻花肉仔鸡血清炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高DM、GE、CP、Ca和P表观代谢率,进而改善肉仔鸡生长性能。本试验条件下,1~28日龄周柳州麻花肉仔鸡的饲粮适宜GlcN添加水平为0.11%~0.12%。

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