1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲粮组成
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Com | 57.30 | 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.12 | |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 31.50 | 粗蛋白质CP | 20.50 | |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 1.50 | 钙Ca | 0.77 | |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.70 | 有效磷AP | 0.45 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.40 | 蛋氨酸Met | 0.48 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.20 | 赖氨酸Lys | 1.25 | |
| 苏打Na2CO3 | 0.20 | 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.91 | |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.20 | 总磷TP | 0.64 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 5.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet: VA 15 000 IU,VD3 2 800 IU,VE 50 mg,VB1 5 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB6 7 mg,VK3 3.5 mg,VB12 0.1 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 28 mg,烟酸 niacin 60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.3 mg,胆碱 choline chloride 1 200 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 85 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg。 | |
2)代谢能为计算值,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 生长性能测定
1.4.2 血清生化指标测定
1.4.3 免疫性能测定
1.4.4 肠道结构分析
1.4.4.1 小肠形态学分析
1.4.4.2 Western bolt检测肠道紧密连接蛋白表达
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡生长性能的影响
表2 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of α-GML on growth performance of partridge chicks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | GML500 | GML1 000 | GML2 000 | |||
| 初重IBW/g | 40.13±1.62 | 40.23±1.23 | 40.18±1.01 | 40.56±0.71 | 0.01 | 0.980 |
| 末重FBW/g | 285.61±8.49c | 289.49±6.90bc | 306.96±13.17a | 300.08±8.10ab | 3.52 | <0.001 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 12.27±0.41c | 12.46±0.32bc | 13.34±0.65a | 12.98±0.40ab | 0.14 | 0.003 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 23.72±0.90 | 23.48±0.87 | 24.57±1.01 | 24.04±0.62 | 0.27 | 0.189 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.93±0.07a | 1.88±0.03b | 1.84±0.09bc | 1.85±0.31bc | 0.02 | 0.002 |
同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡血清生化指标的影响
表3 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of α-GML on serum biochemical indexes of partridge chicks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | GML500 | GML1 000 | GML2 000 | |||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 34.07±3.20 | 39.76±3.50 | 35.45±4.91 | 36.21±0.89 | 1.05 | 0.29 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 14.55±1.38 | 12.85±0.72 | 13.44±1.61 | 14.61±0.67 | 0.37 | 0.26 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 19.52±1.86 | 24.23±1.12 | 22.01±3.34 | 21.59±1.02 | 0.72 | 0.12 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 8.87±0.53 | 8.73±1.54 | 9.01±0.79 | 8.46±1.81 | 0.40 | 0.54 |
| 胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 3.85±0.73 | 3.73±0.21 | 3.60±0.30 | 3.26±0.16 | 0.12 | 0.40 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 2.26±0.31 | 2.37±0.14 | 2.32±0.05 | 2.10±0.17 | 0.05 | 0.38 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.97±0.15 | 1.21±0.49 | 0.97±0.09 | 1.01±0.48 | 0.08 | 0.16 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 2.11±0.35 | 1.87±0.25 | 1.86±0.14 | 1.81±0.32 | 0.07 | 0.49 |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 253.78±56.23 | 201.51±19.43 | 263.28±60.01 | 278.94±62.45 | 15.62 | 0.36 |
| 肌酐CR/(mmol/L) | 61.51±4.35 | 59.58±6.46 | 62.17±3.13 | 62.32±7.67 | 1.78 | 0.25 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 13.29±0.31a | 10.21±1.23b | 9.16±1.61b | 10.43±0.39b | 0.52 | 0.01 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 246.82±74.96 | 251.66±8.67 | 212.98±18.15 | 207.73±10.63 | 11.31 | 0.44 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 2 903.46±151.12 | 2 904.91±56.15 | 2 972.18±79.79 | 3 070.11±157.66 | 150.10 | 0.18 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDL/(U/L) | 1 888.45±196.23b | 2 230.03±320.24ab | 2 767.16±224.65a | 2 184.48±217.47ab | 111.28 | 0.01 |
2.3 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡免疫性能的影响
表4 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡免疫性能的影响Table 4 Effects of α-GML on immune performance of partridge chicks |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | GML500 | GML1 000 | GML2 000 | |||
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index/(mg/g) | 6.10±0.12 | 6.12±0.14 | 6.14±0.05 | 6.24±0.21 | 0.09 | 0.580 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index/(mg/g) | 1.85±0.10 | 1.89±0.14 | 1.91±0.19 | 2.00±0.20 | 0.07 | 0.270 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 63.18±9.58a | 50.03±11.81ab | 51.38±10.08ab | 44.99±3.91bc | 2.29 | 0.001 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(pg/mL) | 54.34±7.31 | 47.15±7.55 | 48.97±9.37 | 48.87±5.90 | 2.27 | 0.860 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 373.01±38.29 | 392.03±16.37 | 405.25±48.65 | 425.68±44.38 | 11.20 | 0.450 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 10.61±3.08 | 10.31±3.03 | 14.37±1.54 | 10.41±4.45 | 0.94 | 0.390 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 129.38±7.89b | 153.74±12.86a | 154.76±8.41a | 169.66±7.24a | 4.93 | 0.005 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 352.15±37.51b | 446.46±7.22a | 475.68±25.96a | 473.76±30.59a | 16.64 | 0.002 |
2.4 α-GML对麻黄鸡肠道结构的影响
2.4.1 小肠形态
图1 21日龄麻黄仔鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠苏木精-伊红染色切片Fig.1 HE staining sections of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 21-day-old partridge chicks |
2.4.2 α-GML对麻黄仔鸡肠道紧密连接蛋白表达的影响
图3 21日龄麻黄仔鸡空肠和回肠紧密连接蛋白Western blot分析ZO-1:闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occludens-1;Occludin:闭锁蛋白;Claudin-1:紧密连接蛋白-1;GAPDH:磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase。下图同 The same as below。 Fig.3 Western blot analysis of tight junction proteins in jejunum and ileum of 21-day-old partridge chicks |
