1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 新鲜大蒜的营养物质含量(干物质基础)Table 1 Nutrient contents of fresh garlic (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Item | 干物质 DM | 粗蛋白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 粗灰分 Ash |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 含量Content | 61.16 | 9.23 | 0.47 | 3.36 | 2.57 | 3.54 |
1.2 试验设计
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 粉碎玉米Ground corn | 52.80 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 3.40 | ||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 2.10 | ||
| 白酒糟Distillers’grain | 30.90 | ||
| 稻草Rice Straw | 7.90 | ||
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.60 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 10.88 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.16 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 20.04 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 11.94 | ||
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 1.16 | ||
| 总可消化养分TDN3) | 77.62 | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)4) | 3.50 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:Cu 0.25~0.75 g,Fe 0.8~18 g,Zn 1.5~3.0 g,Mn 0.6~3.7 g,Se 5.0~12.5 g,I 12.5~125.0 mg,Co 5~50 mg,Ca≥160 g,P≥16 g,VA 120 000~250 000 IU,VD 13 000~100 000 IU,VE≥750 IU。 | |
2)代谢能和总可消化养分为计算值,其余为实测值。ME and TDN were calculated values, while the others were measured values. | |
3)总可消化养分=90.221-0.135×粗蛋白质+0.223×粗脂肪-0.105×粗灰分-0.877×中性洗涤纤维。TDN=90.221-0.135×CP+0.223×EE-0.105×Ash-0.877×ADF[11]. | |
4)代谢能=0.82×(总可消化养分/4.4)。ME=0.82×(TDN/4.4)[11]. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 饲粮、粪便和尿液样品采集与指标测定
1.4.3 瘤胃液采集与指标测定
1.4.4 血清生化指标
1.4.5 经济效益计算
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛生长性能的影响
表3 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary garlic on growth performance of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.5%大蒜添加组 0.5% garlic supplemental group | 1.0%大蒜添加组 1.0% garlic supplemental group | SEM | P值P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 409.40 | 400.40 | 407.80 | 22.31 | 0.913 | 0.939 | 0.913 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 598.50ab | 651.10a | 571.80b | 34.46 | 0.027 | 0.165 | 0.079 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 1.34 | 1.76 | 1.28 | 0.09 | 0.062 | 0.883 | 0.062 |
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 9.56ab | 10.81a | 8.83b | 0.27 | 0.004 | 0.054 | 0.004 |
| 料重比F/G | 7.75 | 6.26 | 7.51 | 0.90 | 0.103 | 0.754 | 0.231 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响
表4 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary garlic on nutrient apparent digestibility of beef cattle % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.5%大蒜添加组 0.5% garlic supplemental group | 1.0%大蒜添加组 1.0% garlic supplemental group | SEM | P值P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||
| 干物质DM | 75.79 | 77.14 | 78.55 | 1.27 | 0.506 | 0.302 | 0.595 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 76.29 | 76.59 | 84.42 | 1.99 | 0.161 | 0.088 | 0.161 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 71.48 | 72.92 | 73.05 | 1.27 | 0.863 | 0.617 | 0.863 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 48.42 | 50.26 | 50.42 | 1.87 | 0.702 | 0.375 | 0.605 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 49.10 | 52.35 | 52.35 | 1.80 | 0.692 | 0.407 | 0.419 |
2.3 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛氮消化和代谢的影响
表5 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛氮消化和代谢的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary garlic on nitrogen digestion and metabolism of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.5%大蒜添加组 0.5% garlic supplemental group | 1.0%大蒜添加组 1.0% garlic supplemental group | SEM | P值P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||
| 摄入氮N intake/(g/d) | 157.85ab | 178.28a | 145.72b | 5.05 | 0.021 | 0.338 | 0.021 |
| 粪氮Fecal N/(g/d) | 42.31 | 47.52 | 37.84 | 2.44 | 0.263 | 0.617 | 0.121 |
| 尿氮Urinary N/(g/d) | 58.30 | 54.03 | 55.09 | 4.01 | 0.950 | 0.754 | 0.950 |
| 排泄氮Excreted N/(g/d) | 100.61 | 101.55 | 92.93 | 4.05 | 0.479 | 0.435 | 0.479 |
| 消化氮Digestible N/(g/d) | 122.02 | 127.52 | 109.85 | 3.58 | 0.208 | 0.157 | 0.186 |
| 沉积氮N deposition/(g/d) | 63.72 | 75.14 | 54.76 | 4.39 | 0.161 | 0.375 | 0.161 |
| 氮利用率N utilization/% | 38.69 | 42.54 | 36.84 | 2.15 | 0.567 | 0.700 | 0.567 |
2.4 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表6 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary garlic on rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.5%大蒜添加组 0.5% garlic supplemental group | 1.0%大蒜添加组 1.0% garlic supplemental group | SEM | P值P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||
| pH | 6.20 | 6.16 | 6.25 | 0.07 | 0.887 | 0.804 | 0.887 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 5.24 | 6.45 | 7.02 | 0.46 | 0.356 | 0.156 | 0.356 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 64.26 | 61.35 | 65.71 | 2.83 | 0.824 | 0.844 | 0.824 |
| 乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) | 37.66 | 37.10 | 39.62 | 1.92 | 0.866 | 0.694 | 0.866 |
| 丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) | 14.39 | 11.20 | 13.59 | 1.02 | 0.418 | 0.762 | 0.418 |
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate | 2.91 | 3.59 | 3.27 | 0.25 | 0.571 | 0.594 | 0.571 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/(mmol/L) | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.267 | 0.141 | 0.267 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 8.56 | 9.42 | 8.40 | 0.56 | 0.741 | 0.914 | 0.741 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) | 1.04 | 1.14 | 1.21 | 0.10 | 0.785 | 0.482 | 0.785 |
| 戊酸Valerate/(mmol/L) | 2.15 | 1.92 | 2.30 | 0.30 | 0.887 | 0.854 | 0.887 |
2.5 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛血清生化指标的影响
表7 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary garlic on serum biochemical indices of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.5%大蒜添加组 0.5% garlic supplemental group | 1.0%大蒜添加组 1.0% garlic supplemental group | SEM | P值P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 173.50 | 176.51 | 182.30 | 12.76 | 0.961 | 0.824 | 0.948 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 25.43b | 31.59a | 26.48ab | 0.94 | 0.012 | 0.466 | 0.022 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 99.01 | 99.34 | 87.55 | 3.93 | 0.419 | 0.885 | 0.827 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.391 | 0.826 | 0.680 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.58ab | 3.16a | 2.36b | 0.13 | 0.038 | 0.588 | 0.107 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.95 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.379 | 0.974 | 0.391 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.63 | 0.79 | 0.59 | 0.04 | 0.600 | 0.819 | 0.147 |
| 非脂化脂肪酸 NEFA/(mmol/L) | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.412 | 0.276 | 0.294 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 5.01 | 5.21 | 5.03 | 0.18 | 0.902 | 0.275 | 0.333 |
| β-羟基丁酸 BHBA/(mmol/L) | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.146 | 0.890 | 0.140 |
| 肌酐CREA/(mmol/L) | 157.66 | 146.95 | 153.33 | 2.01 | 0.106 | 0.725 | 0.181 |
| 尿素氮UREA/(mmol/L) | 4.22 | 4.14 | 4.14 | 0.29 | 0.993 | 0.925 | 0.991 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 79.09 | 83.13 | 83.78 | 1.30 | 0.297 | 0.237 | 0.325 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 36.92 | 37.65 | 37.80 | 0.39 | 0.627 | 0.213 | 0.414 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 42.55 | 45.48 | 45.97 | 1.04 | 0.375 | 0.171 | 0.402 |
2.6 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛经济效益的影响
表8 饲粮中添加大蒜对肉牛经济效益的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary garlic on economic benefits of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.5%大蒜添加组 0.5% garlic supplemental group | 1.0%大蒜添加组 1.0% garlic supplemental group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 饲粮总成本Total cost of diet/(元/d) | 29.37 | 33.61 | 27.83 |
| 千克增重成本Kilogram weight gain cost/(元/kg) | 23.80 | 19.46 | 23.65 |
| 增重总收入Gross weight gain income/(元/d) | 48.23 | 63.30 | 46.17 |
| 平均每日毛利润Average daily gross profit/(元/d) | 18.86 | 29.69 | 17.97 |
