Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 7: 4485 - 4494

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.417

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Sargassum Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Antioxidant Capacity of Hybrid Yellow Catfish

  • FENG Pengfei , 1 ,
  • PAN Chuanyan 1 ,
  • MA Huawei 1 ,
  • CHEN Xiuli 1 ,
  • YANG Qiong 1 ,
  • CHEN Zigui 2 ,
  • FENG Yongxiang 3 ,
  • TANG Dongjiao 4 ,
  • LI Hua , 2, *
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  • 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
  • 2 Guangxi Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center, Nanning 530031, China
  • 3 Guangxi Fusui Breeding Stock Farm, Chongzuo 532199, China
  • 4 Quanzhouzhen Aquatic Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station of Quanzhou, Guilin 541501, China
* senior engineer, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-01-28

  Online published: 2023-07-11

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of dietary sargassum polysaccharides (SP) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity of hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀×Pelteobaggrus vachelli ♂). Hybrid yellow catfish with the body weight of (5.02±0.05) g was selected as the study object. Six diets were formulated with the SP supplemental levels of 0 (control group), 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.60% and 0.80%, respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days, and then the growth performance indexes (weight gain rate, specific growth rate, etc.), serum biochemical indices and antioxidant indices, digestive enzyme activities in stomach and intestine were measured. The results showed as follows: 1) when dietary SP supplemental levels were 0.40% to 0.60%, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of hybrid yellow catfish were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant difference in serum total protein content among all groups (P>0.05), and the highest value was found in the 0.60% SP group. Compared with the control group, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased when hybrid yellow catfish fed the dietary SP supplemental level more than 0.60% (P<0.05). 3) When dietary SP supplemental levels were 0.40% to 0.80%, the activities of protease, lipase and amylase in stomach and intestine were significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the activities of protease, lipase and amylase in intestine were the highest in 0.60% SP group. 4) When dietary SP supplemental levels were 0.40% to 0.80%, the activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the content of serum malonaldehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The activities of serum SOD and GPX were the highest in 0.60% SP group. Based on the results of growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant enzyme activities and digestive enzyme activities, it is recommended that the optimal supplemental level of SP in the hybrid yellow catfish [(5.02±0.05) g] diet is 0.60%.

Key words： sargassum polysaccharides; hybrid yellow catfish; growth performance; digestive enzyme; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

FENG Pengfei , PAN Chuanyan , MA Huawei , CHEN Xiuli , YANG Qiong , CHEN Zigui , FENG Yongxiang , TANG Dongjiao , LI Hua . Effects of Dietary Sargassum Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Antioxidant Capacity of Hybrid Yellow Catfish[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(7) : 4485 -4494 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.417

黄颡鱼是一种杂食性淡水鱼,广泛分布于中国的内陆淡水河流中。近年来,我国黄颡鱼养殖产量显著增加,2021年养殖产量达到587 822 t[1]。因黄颡鱼具有口感鲜美、营养丰富、个体大、生长快等特点,深受消费者喜爱。为了满足市场需求,黄颡鱼养殖业迅速发展,养殖模式不断更新,养殖规模不断扩大,养殖密度也在不断增加,黄颡鱼养殖过程中疾病频发,限制了黄颡鱼养殖业的可持续发展[2]。杂交黄颡鱼是以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)为母本,以瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobaggrus vachelli)为父本,人工杂交得到的子一代,在生长速度、抗病能力和肉品质等方面具有优势[3],成为当前推广养殖的主要黄颡鱼品种。
海藻多糖是海藻提取物中的主要成分,已有研究表明,海藻多糖具有调节免疫、抗氧化、抗病毒和抗肿瘤等多种生物活性[4⇓⇓-7],目前已经从海藻中分离提取出多种多糖,如褐藻多糖中的海带多糖、岩藻多糖,蓝藻多糖中的螺旋藻多糖,红藻多糖中的卡拉胶等[8]。海藻多糖在水产养殖中已有应用,研究显示海藻多糖具有提高水产动物的生长性能、保持胃肠道健康状态、提高机体免疫力和饲料利用率、提高养殖成活率、调节肠道菌群等作用[9],是优质的水产动物饲料添加剂[10⇓-12]。周岐存等[12]研究发现,饲料中添加海藻粉能提高罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的成活率和虾体重量;李文武等[13]研究发现,饲料中添加海带多糖时可改善斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的生长性能和提高消化酶活性;林建斌等[14]指出,海带多糖、紫菜多糖具有提高大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长性能、增强机体免疫力的作用。基于以上海藻多糖在水产动物中的积极作用,我们推测马尾藻多糖可能也有相似的作用。马尾藻作为广西的优势海藻,其多糖在水产养殖中的应用研究较少,有关马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼影响的研究尚未见报道。因此,本试验将探讨马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼生长、血清生化指标、消化酶活性和抗氧化能力的影响,以确定杂交黄颡鱼饲料中马尾藻多糖的适宜添加水平,为开发杂交黄颡鱼优质饲料添加剂提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验用马尾藻多糖由广西兽医研究所提供,生产流程为马尾藻经烘干、粉碎、水浴、过滤、离心、真空浓缩、沉淀、离心、干燥后得到粗多糖,粗多糖经纯化后得到马尾藻多糖,采用蒽酮法硫酸法测定多糖含量,多糖含量大于75%。

1.2 试验饲料

在杂交黄颡鱼基础饲料配方基础上,分别用0、0.10%、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖替代等量的纤维素,配制6种试验饲料,其组成及营养水平见表1。将各饲料原料混匀后制粒备用。本试验所需鱼粉等饲料原料均购于广东恒兴饲料实业股份有限公司,并由该公司完成试验饲料制作及其主要营养成分含量的测定,其中粗蛋白质含量的测定采用凯氏定氮法(GB 5009.5—2016),粗脂肪含量的测定采用索氏抽提法(GB 5009.6—2016),粗灰分含量的测定采用550 ℃灼烧称重法(GB 5009.4—2016)。
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diet (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量
Dietary sargassum polysaccharides supplemental levels/%
0 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
原料Ingredients
鱼粉Fish meal 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00
豆粕Soybean meal 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
面粉Wheat flour 21.50 21.50 21.50 21.50 21.50 21.50
鱼油Fish oil 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20
豆油Soybean oil 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60
维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
大豆卵磷脂Soy lecithin 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
甜菜碱Betaine 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
纤维素Cellulose 4.70 4.60 4.50 4.30 4.10 3.90
马尾藻多糖Sargassum polysaccharides 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
粗蛋白质Crude protein 43.20 43.16 43.37 43.22 43.58 43.26
粗脂肪Crude lipid 8.86 9.02 8.94 8.90 9.03 8.89
粗灰分Ash 10.25 10.08 10.65 10.52 10.59 10.19

1)每千克维生素预混料含有 One kilogram of vitamin premix contained the following:VA 3 200 000 IU,VB1 4 g,VB28 g,VB6 4.8 g,VB12 16 mg,VD3 1 600 000 IU,VE 16 g,VK 4 g,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 16 g,叶酸 folic acid 1.28 g,烟酸 nicotinic acid 28 g,肌醇 inositol 40 g,生物素 biotin 64 mg。

2)每千克矿物质预混料含有 One kilogram of mineral premix contained the following:MgSO4·H2O 12 g,Ca(IO3)2 9 g,KCl 36 g,Met-Cu 1.5 g,ZnSO4·H2O 10 g,FeSO4·H2O 1 g,Met-Co 250 mg,NaSeO3 0.36 mg。

3)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were all measured values.

1.3 试验设计

试验用杂交黄颡鱼由广西南宁宏大恒洋水产科技有限公司提供,在广西南宁宏大恒洋水产科技有限公司横州市石塘镇养殖基地进行投喂试验。在投喂试验前,将杂交黄颡鱼置于养殖桶内暂养2周以适应试验环境,暂养期间投喂常规黄颡鱼饲料。暂养结束后饥饿24 h,挑选540尾规格均匀、健康无伤的杂交黄颡鱼[平均体重为(5.02±0.05) g],随机分配到300 L养殖桶内,每个养殖桶30尾。本试验共设置1个对照组(投喂不添加马尾藻多糖的试验饲料)和5个试验组(分别投喂添加0.10%、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖的试验饲料),每组分配3个养殖桶作为3个重复,投喂试验为期60 d。

1.4 饲养管理

饲料投喂量为试验鱼体重的5%,试验期间根据试验鱼体重及时调整投喂量。试验期间,根据试验方案按时投喂,每天投喂2次(08:00和16:00),并在每天12:00和18:00将桶底的残饵和粪便吸出,防止污染养殖水体;每天换水量控制在1/3左右;观察试验鱼的活动情况,记录死亡数量。养殖条件:水温控制在25~30 ℃,溶解氧浓度在6.0 mg/L以上,pH在7.0~7.3,总氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度分别保持在0.40和0.01 mg/L以下。

1.5 样品采集

在投喂试验结束后,将试验鱼饥饿24 h,然后对每个养殖桶的试验鱼进行计数和称重,以计算存活率(survival rate,SR)、增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)、特定生长率(specific growth rate,SGR)和饲料系数(feed conversion rate,FCR);每桶选5尾鱼,用未经肝素浸润过的一次性注射器从尾静脉中抽血,4 ℃过夜后3 500 r/min离心10 min获得血清,-80 ℃保存,用于测定血清生化指标和抗氧化指标;将采血后的杂交黄颡鱼置于冰板上解剖,分离胃和肠道,并分别放入1.5 mL离心管内,在液氮中快速冷冻后保存于-80 ℃冰箱,用于测定消化酶活性。

1.6 指标检测

1.6.1 生长性能指标的计算

存活率(%)=(终末试验鱼尾数/初始试验鱼尾数)×100;
增重率(%)=[(终末均重-初始均重)/初始均重]×100;
饲料系数=摄食的饲料量(g)/增重(g);
特定生长率(%/d)=[(ln终末均重-ln初始均重)/养殖天数]×100。

1.6.2 血清生化指标的测定

用BS-200全自动生化分析仪(迈瑞医疗国际有限公司)测定血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性以及白蛋白和球蛋白含量。

1.6.3 消化酶活性的测定

将-80 ℃冰箱保存的胃、肠道样品进行解冻,将其分别匀浆后进行冷冻离心,2 500 r/min离心10 min,取其上清液测定消化酶活性。蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒测定。

1.6.4 血清抗氧化指标的测定

将-80 ℃冰箱保存的血清样品进行解冻后测定抗氧化指标。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量均使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒测定。

1.7 数据统计与分析

试验数据用Excel 2016进行整理,然后用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析,先做单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),如果差异显著,再采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,显著性水平为P<0.05。结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲料中添加不同水平马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼的成活率无显著影响(P>0.05),而对增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数均存在显著影响(P<0.05)。其中,0.40%和0.60%马尾藻多糖组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于其余组(P<0.05),0.40%和0.60%马尾藻多糖组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),以未添加马尾藻多糖的对照组的增重率和特定生长率最低,显著低于除0.10%马尾藻多糖组的其他试验组(P<0.05);0.40%和0.60%马尾藻多糖组的饲料系数显著低于其余组(P<0.05),这2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),以未添加马尾藻多糖的对照组的饲料系数最高。综合来看,0.40%和0.60%马尾藻多糖组杂交黄颡鱼的生长性能较佳。
表2 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of sargassum polysaccharides on growth performance of hybrid yellow catfish

项目
Items		 饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量Dietary sargassum polysaccharides supplemental levels/%
0 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
存活率SR/% 98.54±0.15 98.34±0.19 98.23±0.12 98.98±0.09 98.65±0.16 98.22±0.13
增重率WGR/% 542.25±22.69d 538.74±40.88d 587.32±25.44c 650.76±46.23b 680.43±28.66a 638.54±22.14b
特定生长率SGR/(%/d) 1.92±0.09d 1.95±0.13d 2.05±0.10c 2.26±0.14a 2.23±0.09a 2.17±0.15b
饲料系数FCR 3.33±0.14a 3.30±0.22a 3.13±0.16ab 2.86±0.18c 2.89±0.12c 2.99±0.25b

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

Values in the same row with different letter superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,血清白蛋白含量在各组之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05),但以0.60%马尾藻多糖组最高;血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性随饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量的增加呈先降低后平稳的趋势,0.40%、0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖组的血清谷草转氨酶活性显著低于其余各组(P<0.05),0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖组的血清谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于其余各组(P<0.05),0.60%与0.80%马尾藻多糖组之间上述2种酶的活性均无显著差异(P>0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶活性随饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量的增加呈逐渐下降的趋势,0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖组显著低于其余各组(P<0.05),且0.80%马尾藻多糖组显著低于0.60%马尾藻多糖组(P<0.05)。
表3 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of sargassum polysaccharides on serum biochemical indices of hybrid yellow catfish

项目
Items		 饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量Dietary sargassum polysaccharides supplemental levels/%
0 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 31.87±0.57 31.83±0.36 31.97±0.64 32.36±1.02 32.49±0.89 32.04±0.72
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 11.49±0.34 11.53±0.40 11.51±0.16 11.85±0.93 12.04±0.47 11.96±0.68
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 436.64±26.04a 434.58±15.63a 420.72±9.56b 409.24±32.67c 404.37±23.95c 404.61±28.12c
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 15.84±0.31a 15.70±0.18a 15.04±0.24ab 14.43±0.20b 12.86±0.13c 12.85±0.26c
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) 8.22±0.16a 8.20±0.08a 8.06±0.23ab 7.83±0.15b 7.32±0.12c 6.51±0.22d

2.3 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼消化酶活性的影响

由表4可知,随着饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量的增加,杂交黄颡鱼胃中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性呈逐步升高的趋势,0.20%、0.40%、0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖组胃中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),同时0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖组还显著高于0.10%、0.20%和0.40%马尾藻多糖组(P<0.05);随着饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量的增加,杂交黄颡鱼胃中淀粉酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,以0.60%马尾藻多糖组中活性最高,显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。杂交黄颡鱼肠道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均随饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,并均在0.60%马尾藻多糖组有最高值,显著高于除0.80%马尾藻多糖组外的其余各组(P<0.05)。此外,各组试验鱼胃中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性均高于肠道中,而淀粉酶活性则低于肠道中。
表4 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼消化酶活性的影响

Table 4 Effects of sargassum polysaccharides on digestive enzyme activities of hybrid yellow catfish

项目
Items		 饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量Dietary sargassum polysaccharides supplemental levels/%
0 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
胃Stomach
蛋白酶
Protease/(U/mg)		 40.62±2.47c 40.55±4.32c 42.26±6.17b 49.69±3.56a 50.34±4.62a 50.40±3.05a
淀粉酶
Amylase/(U/mg)		 1.51±0.23c 1.56±0.18c 1.64±0.36bc 1.72±0.24b 1.83±2.84a 1.69±0.28b
脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g) 24.15±3.48c 24.26±5.20c 25.02±3.55b 25.14±4.56b 25.42±3.79a 25.47±4.32a
肠道Intestine
蛋白酶
Protease/(U/mg)		 29.14±3.35d 31.21±4.08c 31.26±4.60c 35.74±2.81b 38.43±5.16a 36.42±3.52b
淀粉酶
Amylase/(U/mg)		 1.86±0.21d 1.89±0.23d 2.17±0.28c 2.39±0.20b 2.47±0.34a 2.44±0.25ab
脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g) 22.50±2.15c 22.56±3.28c 23.03±5.02b 23.51±2.96b 24.07±4.03a 24.04±3.48ab

2.4 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,饲料中添加不同水平马尾藻多糖可不同程度地提高杂交黄颡鱼血清SOD、CAT和GPX活性,马尾藻多糖添加量在0.40%及以上时均可达到显著水平(P<0.05),血清SOD和GPX活性均以0.60%马尾藻多糖组最高,血清CAT活性以0.80%马尾藻多糖组最高,但与0.60%马尾藻多糖组差异不显著(P>0.05);随着饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量的增加,杂交黄颡鱼血清MDA含量呈逐步下降的趋势,且0.60%和0.80%马尾藻多糖组显著低于其余各组(P<0.05)。
表5 马尾藻多糖对杂交黄颡鱼血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of sargassum polysaccharides on serum antioxidant indices of hybrid yellow catfish

项目
Items		 饲料中马尾藻多糖添加量Dietary sargassum polysaccharides supplemental levels/%
0 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 162.52±3.65c 162.76±7.28c 163.38±2.42c 172.57±4.27b 180.36±2.85a 174.22±7.48b
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mL)		 43.66±2.02c 43.72±4.63c 44.03±1.86b 44.28±3.74b 45.25±2.06a 45.89±1.52a
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GPX/(U/μL)		 30.36±4.16d 31.45±1.58d 33.72±3.04c 41.69±2.63b 45.17±3.38a 45.03±2.16a
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 10.86±0.47a 10.88±0.22a 10.27±0.36b 9.62±0.52c 9.03±0.31d 8.98±0.42d

3 讨论

已有研究表明,饲料中添加海藻多糖对水产动物具有明显的促生长作用,如罗氏沼虾[12]、斜带石斑鱼[13]及大黄鱼[14]等,其原因可能是海藻多糖对提高消化酶活性和调节肠道菌群有积极作用。本研究中,饲料中添加马尾藻多糖提高了杂交黄颡鱼的生长性能,并降低了饲料系数,这可能是马尾藻多糖的添加提高了消化酶活性,改善了肠道菌群结构,促进了杂交黄颡鱼对营养物质的吸收与利用,进而提高了杂交黄颡鱼的增重率和特定生长率,从而促进了鱼体生长[15-16]。一方面,马尾藻多糖丰富的活性物质有利于鱼体的蛋白质合成;另一方面,马尾藻多糖不能被杂交黄颡鱼消化,但其能被肠道微生物分解为分子质量更低的低聚糖,转化成短链脂肪酸,优化肠道微生态,从而促进消化道的酶促活化和营养消化[17];此外,有益菌在微生态环境中抢夺条件致病菌的生态位,对条件致病菌的定植和生长有抑制作用[18-19],进一步发挥保护肠道的功能。在罗非鱼(Oreochromis niliticus)饲料中添加黄芪多糖[20]、大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)饲料中添加黄芪多糖和(或)壳寡糖[21]、红鲷(Pagrus major)饲料中添加岩藻多糖[22]也得到了类似结果。但当饲料中马尾藻多糖的添加量超过0.60%时,其对杂交黄颡鱼的促生长作用不再明显,这也说明适宜的海藻多糖添加量才能对鱼类的生长起到促进作用。
血清生化指标常用来评价动物机体的物质代谢和健康状况。鱼类血清中的蛋白具有多种生理作用,与抗病力和环境适应性密切相关。谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性反映了鱼体肝脏的健康状况,当肝脏损伤出现炎症、坏死等病症时,它们在血液中的活性会上升。本研究中,0.60%马尾藻多糖组杂交黄颡鱼的血清总蛋白含量最高,说明该添加量下的马尾藻多糖有利于杂交黄颡鱼的蛋白质代谢。饲料中添加一定量的马尾藻多糖后杂交黄颡鱼血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性降低,说明马尾藻多糖可以有效改善杂交黄颡鱼的肝脏损伤。已有类似的研究报道,例如,在饲料中添加裂壶藻、盐藻和小球藻后,王子鱼(Labidochromis caeruleus)血清转氨酶活性降低[23]。研究显示,植物多糖具有保护肝脏损伤效果,其主要是通过激活核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2,Nrf2)/血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)、抑制丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(cysteine aspartic protease-3,Caspase-3)等通路实现保护作用[24-25]。马尾藻多糖的肝脏保护作用还可能与其对机体脂肪代谢的影响相关[26],具体机理有待进一步研究。
蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶是重要的消化酶,分别与蛋白质、淀粉和脂质的消化密切相关[27]。消化酶活性的增强表明鱼类从蛋白质来源获取营养物质的能力增强[28]。本研究中,饲料中添加0.10%~0.80%马尾藻多糖可不同程度地提高杂交黄颡鱼胃和肠道中消化酶活性,综合来看,马尾藻多糖添加量为0.60%时,胃、肠道中消化酶活性最高,说明马尾藻多糖能提高杂交黄颡鱼胃、肠中消化酶活性,促进杂交黄颡鱼对饲料中营养物质的消化吸收,进而促进鱼体生长,这与本研究中杂交黄颡鱼生长性能结果一致。此外,已有研究证实,海藻多糖具有调节肠道菌群结构和丰度的作用,如海带多糖能改善斜带石斑鱼[13]和大黄鱼[14]肠道菌群结构、浒苔多糖能够改善小鼠肠道菌群[29]、羊栖菜多糖能调节小鼠肠道菌群紊乱和改善肠道菌群结构[30]等。因此,我们推测马尾藻多糖除通过提高消化酶活性来促进杂交黄颡鱼生长以外,对杂交黄颡鱼肠道菌群也具有调节作用,两者协同作用,使得杂交黄颡鱼的生长性能提高,后续将进一步探索验证。
在鱼类的正常代谢过程中,活性氧(reactive oxygen,ROS)的产生和消除维持着动态平衡[31]。通常,鱼类的抗氧化防御系统可以通过抗氧化酶阻止ROS产生[32]。在抗氧化防御系统中,抗氧化酶被认为是机体抗氧化防御的第1道防线。抗氧化酶活性的变化在一定程度上反映了环境应激条件下机体抗氧化系统的变化。研究显示海藻多糖可以提高鱼类的抗氧化能力。例如,岩藻多糖能显著影响红鲷仔鱼[22]和黄颡鱼[33]的抗氧化性能,雨生红球藻可有效增强虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的抗氧化性能[34]。本研究中,饲料中添加马尾藻多糖可提高杂交黄颡鱼血清抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GPX)活性,马尾藻多糖添加量在0.40%及以上时,其活性显著升高,说明马尾藻多糖改善了杂交黄颡鱼的氧化应激,降低了ROS的生成,从而防止氧化活性失衡,避免细胞氧化损伤。这与已有研究得出的马尾藻多糖提高奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus ♂ ×Oreochromis niloticus ♀)[16]和南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[35]抗氧化性能的结果一致。马尾藻多糖进入杂交黄颡鱼消化道后水解产生低分子质量的寡糖物质,其经水解吸收后可直接在动物机体内清除氧自由基。此外,马尾藻多糖还可能通过激活或抑制杂交黄颡鱼机体的免疫及抗氧化通路,调节细胞因子的表达来改善机体抗氧化能力[25]。但马尾藻多糖影响杂交黄颡鱼抗氧化能力的作用机理还需进一步探究。

4 结论

饲料中添加马尾藻多糖可提高杂交黄颡鱼的生长性能,降低饲料系数,提高消化酶活性和抗氧化能力,综合分析各项指标,建议杂交黄颡鱼[(5.02±0.05) g]饲料中马尾藻多糖的添加量为0.60%。

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