REVIEW

Research Progress on Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Intestinal Microbes and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function in Pigs

  • YANG Tong ,
  • HUANG Xingguo , * ,
  • YIN Jie ,
  • LI Yinghui
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-03-09

  Online published: 2023-08-10

Abstract

The imbalance of intestinal microflora can cause damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier function in animals, and thus affect the healthy growth of animals. Restoring normal intestinal microflora to improve intestinal mucosal barrier function is the key to improving intestinal health. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is one of the most effective methods to regulate intestinal microflora, which can regulate the balance of intestinal microflora in pigs, thereby improving intestinal mucosal barrier function and promoting body health. This paper reviewed the composition of the pig’s intestinal microbiota, the impact of pig’s intestinal microbes on intestinal mucosal barrier function, and the possible mechanisms of FMT on the intestinal microbes and intestinal mucosal barrier function, in order to provide reference for the use of FMT in pig intestinal health regulation.

Cite this article

YANG Tong , HUANG Xingguo , YIN Jie , LI Yinghui . Research Progress on Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Intestinal Microbes and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function in Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(8) : 4795 -4803 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.445

肠道微生物群种类繁多且极其复杂,已被发现可以调节人类和动物的肠道健康。微生物群对宿主的健康至关重要,因其在促进肠道成熟、调节免疫系统、促进生长发育和维护宿主健康等方面具有显著的影响[1],因此受到了养猪业的重视。肠道微生物是维护肠黏膜屏障功能的重要组成部分,能够协助宿主分解难以消化吸收的物质,并保护宿主免受病原菌的侵害[2-3],其在维持肠黏膜屏障功能和肠道健康方面发挥了关键作用。维持稳定的肠道微生物群结构不仅可以减少有害菌对肠道的伤害,还可以参与调节动物机体的健康[4]。当肠道微生物群发生紊乱时,会造成猪肠道功能损伤并引发疾病反应,进而给养猪业带来巨大经济损失。肠道黏膜屏障是维护肠道健康的重要防线,而肠道微生物可以通过直接或间接的方式增强肠黏膜屏障功能。
粪便微生物移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是指将健康供体粪便微生物群移植于患病受体肠道内,进而重构受体的肠道微生物群,达到调节肠道微生态平衡、促进肠道免疫系统发育、维持肠黏膜稳态的目的。FMT干预可调整肠道微生物的组成和多样性,调节肠道微生物群结构及其代谢产物,从而改善肠黏膜屏障功能[5]。猪肠道微生物与肠黏膜屏障功能联系紧密,肠道微生物对猪的肠道健康有着重要的作用。

1 猪肠道微生物组成

肠道微生物群是一个由细菌、古细菌、真菌、原生生物和病毒组成的多元化复杂群落[6]。细菌是肠道微生物的主要成员,并且以厌氧菌为主。宿主肠道内的微生物组成是动态变化的,受宿主体内或体外环境的影响而发生改变[7]。肠道微生物组成容易受饲粮、生理状态、遗传、饲养条件、抗生素和添加剂等因素的影响。本文主要归纳了不同品种、不同生长阶段及不同肠段猪肠道微生物组成存在的差异。

1.1 不同品种猪肠道微生物组成不同

猪肠道微生物组成受到品种差异的影响。研究发现,与杜洛克猪相比,长白猪和约克夏猪肠道微生物更丰富[8-9]。Cheng等[10]发现,在相同饲养环境和饲粮条件下,蓝塘猪粪便的微生物数量比杜洛克猪更多。据报道,与荣昌猪和藏猪相比,约克夏猪肠道微生物中厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比率较低,而荣昌猪比藏猪的螺旋体门丰度更高;与约克夏猪和荣昌猪相比,藏猪肠道微生物中乳酸杆菌和副杆菌丰度较高,而软壁菌门丰度较低,这说明藏猪的肠道有益菌更丰富[11]。Yang等[12]比较了蓝塘猪、巴马香猪、二花脸猪、梅山猪、小梅山猪、杜洛克猪、长白猪和约克夏猪的肠道微生物组成,发现中国地方猪种巴马香猪、二花脸猪和小梅山猪的肠道微生物组成相似性较高,而国外猪种杜洛克猪、长白猪和约克夏猪的肠道微生物组成相似度高;除小梅山母猪外,中国地方猪种的肠道细菌总数以及厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和硫酸盐还原菌的16S rRNA基因拷贝数均高于国外猪种;此外,与杜洛克母猪相比,梅山母猪和二花脸母猪的肠道细菌总数以及厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和硫酸盐还原菌的数量都更高。

1.2 不同生长阶段猪肠道微生物组成存在差异

一般认为仔猪在出生前处于无菌状态,肠道微生物群的定植在出生时就开始了,只要新生仔猪接触到母猪产道和粪便,就会使某些微生物群在新生仔猪肠道定植[13-14]。仔猪从出生到断奶这个过程中主要受母猪、初乳、皮肤和粪便的影响,使哺乳仔猪的肠道微生物组成与母猪相似[15-16]。仔猪出生后的第1周,拟杆菌属、埃希菌属和梭菌属是最丰富的3个属,出生后第2周,普雷沃菌氏属替代拟杆菌属成为仔猪肠道中的三大优势菌属之一,并在断奶时成为最丰富的菌属[17-18]。断奶当天,健康仔猪肠道菌群以普雷沃氏菌属、乳酸杆菌属和梭杆菌属为主,10 d内迅速转变为以普雷沃氏菌属、罗氏菌属和梭杆菌属为主的菌群[19]。随着猪年龄增长,肠道微生物群的多样性和丰富度增加[20]。大量研究表明,猪在28~91日龄时胃肠道中普雷沃氏菌丰度最高,此阶段主要微生物群还包括乳杆菌属、链球菌属、SMB53、颤螺菌属、密螺旋体属和罗氏菌属[21];91~154日龄时,猪肠道普雷沃氏菌丰度下降,厌氧菌的比例随着猪的生长而增加[22]。随着时间的推移,其他细菌,如乳杆菌属、梭菌属、颤螺旋菌属、链球菌属、埃希菌属、罗氏菌属、粪杆菌属和拟杆菌属,也成为生长育肥猪肠道中主要微生物群的一部分[23-24]

1.3 猪不同肠段微生物组成存在差异

猪的肠道微生物丰富度随肠段的不同而显著变化。Liu等[25]发现,新生仔猪十二指肠和空肠中优势菌属是乳杆菌属和拟杆菌属,回肠中优势菌属是梭杆菌属和大肠杆菌/志贺氏菌属,大肠中最丰富的菌属是普雷沃氏菌属、拟杆菌属和梭杆菌属。大肠中的微生物群落与小肠中的微生物群落有很大的不同,而且比小肠中的微生物群落稳定得多。Looft等[26]发现,回肠主要由厚壁菌门和变形菌门定植,拟杆菌门的丰度在盲肠和结肠中显著增加;此外,肠道内的菌群与肠黏膜的菌群有很大的不同,结肠腔内拟杆菌门的丰度远高于小肠。在肠腔中发现的细菌主要包括普雷沃氏菌科、瘤胃球菌科、毛螺菌科和韦荣氏球菌,而普雷沃氏菌科、肠杆菌科、肠球菌科、柄杆菌科、黄色单胞菌科和假单胞菌科主要分布于肠黏膜[27]

2 猪肠道微生物对肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

在正常情况下,肠道微生物和肠黏膜屏障之间处于相对的动态平衡状态,完整的肠黏膜屏障包括微生物屏障、黏液屏障、机械屏障和免疫屏障。通过多种复杂的防御机制,各屏障之间保障肠黏膜屏障功能正常发挥,从而保护猪的肠道健康。

2.1 猪肠道微生物与肠黏膜黏液屏障功能

猪胃肠道内栖息着种类繁杂、数量庞大的微生物群。微生物群可以协调肠黏膜黏液屏障防御病原体的入侵。肠黏膜黏液屏障与肠道微生物和宿主健康之间的相互作用密不可分。肠黏膜黏液屏障主要由杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白(mucoprotein,MUC)、水、无机盐、抗菌肽等共同组成[28]。高度糖基化的MUC形成了抵御感染和损伤的第1道防线[29],保护肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cell,IEC)不受病原体入侵,同时创建有利于肠道微生物定植的环境,为共生菌提供养分,促进微生物群落的稳定和共生菌的生长,从而形成共生关系。在众多MUC中,MUC2是小鼠肠道中最主要的分泌型MUC[30],其主要作用是分解食物大分子物质以及防御有害物质的侵袭。当外源菌群进入时,肠道黏液层会增加MUC的分泌,从而预防外源微生物入侵宿主的IEC。此外,潘氏细胞主要分泌抗菌肽、黏液抗菌肽等物质,可以预防细菌直接侵入IEC[31]。细菌的定植能力取决于细菌的附着、细菌降解MUC的酶以及对MUC衍生碳水化合物的利用能力[32]。MUC和抗菌肽的共同作用大大减少了致病菌与黏膜细胞的接触及其与黏膜内免疫系统的互作。肠道共生细菌可以通过不同的方式,如菌体表面蛋白、菌毛、鞭毛等结合MUC实现肠道定植,例如,乳酸菌可以利用黏液结合蛋白和菌毛蛋白与黏液寡糖黏附于肠黏液层和IEC[33]。因此,肠道微生物能够调节肠黏膜黏液屏障功能,抵御病原体入侵,改善机体健康。

2.2 猪肠道微生物与肠黏膜机械屏障功能

肠黏膜机械屏障主要是由IEC、细胞间的紧密连接(tight junction,TJ)和肠黏膜表面的黏液层构成[34]。肠道微生物对于IEC发育、维持肠道内稳定及维护肠黏膜屏障功能十分关键[35]。IEC之间由TJ连接,通过紧密密封细胞-细胞连接来调节屏障的通透性[36]。TJ蛋白主要由闭合蛋白(Claudins)、咬合蛋白(Occludin)、闭合小环蛋白(zonula occludens,ZOs)及连接黏附分子(junctional adhesion molecules,JAMs)等构成[37-38]。肠道微生物是肠黏膜屏障功能的重要组成部分,能够促进肠道TJ和IEC的完整性,进而维护猪肠黏膜屏障功能。研究发现膳食菊粉(INU)能够调节盲肠微生物,增加乙酸和丁酸浓度及有益菌乳酸杆菌数量,降低有害菌大肠杆菌的相对丰度,进而促进ZO-1和Claudin-1的表达,增强肠黏膜机械屏障功能[39]。海藻衍生多糖(SDP)能够调节肠道微生物稳态,提高小肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度比,改善猪肠道形态的完整性,以及增加空肠黏膜中ZO-1、Claudin-1和Occludin的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,改善猪肠黏膜机械屏障功能,从而提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和改善肠道健康[40]。改变肠道微生物群结构是改善肠道完整性、TJ和肠道通透性的一种有效方法,在生产中可以通过改善猪的肠道微生物群结构来提高肠黏膜屏障功能,进而促进肠道健康。

2.3 猪肠道微生物与肠黏膜免疫屏障功能

肠黏膜免疫屏障可以保护宿主免受外来病原微生物的侵袭[41]。肠黏膜免疫屏障由非特异免疫屏障(机械屏障、化学屏障、生物屏障)和免疫屏障构成[42]。肠黏膜免疫屏障是一种局部免疫反应,不同于机体整体免疫系统,其作用是通过中和抗原物质来保护黏膜免受损伤。肠黏膜免疫屏障由体液免疫[主要通过分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secreted immunoglobulin A,SIgA)介导]和细胞免疫(主要通过细胞毒性介导)组成[43-44]。肠黏膜中的免疫细胞和细胞因子通过参与先天性免疫和适应性免疫来维持肠道稳态[41]。肠道菌群紊乱可能导致细菌易位,破坏肠黏膜屏障功能,从而影响机体健康。在正常生理条件下,肠道免疫系统在肠道微生物的稳态中起着至关重要的作用[45]。Yang等[46]研究发现,藏猪的肠道菌群比杜×长×大猪更有益,藏猪空肠中的乳酸杆菌和Solibacillus丰度高于杜×长×大猪,使空肠中白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)、CD4+和Toll样受体9(Toll-like receptor 9,TLR9)的表达水平增高,说明其差异菌株增强了藏猪空肠免疫能力。乳酸菌属可以通过避免病原体入侵、调节免疫力和增强肠黏膜屏障完整性来维持肠道生态平衡[47]。在葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium,DSS)诱导的民猪和约克夏猪模型中,民猪肠道中厚壁菌门的丰度增加,拟杆菌门和螺旋体门的丰度明显减少,CD4+T细胞数量增加,这可能与乳酸杆菌和色氨酸代谢的增加有关,肠道共生菌可以利用色氨酸通过促进结肠杯状细胞分化和诱导黏蛋白基因表达来改善DSS诱导的结肠炎[3]。此外,罗伊氏乳杆菌与色氨酸一起可以将上皮内CD4+T细胞重编程为耐受性的免疫调节T细胞[48]。用嗜酸乳杆菌处理IPEC-1细胞可降低白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)的表达水平并诱导IL-10表达水平增加[49]。而肠道微生物群的失调可能会因肠黏膜屏障受损而导致炎症。因此,调控肠道微生态平衡是维持机体免疫的关键。

3 FMT对猪肠道微生物及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

FMT可调节肠道微生物群平衡,促进肠黏膜屏障功能的恢复。FMT作用机制可能是通过增加肠道有益微生物数量和微生物群落多样性,进而调节了肠道微生物群组成,从而改善肠黏膜屏障功能[50]

3.1 FMT影响猪肠道微生物

肠道微生物群在肠道发育中起着关键作用。FMT能够发挥调控作用的关键在于供体肠道功能微生物能够成功定植到受体肠道内,并促进受体肠道微生物组成和多样性向供体一致的方向转变[51],从而调节宿主肠道微生物群组成。Diao等[52]将大白猪和荣昌猪的粪便微生物群移植到杜×长×大仔猪体内,破坏了其肠道微生物群的平衡,损害了肠道健康;但移植藏猪粪便微生物群会提高杜×长×大仔猪体内吸收酶的活性和有益菌乳酸菌属、罗斯氏菌属和布劳氏菌属的数量。这可能说明藏猪作为供体对适应期后的受体仔猪更有益。Qi等[53]通过FMT和结肠菌移植的方式将成年猪的肠道微生物群引入新生仔猪,结果表明,2种方式均显著增加了有益菌的相对丰度,降低了有害菌的相对丰度。此外,有研究报道,FMT联合益生菌对仔猪进行早期干预,增加了有益菌的相对丰度和粪便中短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFA)及琥珀酸浓度,仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能得到改善,腹泻率降低[54]。据报道,抗生素可导致仔猪肠道微生物群多样性下降,而通过FMT增加了仔猪肠道微生物群的多样性和有益微生物[副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、多尔氏菌属(Dorea)和副萨特氏菌属(Parasutterella)]的相对丰度,降低了四环素抗性基因的相对丰度,从而提高了肠黏膜的完整性[55]。肠道微生物群的代谢功能也受FMT诱导的微生物变化的影响。研究表明,通过调节肠道代谢,肠道微生物群的改变可以进一步影响宿主生理和肠道健康[56]。Geng等[57]研究发现,FMT后,仔猪肠道微生物群落的α多样性和结构发生了变化,同时肠道微生物群的色氨酸代谢功能也增强;芳烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)是胃肠道中的配体依赖性转录因子,可被色氨酸分解代谢物激活,FMT显著增加了受体结肠中白细胞介素-22(interleukin-22,IL-22)的产生以及转录因子AhR的表达,进而有助于改善肠黏膜屏障功能。肠道微生物群是一个复杂的联合体,FMT将成为探究肠道微生物群与宿主免疫、代谢和其他生理功能相互作用的有效途径。

3.2 FMT影响猪肠道屏障通透性

肠黏膜屏障结构的完整性是维持正常肠道功能的基础,肠道的通透性是评价肠道完整性的一个重要指标。完整的肠黏膜屏障功能可以保证肠道的正常运转,一旦肠黏膜屏障功能受损,将导致肠道通透性增加,使毒素容易侵入黏膜上皮,从而诱导肠道局部或全身的炎症反应,损害动物的健康状态,影响其生长发育。血清二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)是一种存在于哺乳动物IEC中的细胞内酶[58],DAO活性可反映肠道的健康状态。D-乳酸是在肠道微生物代谢和分解过程中产生的,通常在血液中处于低水平,只有在肠黏膜屏障受损时,DAO和D-乳酸才可能进入血液循环[59]。因此,血液中DAO活性和D-乳酸含量是敏感指标,可以反映肠道应激受损情况。IEC的完整性决定了整个肠黏膜机械屏障功能的发挥。IEC通过TJ、黏附连接和间隙连接连接在一起。TJ不仅是核心的连接方式,也是控制肠黏膜屏障通透性的关键成分[60-61]。IEC的细胞凋亡功能在维持胃肠道通透性方面起着重要作用,是维护肠道稳定性和防止宿主受到生态系统侵害的主要保护屏障[62]
FMT能够增强细胞间TJ,提高TJ蛋白表达水平,从而起到调节肠黏膜屏障完整性的作用。Cheng等[63]研究发现,将金华猪粪菌移植给杜×长×大猪,FMT后大肠杆菌K88感染仔猪的血清DAO活性和D-乳酸含量均降低,结肠黏膜中ZO-1和Occludin的表达水平增强,同时缓解了大肠杆菌K88感染引起的空肠绒毛损伤。这些结果表明,FMT可以降低大肠杆菌K88感染仔猪的腹泻发生率,增强仔猪的肠黏膜屏障完整性。研究报道,将4头饲料效率最高的育肥猪粪便微生物移植给妊娠母猪及新生仔猪,母猪空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值降低,回肠绒毛的高度、宽度和面积均有所减少,此外,上调了ZO-1和Occludin的表达;子代移植上调了Occludin的表达[64]。Ma等[55]发现,FMT可以改善用抗生素处理的仔猪模型肠道微生物群失调和肠道黏膜屏障损伤,并且可以显著增强TJ蛋白(ZO-1、Claudin-1和Occludin)和黏附连接蛋白[β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)]的蛋白表达。

3.3 FMT影响猪肠道黏蛋白分泌及其基因表达

MUC是由生物活性或表观遗传因素如微生物、毒素、炎症细胞因子和生长因子分泌等影响,这些因素会改变MUC的表达水平以响应结肠黏膜中的炎症[65]。肠道微生物可以通过运输肠道内生物活性因子直接调节杯状细胞功能。肠道上皮细胞或固有层细胞在与肠道细菌接触后会产生生物活性因子,这些生物活性因子和其衍生物会影响杯状细胞的功能。研究表明,移植约克夏猪粪便微生物使杜×长×大仔猪回肠和结肠内杯状细胞数量增加,结肠内MUC1的表达上调[52]。将成年金华猪的粪便悬浮液灌胃新生仔猪,受体仔猪肠黏膜中杯状细胞数量增多及MUC2的相对表达水平增加[66-67]。因此,FMT不仅可以刺激杯状细胞增殖,还能够调节杯状细胞分泌和合成MUC,使肠黏膜化学屏障功能增强。

3.4 FMT影响猪肠道免疫功能

FMT可通过调节肠道黏膜中免疫细胞、细胞因子以及多种微生物受体等的变化,进一步影响肠黏膜免疫屏障功能。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)属于跨膜模式识别受体类,对于炎症反应和免疫防御至关重要。SIgA是肠黏膜表面的重要防御线,可保护肠道上皮免受肠毒素和病原微生物的侵害。肠道微生物群、肠道细胞因子和营养素等多种因素与肠道SIgA的产生密切相关[68-69]。核转录因子-κB(nuclear transcription factor-κB,NF-κB)是最重要的转录因子之一,其激活对于病原体或损伤相关分子模式和细胞应激诱导的信号传导至关重要[70]。一旦NF-κB被致病性刺激物激活,就会引发综合反应,包括肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IL-1β和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等细胞因子的过量产生。外源性粪便微生物群可调节肠道微生物群的组成,并增强新生仔猪模型中肠黏膜Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)以及抗菌肽β-防御素2的表达,使肠黏膜中SIgA阳性细胞数量增多[66]。这说明FMT可以降低机体炎症反应,改善肠道免疫健康。Tang等[71]研究表明,给仔猪服用FMT胶囊可使受体仔猪外周血中CD4+T细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值显著升高,且FMT胶囊可提高仔猪结肠组织中白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)和IL-10的含量,并降低TNF-α和干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,INF-γ)的含量,此外,受体仔猪的TLR2、Toll样受体8(Toll-like receptor 8,TLR8)、NF-κB和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)的mRNA表达水平也显著增高。CD4+T淋巴细胞是免疫系统的重要成员,对促进细胞因子的产生尤为重,在保护机体免受病原体侵害方面发挥着关键作用[72]。Zhou等[73]将经产巴马母猪粪菌移植给新生仔猪,结果显示,FMT组仔猪生长性能较高,并且结肠和空肠中促炎因子的mRNA表达水平较低,小肠肠道发育和屏障相关基因mRNA的表达水平高于对照组。也有研究表明,FMT显著增强了仔猪模型中抗炎因子[IL-10、转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)]的相对表达水平,降低了结肠中促炎因子(IL-6、IL-1βTNF-αIFN-γ)的相对表达水平[55]。但在Qi等[53]的研究中,FMT引起肠道菌群紊乱,导致仔猪血液中炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10)含量显著升高,TLRs蛋白的表达水平显著降低。由此可见,FMT可增强肠黏膜免疫功能,但也会造成免疫功能下降,其原因可能与供体的选择有关。有报道称,不同品种猪作为供体可表现出不同的肠道微生物特性[11]

4 小结

肠道微生物群在宿主健康方面发挥着重要作用,而肠道菌群失衡会破坏肠道微生物群结构,影响肠黏膜屏障功能及其正常功能代谢。FMT是一种很有前景的调节肠道微生物群的方法,其可以重建受体猪的肠道微生物群,改善肠黏膜屏障功能,促进肠道健康。但FMT在现实生产应用中也存在标准不一、安全风险等问题,随着对FMT研究的不断深入,制定科学的标准、提高FMT安全性和有效性,有助其更加高效地应用于养猪业,改善猪肠道健康,促进养猪业健康发展。
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