Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 8: 4804 - 4815

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.446

REVIEW

Advances in Research on Residual Feed Intake in Ruminants

  • LI Wei ,
  • WU Baoyun ,
  • WU Hao ,
  • ZHOU Zhenming , *
Expand
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-01-28

  Online published: 2023-08-10

Fold

Abstract

Residual feed intake (RFI) is widely accepted as the standard for evaluating feed efficiency in ruminants, and its variation is determined by various factors. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent studies on the phenotypic characteristics and underlying mechanisms associated with RFI in ruminants, including performance, behavioral traits, body composition, nutrient partitioning, energy utilization, rumen fermentation, digestion, and gene expression. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the variation in RFI among ruminants and identify potential biomarkers were explored with multi-omics approaches.

Key words： residual feed intake; ruminants; performance; behavioral traits; rumen fermentation

Cite this article

LI Wei , WU Baoyun , WU Hao , ZHOU Zhenming . Advances in Research on Residual Feed Intake in Ruminants[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(8) : 4804 -4815 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.446

剩余采食量(residual feed intake,RFI)是动物实际采食量与其基于维持能量需求和生长速率的预测采食量之间的差值,是一个负向选择性状,且具有较高的遗传力[1⇓-3],RFI越低,动物饲料效率越高[4]。虽然料重比(feed to gain ratio,F/G)和增重饲料比(gain to feed ratio,G/F)也常作为反刍动物饲料效率的衡量标准,但无法衡量等比值或体重负增长动物个体间的饲料效率差异[5],而RFI不受动物生长阶段和日增重影响[6],饲养低剩余采食量(low residual feed intake,LRFI)反刍动物可以长久地提高反刍动物饲料效率,降低饲养成本,带来长期的经济效益,但直至目前,收集分析大型反刍动物个体采食量的工作仍繁琐昂贵,因此RFI尚未在畜牧业内大范围应用。多种生理过程都会影响反刍动物的RFI,其变异与采食行为、饲料消化(消化率与胃肠道微生物作用)、代谢(与体组成变化相关的合成代谢和分解代谢)、体组成(内脏器官和体脂肪、体蛋白质沉积)、活动、增热和体温调节、蛋白质周转、离子运输和应激以及其他生理过程有关[7]。本文对近年来反刍动物RFI表型特征研究现状加以探究,以期构建出判别反刍动物RFI的表型和生物标志物体系,准确快速地在群体中筛选出LRFI反刍动物。

1 反刍动物RFI表型特征

LRFI反刍动物生产性能更佳,饲料效率更高且不受其他因素影响,行为特征更稳定且屠宰效益更高。
RFI与平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)和中期代谢体重(mid-term metabolic body weight,MMW)无关,与干物质采食量(dry matter intake,DMI)和平均日采食量呈正相关[8-9],与背长(back length,BL:从动物的颈部与肩部交界处,沿着脊柱到达骨盆末端的直线距离)和臀长(rump length,RL:从动物的骨盆末端到尾部的长度)呈负相关[10]。LRFI反刍动物每日消耗的干物质(dry matter,DM)和能量更少、DMI和单位增重耗料更低、能量校正乳(energy corrected milk,ECM)/代谢体重(metabolic weight,BW0.75)、牛奶产量和ECM/DMI与高剩余采食量(high residual feed intake,HRFI)反刍动物无差异或更高[11⇓⇓-14],每日沉积蛋白质更多、沉积脂肪更少[15],对干物质和中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)的消化速度更慢,消化大直径饲料颗粒的能力更强[16]。
RFI与饲喂模式无交互作用,反刍动物饲料效率差异具体取决于饲料类型及加工方式,由RFI确定的饲料效率是可重复的[17-18]。研究显示,生长期间被归类为LRFI的肉牛在育肥期仍具有LRFI[19-20];LRFI幼龄母牛生长至妊娠母牛后仍具有LRFI[21];饲喂高玉米饲粮的LRFI奶牛在改饲非饲草纤维来源高的饲粮后仍具有LRFI[22];LRFI放牧奶牛在冬季牧场采食劣质牧草时损失的体重更少[23];限饲条件下,LRFI阉牛维持能量需求降低程度更大,饲料效率仍高于HRFI阉牛[24]。
采食行为与RFI密切相关[25⇓-27]。RFI与肉牛采食时间呈正的表型和遗传相关性,与采食频率和警觉反应速度(flight speed,FS:利用红外传感器来确定动物在离开挤压滑槽后穿越1.83 m固定距离所花费的时间)呈负相关[27-28]。LRFI反刍动物饲料消耗少、进食次数少、采食持续时间短、咀嚼速度慢、反刍时间长、反刍食团个数多[29],LRFI泌乳奶牛在轻度热应激环境下适应性更高[30]。此外,RFI的选择会影响幼龄母牛初情期和产后再繁育,LRFI幼龄母牛进入初情期更晚,不利于繁殖效率的提升[31]。
LRFI反刍动物肉品质更好,LRFI反刍动物胴体肌肉占比更多,背膘更薄,脂肪沉积更少,尾脂重、肾周脂重和GR值等脂肪沉积的指标更低,热胴体重量、眼肌面积、初始和最终体重、ADG、G/F、蛋白质增重、屠宰率、背最长肌面积、大理石纹评分和产量等级以及肾脏、骨盆和心脏脂肪与HRFI反刍动物相似或更佳[32-33]。研究显示,LRFI母羔羊胴体肌肉比例更高,而HRFI母羔羊背最长肌和腰肌部位肌肉嫩度更高[8];HRFI阉牛血浆中的几种长链脂肪酸含量更高,且具有较高比例的皮下有益脂肪酸[C18∶2n-6、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)、PUFA][34-35],牛排的脂质含量、反射颜色得分更高,异味评分较低[36-37]。
器官形态及重量对RFI有很大影响,LRFI反刍动物内脏器官较轻、能量消耗较低。HRFI公牛的心脏、膀胱和瘤胃的重量更重[38],育肥肉牛网胃空重与RFI呈正相关[39]。LRFI羔羊瘤胃更小、十二指肠更长[40],LRFI公滩羊肝脏和肾脏重量更轻、结肠更短[41]。

2 RFI与养分表观消化率和能量代谢的关系

RFI变异与反刍动物机体能量利用和代谢效率密切相关,氮分配、微生物蛋白合成、代谢蛋白质利用、瘤胃上皮蛋白质周转和营养转运、内脏器官能量需求、细胞能量需求、线粒体功能、氨基酸分解代谢程度、胰岛素、脂质、免疫系统、氧化应激和肌肉发育信号通路都与RFI变异有关。
LRFI反刍动物机体能量利用和代谢效率更高[42]。RFI与热增耗(heat production,HP)呈正相关,LRFI奶牛净脂肪氧化、HP和HP/BW0.75、脂肪酸氧化(fatty acid oxidation,FOX)和FOX/BW0.75更低,LRFI反刍动物采食每千克干物质的甲烷产生量(CH4/DMI)更高,甲烷能损失百分比更大,但每千克胴体排放的甲烷量更少,甲烷能/总能(gross energy,GE)更低[13-14,43-44]。HRFI母牛增加单位体重或产奶需要能量更多[45],LRFI公牛维持净能量需求(net energy for maintenance,NEm)更低,代谢能(metabolizable energy,ME)维持效率更高,能量需求更低[46]。LRFI反刍动物瘤胃上皮组织中的能量消耗更低[47],瘤胃上皮细胞蛋白质周转和营养物质转运效率更佳[48]。
LRFI奶牛和肉牛氮、干物质、有机物、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率更高[49-50]。低淀粉饲粮饲喂时,淀粉、干物质和中性洗涤纤维的消化率与肉牛RFI呈负相关[51]。LRFI肉牛氮利用效率更高[52],LRFI奶牛乳蛋白、代谢蛋白质和乳腺氨基酸的利用率更高[53],饲粮氮分配到乳蛋白的比例更高[54]。后肠消化和营养物质吸收后的利用效率是导致反刍动物RFI变异的另一个因素。LRFI肉牛蛋白质消化吸收以及十二指肠、空肠、回肠的甘油磷脂代谢显著改善[55],LRFI幼龄母牛后肠产生供能底物(丁酸盐和丙酸盐)和必需营养素(维生素和氨基酸)的能力更强[42]。
肝脏和脂肪组织在脂肪生成、脂质清除和储存过量能量及维持能量稳态中起关键作用[56]。HRFI反刍动物肝门静脉周围病变增加,肝脏损伤水平更高[11,57]。LRFI肉牛肝脏抗氧化能力更强,氧化应激更低,维持所需的蛋白质和周转脂质更少,能量利用效率更高[58],肝脏脂质合成和积累减少,主要参与脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、能量产生、分子转运、细胞发育以及细胞死亡和存活的肿瘤蛋白P53诱导的核蛋白1(tumor protein P53-inducible nuclear protein 1,TP53INP1)、亮氨酸富集适配蛋白1样蛋白(leucine rich adaptor protein 1-like,LURAP1L)、硬脂酰辅酶A脱饱和酶(stearoyl-CoA desaturase,SCD)和脂肪酸磷酸二酯磷酸酶1(lipin 1,LPIN1)基因表达下调[59]。LRFI肉牛胰岛素敏感度、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(solute carrier family 2 member 4,SLC2A4)和氨基酸转运蛋白3(solute carrier family 1 member 3,SLC1A3)和氨基酸转运蛋白5(solute carrier family 1 member 5,SLC1A5)的丰度较低,静脉注射葡萄糖后,LRFI西门塔尔牛参与脂肪生成的转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c,SREBP1c)的表达较低[48,60]。
线粒体是细胞能量产生的主要场所,并产生出大部分用于驱动细胞过程的ATP,骨骼肌占动物维持能量所需的约25%,骨骼肌通过在线粒体能量产生中的作用与RFI互作,骨骼肌蛋白质周转[61]、线粒体蛋白质谱[62]和骨骼肌能量代谢[63]的变化与RFI密切相关。LRFI肉牛肝脏营养代谢效率高[64]。LRFI反刍动物肝脏线粒体更多,线粒体DNA拷贝数更高,全身HP更低[13]。LRFI肉牛肌肉线粒体复合物Ⅰ蛋白丰度更高[65],线粒体密度标志物(线粒体复合物Ⅱ)活性水平更高[66],瘤胃上皮线粒体转录率更高,与线粒体、乙酰化和能量产生途径有关的基因表达上调[67],骨骼肌线粒体呼吸速率增加[68];LRFI绵羊参与调控绵羊能量代谢的关键调控基因乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase β,LDHβ) mRNA在肝脏和肌肉中的表达量较低[69]。
LRFI反刍动物蛋白质降解较少。LRFI阉牛控制骨骼肌蛋白质降解的酶的表达下调,肌肉蛋白质水解水平低[70-71]。LRFI肉牛骨骼肌过表达可以增强胰岛素作用的14-3-3ε蛋白(14-3-3 epsilon)丰度更小,对葡萄糖引发的胰岛素反应不敏感,上调减少肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白等肌肉蛋白质降解的热休克蛋白β-1(heat shock protein beta-1,HSPB1)丰度更大,骨骼肌中蛋白质的周转率增加,氮利用效率更高,蛋白质周转率更优[31,72⇓-74]。
不同RFI反刍动物中间代谢不同,LRFI羔羊体内与代谢过程相关的差异表达基因表达上调,涉及免疫相关过程的差异表达基因表达下调[32]。HRFI反刍动物代谢效率较低、热量损失较大与免疫功能能量需求的增加有关。HRFI反刍动物血清内毒素水平显著升高,肝脏病变、代谢改变并出现明显炎症反应[75]。LRFI奶牛的代谢效率更高,更多的能量分配于维持、增重和泌乳[76]。

3 RFI与瘤胃上皮、瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的关系

反刍动物RFI与瘤胃组织能量消耗有关,LRFI育肥湖羊的丙酸浓度较高、乙丙比较低,其瘤胃发酵趋于丙酸型[11]。LRFI肉牛瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度较高,丁酸盐和戊酸盐的浓度明显升高[77],瘤胃上皮细胞线粒体转录速率较高,涉及糖酵解、柠檬酸循环和氧化磷酸化等能量生成途径的基因表达上调,瘤胃上皮细胞产生能量增加[67]。然而,Del Bianco等[47]发现,HRFI内洛尔公牛瘤胃上皮细胞氧化磷酸化相关基因的表达同样上调。LRFI肉牛瘤胃上皮的着丝粒相关蛋白E(centromere protein E,CENPE)基因的表达水平较低[78]。LRFI肉牛参与挥发性脂肪酸吸收、代谢、生酮和免疫/炎症反应的基因丰度更高,不同微生物相互作用模式关联更强[33,79]。
瘤胃微生物组和牛饲料效率性状之间存在相关性[80]。不同RFI反刍动物瘤胃细菌和古菌群落组成存在着显著差异;LRFI反刍动物瘤胃内厚壁菌门的丰度更高,拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例更低[81-82],但也有研究得到了相反的结论[83]。研究显示,普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)的丰度与阉牛和公牛RFI呈正相关[84-85];LRFI羔羊软壁菌门(Tenericutes)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)、原杆菌属(Oribacterium)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的相对丰度更低,Kiritimatiellaeota、Saccharofermentans、乳头杆菌属(Papillibacter)、Anaerovorax的相对丰度更高[32];HRFI奶牛瘤胃丁酸盐生产菌——梭菌属(Clostridium)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)、真细菌属(Eubacterium)和布劳蒂亚菌属(Blautia)的相对丰度更高[86];LRFI奶牛乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、氨基酸球菌属(Acidaminococcus)的相对丰度更高[81];螺旋杆菌纲(Fusobacteriia)和泛酸盐产生菌比例的减少,可能会改善LRFI肉牛的营养利用率[87];LRFI奶牛Prevotella、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、Butyrivibrio、毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)和小杆菌属(Dialister)的相对丰度更高,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、SR1、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)、Succiniclasticum、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、粪球菌属(Coprococcus)、YRC22、CF231、02d06、厌氧支原体属(Anaeroplasma)、硒单胞菌属(Selenomona)和瘤胃杆菌属(Ruminobacter)的相对丰度更低[88-89]。
LRFI肉牛瘤胃固体组分中的布赫法沃罗霉菌属(Buwchfawromyces)的相对丰度更高[83],HRFI肉牛毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)和韦荣氏球菌科(Veillonellaceae)的相对丰度更高,瘤胃微生物组活动更加多样化[90]。LRFI肉牛瘤胃真核生物谱多样性指数、内毛虫属(Entodinium)和真菌的相对丰度更高,原生动物和有纤毛的原生动物群落多样性会影响肉牛的饲料效率[91-92]。
研究显示,瘤胃甲烷能量损失占总能量摄入的2%~12%[93]。反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生与特定菌群有关[94],LRFI肉牛瘤胃古菌群落丰富度更高,甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)的相对丰度与HRFI相关[83]。
有研究表明,后肠微生物也与反刍动物RFI有关,毛螺菌科NK3A20群(Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group)、克里斯滕森菌科R-7群(Christensenellaceae_R-7_group)和瘤胃球菌属2(Ruminococcus_2)的相对丰度与RFI呈负相关,而不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)的相对丰度与RFI呈正相关[55]。LRFI安格斯阉牛盲肠和粪便的细菌Shannon指数更高,盲肠中琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae)和粪便中双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)的相对丰度与RFI呈正相关,盲肠和粪便中瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、艰难杆菌科(Mogibacteriaceae)、克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)和BS11的相对丰度与RFI呈负相关[95-96]。

4 RFI生物标志物

血浆生物标志物灵敏度和特异性高,可用于区分不同RFI的反刍动物。血浆皮质醇、粪便皮质酮和内源性大麻素(anandamide,AEA)浓度与RFI正相关[97-98]。与LRFI反刍动物相比,HRFI反刍动物血浆甲状腺素(thyroxine,T4)、促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotrophic hormone,ACTH)、葡萄糖和尿素浓度更高,肌酐浓度更低[40,99-100],血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度的比值无显著差异[68]。
性别会导致动物能量代谢不同,柠檬酸可能成为影响母滩羊RFI的生物标志物[101]。杂交肉牛血浆代谢物L-缬氨酸、赖氨酸、L-酪氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、柠檬酸和L-亮氨酸浓度与RFI有关[102]。LRFI奶牛的短链酰基肉碱、C3-酰基肉碱和C4-酰基肉碱含量较低,不同RFI奶牛色氨酸代谢存在差异[103]。氨酰t-RNA生物合成,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢以及柠檬酸循环,可作为标志物筛选LRFI奶牛[104]。
瘦素是肉牛DMI和RFI变化的潜在调控分子,其与RFI的关系尚不明朗。育肥肉牛和幼龄母牛的血清瘦素浓度与RFI呈正相关[105⇓-107];LRFI内洛尔(Nellore)公牛血浆循环瘦素及其基因表达更多[108];LRFI阉牛脂肪组织瘦素mRNA表达水平更高[109]。然而,仍有研究认为瘦素和RFI之间没有相关性[110-111]。
RFI受多基因调控,不同RFI荷斯坦奶牛全基因组关联(genome wide association,GWA)信号在氨基酸和蛋白质的生物合成和代谢、碳水化合物的消化和代谢、骨骼发育、线粒体电子运输、免疫、瘤胃细菌活性和精子运动中高度富集,BTA25的40.7~41.5 Mb区域是RFI最高相关区域,与该区域最接近编码半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶招募领域家庭成员11(caspase recruitment domain family member 11,CARD11)的基因与奶牛RFI有关[112]。肉牛下丘脑组织与RFI有关差异表达的circRNAs靶基因主要富集于Ras GTPase结合、AMP激活蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)等与采食及能量代谢相关的信号通路,预测miRNA靶点与干物质摄入、能量代谢及脂肪沉积相关[113]。涉及肝脏炎症反应和肌肉组织发育的核受体亚家族2 F群成员6(nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 6,NR2F6)、转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)和与抗氧化能力有关的肝脏3-酮酰基-辅酶A硫解酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的表达与肉牛RFI相关[114-115]。LRFI安格斯海福特杂交牛瘤胃NAD(P)H醌脱氢酶1[NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1,NQO1]和G蛋白信号调节因子5(regulator of G-protein signalling 5,RGS5)表达水平更高,乙酰辅酶A乙酰转移酶1(acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1,ACAT1)的表达水平与RFI呈负相关趋势[116]。不同RFI荷斯坦奶牛和娟姗牛(Jersey cattle)肝脏转录组的差异表达基因分别是在饲料利用与脂质、糖和蛋白质代谢中起主要作用的细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP)和GTPase IMAP系列(GTPase IMAP Family,GIMAP)[117]。不同RFI秦川牛十二指肠组织转录组差异表达基因富集于脂肪酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、采食行为、炎症反应以及免疫应答等生物学过程[118]。LRFI安格斯牛、夏洛莱牛和Kinsella Composite (KC)牛bta-miR-449a表达上调[119]。

5 小结

纵观近年来反刍动物RFI领域的研究进展,在很多问题上已取得了重大进展:1)RFI与生产性能、采食行为、饲喂模式、胴体特征的关系已基本阐述清楚;2)RFI变异机制与营养物质的消化吸收、能量分配和代谢途径的关系随着组学技术的应用已深入到基因水平;3)有关RFI变异的差异表达基因研究逐步深入。今后对于反刍动物RFI的研究可能集中在以下几个方面:1)变异机制方面,重点关注动物能量代谢和营养物质的消化吸收与分配以及关键生物标志物(基因、蛋白质、代谢物)的探索及验证;2)影响因素方面,由于动物品种、性别、环境(地理位置、海拔、天气)、饲养管理方式和饲料加工方式等因素复杂多变,需在大基数动物种群的基础上进一步验证其对RFI的影响,并制定出一套衡量不同群体RFI的参照体系,以便对不同饲养条件动物群体RFI统一比较;3)产业应用方面,RFI计算方法耗力费时,对设备要求高,急需对新兴方法(生物标志物)进行生产应用验证,为大规模应用做准备。

致谢:

感谢中国农业大学动物科技学院刘月博士对文稿所提的宝贵意见。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
KOCH R M, SWIGER L A, CHAMBERS D, et al. Efficiency of feed use in beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1963, 22(2):486-494.

DOI

[2]
JENSEN J, HOHENBOKEN W D, MADSEN P, et al. Sire×nutrition interactions and genetic parameters for energy intake,production and efficiency of nutrient utilization in young bulls,heifers and lactating cows[J]. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section A-Animal Science, 1995, 45(2):81-91.

[3]
HOHENBOKEN W D, FOLDAGER J, JENSEN J, et al. Breed and nutritional effects and interactions on energy intake,production and efficiency of nutrient utilization in young bulls,heifers and lactating cows[J]. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section A-Animal Science, 1995, 45(2):92-98.

[4]
ARTHUR J P F, HERD R M. Residual feed intake in beef cattle[J]. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2008, 37:269-279.

DOI

[5]
CREWS D H D Jr. Genetics of efficient feed utilization and national cattle evaluation:a review[J]. Genetics and Molecular Research:GMR, 2005, 4(2):152-165.

[6]
ONAN G. HUTU I, RADUNZ A. Residual feed intake as a measure of feed efficiency[J]. Lucrari Stiintifice-Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole a Banatului Timisoara,Medicina Veterinara, 2016, 49(1):154-162.

[7]
HERD R M, ODDY V H, RICHARDSON E C. Biological basis for variation in residual feed intake in beef cattle.1.Review of potential mechanisms[J]. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2004, 44(5):423-430.

DOI

[8]
聂海涛. 杜湖杂交肉羊育肥期能量、蛋白需要量的确定及不同RFI组肉羊生产性能和生长轴基因表达量差异性研究[D].博士学位论文. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2014.

NIE H T. Research of nutrient requirement for Dorper and Hu crossbred F1 sheep and application of residual feed intake in feeding efficiency evaluation[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[9]
DAVIS M E, LANCASTER P A, RUTLEDGE J J, et al. Life cycle efficiency of beef production:VIII.Relationship between residual feed intake of heifers and subsequent cow efficiency ratios[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(11):4860-4871.

DOI

[10]
HOLLÓ G, NAGY-KISZLINGER H, TOSSENBERGER J, et al. Individual feed efficiency monitoring of charolaise candidate young bulls in relation to feeding behavior and self-performance test results[J]. Animals, 2022, 12(1):35.

DOI

[11]
梁玉生. 不同剩余采食量育肥湖羊的生长性能与瘤胃功能差异研究[D].硕士学位论文. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2017.

LIANG Y S. Study on growth performance and rumen function in finishing Hu lambs with different residual feed intakes[D].Master’s Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2017. (in Chinese)

[12]
SOUZA L L, ZORZETTO M F, RICCI T J T, et al. Relationship between performance,metabolic profile,and feed efficiency of lactating beef cows[J]. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2019, 51(7):2045-2055.

DOI

[13]
KENNEDY K M, BECKER F, HAMMON H M, et al. Differences in net fat oxidation,heat production,and liver mitochondrial DNA copy numbers between high and low feed-efficient dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(8):9287-9303.

DOI

[14]
ALEMU A W, VYAS D, MANAFIAZAR G, et al. Enteric methane emissions from low- and high-residual feed intake beef heifers measured using greenfeed and respiration chamber techniques[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(8):3727-3737.

DOI PMID

[15]
ASHER A, SHABTAY A, COHEN-ZINDER M, et al. Consistency of feed efficiency ranking and mechanisms associated with inter-animal variation among growing calves[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 96(3):990-1009.

DOI PMID

[16]
PEREIRA M C S, CRUZ G D, ARRIGONI M D B, et al. Relationships of feedlot performance,feeding behavior,rumen morphometrics,and carcass characteristics of Nellore cattle differing in phenotypic residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(10):4287-4296.

DOI

[17]
REDDEN R R, SURBER L M M, GROVE A V, et al. Effects of residual feed intake classification and method of alfalfa processing on ewe intake and growth[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(2):830-835.

DOI PMID

[18]
RAJAEI SHARIFABADI H, NASERIAN A A, VALIZADEH R, et al. Growth performance,feed digestibility,body composition,and feeding behavior of high- and low-residual feed intake fat-tailed lambs under moderate feed restriction[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(8):3382-3388.

DOI

[19]
RUSSELL J R, LUNDY E L, MINTON N O, et al. Influence of growing phase feed efficiency classification on finishing phase growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers fed different diet types[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(7):2927-2936.

DOI PMID

[20]
RUSSELL J R, MINTON N O, SEXTEN W J, et al. Influence of feed efficiency classification on diet digestibility and growth performance of beef steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(4):1610-1619.

DOI PMID

[21]
HAFLA A N, CARSTENS G E, FORBES T D A, et al. Relationships between postweaning residual feed intake in heifers and forage use,body composition,feeding behavior,physical activity,and heart rate of pregnant beef females[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(11):5353-5365.

DOI

[22]
POTTS S B, BOERMAN J P, LOCK A L, et al. Residual feed intake is repeatable for lactating Holstein dairy cows fed high and low starch diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015, 98(7):4735-4747.

DOI PMID

[23]
SPRINKLE J E, TAYLOR J B, CLARK P E, et al. Grazing behavior and production characteristics among cows differing in residual feed intake while grazing late season Idaho rangeland[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(1):skz371.

DOI

[24]
ANDREINI E M, AUGENSTEIN S M, FALES C S, et al. Effects of feeding level on efficiency of high- and low-residual feed intake beef steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(10):skaa286.

DOI

[25]
PARSONS I L, JOHNSON J R, KAYSER W C, et al. Characterization of feeding behavior traits in steers with divergent residual feed intake consuming a high-concentrate diet[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(7):skaa189.

DOI

[26]
MCGEE M, WELCH C M, RAMIREZ J A, et al. Relationships of feeding behaviors with average daily gain,dry matter intake,and residual feed intake in red Angus-sired cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(11):5214-5221.

DOI

[27]
KELLY D N, SLEATOR R D, MURPHY C P, et al. Genetic variability in the feeding behavior of crossbred growing cattle and associations with performance and feed efficiency[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(11):skab303.

DOI

[28]
NKRUMAH J D, CREWS D H,Jr, BASARAB J A, et al. Genetic and phenotypic relationships of feeding behavior and temperament with performance,feed efficiency,ultrasound,and carcass merit of beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2007, 85(10):2382-2390.

DOI

[29]
谢云怡, 司敬方, 武轩宇, 等. 不同剩余采食量水平的奶牛采食行为及体尺指标差异分析[J]. 畜牧与兽医, 2016, 48(8):58-61.

XIE Y Y, SI J F, WU X Y, et al. Variation analysis on differences of feeding behaviors and body measurements in cows with different residual feed levels[J]. Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 48(8):58-61. (in Chinese)

[30]
SPRINKLE J E, ELLISON M J, HALL J B, et al. Grazing behavior and production for lactating cows differing in residual feed intake while grazing spring and summer rangeland[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2021, 5(2):txab063.

DOI

[31]
RANDEL R D, WELSH T H,Jr. Joint alpharma-beef species symposium:interactions of feed efficiency with beef heifer reproductive development[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(3):1323-1328.

DOI

[32]
张小雪. 不同剩余采食量羔羊生产性能和瘤胃微生物区系及肝脏转录组研究[D].博士学位论文. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2019.

ZHANG X X. Study on production performance,rumen microflora and liver transcriptome of lambs with different residual feed intake[D].Ph.D.Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[33]
ELOLIMY A A, ABDELMEGEID M K, MCCANN J C, et al. Residual feed intake in beef cattle and its association with carcass traits,ruminal solid-fraction bacteria,and epithelium gene expression[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2018, 9:67.

DOI

[34]
OGUNADE I, OYEBADE A, OSA-ANDREWS B, et al. Plasma carboxyl-metabolome is associated with average daily gain divergence in beef steers[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(1):67.

DOI

[35]
ZHOU M, ZHU Z, SUN H Z, et al. Breed dependent regulatory mechanisms of beneficial and non-beneficial fatty acid profiles in subcutaneous adipose tissue in cattle with divergent feed efficiency[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1):4612.

DOI PMID

[36]
BLANK C P, RUSSELL J, LONERGAN S M, et al. Influence of feed efficiency classification and growing and finishing diet type on meat tenderness attributes of beef steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(7):2986-2992.

DOI PMID

[37]
BAKER S D, SZASZ J I, KLEIN T A, et al. Residual feed intake of purebred Angus steers:effects on meat quality and palatability[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2006, 84(4):938-945.

DOI

[38]
MEALE S J, MORGAVI D P, CASSAR-MALEK I, et al. Exploration of biological markers of feed efficiency in young bulls[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017, 65(45):9817-9827.

DOI PMID

[39]
FITZSIMONS C, KENNY D A, MCGEE M. Visceral organ weights,digestion and carcass characteristics of beef bulls differing in residual feed intake offered a high concentrate diet[J]. Animal, 2014, 8(6):949-959.

DOI

[40]
ZHANG X X, WANG W M, MO F T, et al. Association of residual feed intake with growth and slaughtering performance,blood metabolism,and body composition in growing lambs[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1):12681.

DOI

[41]
王俊奎, 陶金忠, 和东迁, 等. 极高、极低剩余采食量滩羊屠宰性能及内脏器官重量差异分析[J]. 中国草食动物科学, 2021, 41(4):27-31.

WANG J K, TAO J Z, HE D Q, et al. Analysis on difference of slaughter performance and weight of internal organs of tan sheep with extremely high and extremely low residual feed intake[J]. China Herbivore Science, 2021, 41(4):27-31. (in Chinese)

[42]
ELOLIMY A, ALHARTHI A, ZEINELDIN M, et al. Residual feed intake divergence during the preweaning period is associated with unique hindgut microbiome and metabolome profiles in neonatal Holstein heifer calves[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2020, 11:13.

DOI PMID

[43]
FLAY H E, KUHN-SHERLOCK B, MACDONALD K A, et al. Hot topic:selecting cattle for low residual feed intake did not affect daily methane production but increased methane yield[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019, 102(3):2708-2713.

DOI

[44]
SAKAMOTO L S, SOUZA L L, GIANVECCHIO S B, et al. Phenotypic association among performance,feed efficiency and methane emission traits in Nellore cattle[J]. PLoS One, 2021, 16(10):e0257964.

DOI

[45]
DORJI J, MACLEOD I M, CHAMBERLAIN A J, et al. Mitochondrial protein gene expression and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway associated with feed efficiency and energy balance in dairy cattle[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(1):575-587.

DOI PMID

[46]
BATALHA C D A, TEDESCHI L O, DE ARAÚJO F L, et al. Animals selected for postweaning weight gain rate have similar maintenance energy requirements regardless of their residual feed intake classification[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(3):skab067.

DOI

[47]
DEL BIANCO B P, DETMANN E, MANTOVANI H C, et al. Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) with high residual feed intake have increased the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in rumen epithelium[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2018, 235:77-86.

DOI

[48]
ELOLIMY A A, ABDEL-HAMIED E, HU L Y, et al. Rapid communication:residual feed intake in beef cattle is associated with differences in protein turnover and nutrient transporters in ruminal epithelium[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2019, 97(5):2181-2187.

DOI

[49]
RIUS A G, KITTELMANN S, MACDONALD K A, et al. Nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbial enumeration in lactating cows with divergent residual feed intake fed high-digestibility pasture[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2012, 95(9):5024-5034.

DOI PMID

[50]
LIU E, VANDEHAAR M J. Relationship of residual feed intake and protein efficiency in lactating cows fed high- or low-protein diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020, 103(4):3177-3190.

DOI PMID

[51]
POTTS S B, BOERMAN J P, LOCK A L, et al. Relationship between residual feed intake and digestibility for lactating Holstein cows fed high and low starch diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(1):265-278.

DOI PMID

[52]
CANTALAPIEDRA-HIJAR G, GUARNIDO P, SCHIPHORST A M, et al. Natural 15N abundance in specific amino acids indicates associations between transamination rates and residual feed intake in beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(6):skaa171.

DOI

[53]
XIE Y Y, MIAO C, LU Y, et al. Nitrogen metabolism and mammary gland amino acid utilization in lactating dairy cows with different residual feed intake[J]. Animal Bioscience, 2021, 34(10):1600-1606.

DOI

[54]
XIE Y Y, WU Z Z, WANG D M, et al. Nitrogen partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows with different phenotypic residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2019, 10:54.

DOI PMID

[55]
LIU Y, LIU C, WU H, et al. Small intestine microbiome and metabolome of high and low residual feed intake Angus heifers[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13:862151.

DOI

[56]
MAO H, LOCKYER P, LI L G, et al. Endothelial LRP1 regulates metabolic responses by acting as a co-activator of PPARγ[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1):14960.

DOI

[57]
ALEXANDRE P A, KOGELMAN L J A, SANTANA M H A, et al. Liver transcriptomic networks reveal main biological processes associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle[J]. BMC Genomics, 2015, 16:1073.

DOI PMID

[58]
CASAL A, GARCIA-ROCHE M, NAVAJAS E A, et al. Differential hepatic oxidative status in steers with divergent residual feed intake phenotype[J]. Animal, 2020, 14(1):78-85.

DOI PMID

[59]
MUKIIBI R, VINSKY M, KEOGH K A, et al. Transcriptome analyses reveal reduced hepatic lipid synthesis and accumulation in more feed efficient beef cattle[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1):7303.

DOI PMID

[60]
FITZSIMONS C, KENNY D A, WATERS S M, et al. Effects of phenotypic residual feed intake on response to a glucose tolerance test and gene expression in the insulin signaling pathway in longissimus dorsi in beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(10):4616-4631.

DOI PMID

[61]
CRUZEN S M, HARRIS A J, HOLLINGER K, et al. Evidence of decreased muscle protein turnover in gilts selected for low residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(8):4007-4016.

DOI PMID

[62]
GRUBBS J K, HUFF-LONERGAN E, GABLER N K, et al. Liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria proteomes are altered in pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(5):1995-2007.

DOI PMID

[63]
FU L L, XU Y Y, HOU Y, et al. Proteomic analysis indicates that mitochondrial energy metabolism in skeletal muscle tissue is negatively correlated with feed efficiency in pigs[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1):45291.

DOI

[64]
CASAL A, GARCIA-ROCHE M, NAVAJAS E A, et al. Hepatic mitochondrial function in Hereford steers with divergent residual feed intake phenotypes[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 96(10):4431-4443.

DOI PMID

[65]
RAMOS M H, KERLEY M S. Mitochondrial complex Ⅰ protein differs among residual feed intake phenotype in beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(7):3299-3304.

DOI

[66]
FERNANDEZ E E, OLTJEN J W, SAINZ R D. Mitochondrial abundance and function in muscle from beef steers with divergent residual feed intakes[J]. Animal, 2020, 14(3):560-565.

DOI PMID

[67]
KONG R S G, LIANG G X, CHEN Y H, et al. Transcriptome profiling of the rumen epithelium of beef cattle differing in residual feed intake[J]. BMC Genomics, 2016, 17:592.

DOI PMID

[68]
KOLATH W H, KERLEY M S, GOLDEN J W, et al. The relationship between mitochondrial function and residual feed intake in Angus steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2006, 84(4):861-865.

PMID

[69]
莫负涛, 李发弟, 喇永富, 等. 绵羊LDHβ基因的生物信息学分析及其在不同剩余采食量绵羊肝脏和肌肉组织中的表达[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2017, 52(3):13-21,27.

MO F T, LI F D, LA Y F, et al. Bioinformatics analysis of ovine LDHβ gene and its expression in liver and muscle of sheep with different residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2017, 52(3):13-21,27. (in Chinese)

[70]
KHANSEFID M, MILLEN C A, CHEN Y, et al. Gene expression analysis of blood,liver,and muscle in cattle divergently selected for high and low residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(11):4764-4775.

DOI

[71]
DE OLIVEIRA P S N, COUTINHO L L, TIZIOTO P C, et al. An integrative transcriptome analysis indicates regulatory mRNA-miRNA networks for residual feed intake in Nelore cattle[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1):17072.

DOI PMID

[72]
CARVALHO E B, GIONBELLI M P, RODRIGUES R T S, et al. Differentially expressed mRNAs,proteins and miRNAs associated to energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of beef cattle identified for low and high residual feed intake[J]. BMC Genomics, 2019, 20(1):501.

DOI

[73]
ORIENTE F, ANDREOZZI F, ROMANO C, et al. Protein kinase C-α regulates insulin action and degradation by interacting with insulin receptor substrate-1 and 14-3-3ε[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2005, 280(49):40642-40649.

DOI

[74]
JORGE-SMEDING E, BONNET M, RENAND G, et al. Common and diet-specific metabolic pathways underlying residual feed intake in fattening Charolais yearling bulls[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1):24346.

DOI

[75]
FONSECA L D, ELER J P, PEREIRA M A, et al. Liver proteomics unravel the metabolic pathways related to feed efficiency in beef cattle[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1):5364.

DOI PMID

[76]
ARNDT C, POWELL J M, AGUERRE M J, et al. Feed conversion efficiency in dairy cows:repeatability,variation in digestion and metabolism of energy and nitrogen,and ruminal methanogens[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015, 98(6):3938-3950.

DOI

[77]
GUAN L L, NKRUMAH J D, BASARAB J A, et al. Linkage of microbial ecology to phenotype:correlation of rumen microbial ecology to cattle’s feed efficiency[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2008, 288(1):85-91.

DOI

[78]
RATHERT A R, MEYER A M, FOOTE A P, et al. Ruminal transcript abundance of the centromere-associated protein E gene may influence residual feed intake in beef steers[J]. Animal Genetics, 2020, 51(3):453-456.

DOI PMID

[79]
XUE M Y, XIE Y Y, ZHONG Y F, et al. Integrated meta-omics reveals new ruminal microbial features associated with feed efficiency in dairy cattle[J]. Microbiome, 2022, 10(1):32.

DOI

[80]
LI F Y, HITCH T C A, CHEN Y H, et al. Comparative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal the breed effect on the rumen microbiome and its associations with feed efficiency in beef cattle[J]. Microbiome, 2019, 7(1):6.

DOI PMID

[81]
MYER P R, SMITH T P L, WELLS J E, et al. Rumen microbiome from steers differing in feed efficiency[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(6):e0129174.

DOI

[82]
刘月. 多组学技术研究肉牛剩余采食量与瘤胃和肝脏功能的关系[D].博士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2022.

LIU Y. The relationship between residual feed intake and the function of rumen and hepatic of beef cattle by multiple-omics technology[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2022. (in Chinese)

[83]
LOPES D R G, DE SOUZA DUARTE M, LA REAU A J, et al. Assessing the relationship between the rumen microbiota and feed efficiency in Nellore steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2021, 12(1):79.

DOI PMID

[84]
MCCANN J C, WILEY L M, FORBES T D, et al. Relationship between the rumen microbiome and residual feed intake-efficiency of Brahman bulls stocked on bermudagrass pastures[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3):e91864.

DOI

[85]
CARBERRY C A, KENNY D A, HAN S, et al. Effect of phenotypic residual feed intake and dietary forage content on the rumen microbial community of beef cattle[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 78(14):4949-4958.

DOI PMID

[86]
XIE Y Y, SUN H Z, XUE M Y, et al. Metagenomics reveals differences in microbial composition and metabolic functions in the rumen of dairy cows with different residual feed intake[J]. Animal Microbiome, 2022, 4(1):19.

DOI PMID

[87]
CLEMMONS B A, MARTINO C, POWERS J B, et al. Rumen bacteria and serum metabolites predictive of feed efficiency phenotypes in beef cattle[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1):19265.

DOI PMID

[88]
XUE M Y, SUN H Z, WU X H, et al. Multi-omics reveals that the rumen microbiome and its metabolome together with the host metabolome contribute to individualized dairy cow performance[J]. Microbiome, 2020, 8(1):64.

DOI

[89]
MU Y Y, LIN X Y, WANG Z H, et al. High-production dairy cattle exhibit different rumen and fecal bacterial community and rumen metabolite profile than low-production cattle[J]. MicrobiologyOpen, 2019, 8(4):e00673.

DOI

[90]
LI F Y, GUAN L L. Metatranscriptomic profiling reveals linkages between the active rumen microbiome and feed efficiency in beef cattle[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2017, 83(9):e00061-17.

[91]
CLEMMONS B A, SHIN S B, SMITH T P L, et al. Ruminal protozoal populations of Angus steers differing in feed efficiency[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(6):1561.

DOI

[92]
ZHANG Y W, LI F Y, CHEN Y H, et al. Metatranscriptomic profiling reveals the effect of breed on active rumen eukaryotic composition in beef cattle with varied feed efficiency[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020, 11:367.

DOI PMID

[93]
MITSUMORI M, SUN W B. Control of rumen microbial fermentation for mitigating methane emissions from the rumen[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2008, 21(1):144-154.

DOI

[94]
PEREIRA A M, DE LURDES NUNES ENES DAPKEVICIUS M, BORBA A E S. Alternative pathways for hydrogen sink originated from the ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates:which microorganisms are involved in lowering methane emission?[J]. Animal Microbiome, 2022, 4(1):5.

DOI

[95]
WELCH C B, LOURENCO J M, DAVIS D B, et al. The impact of feed efficiency selection on the ruminal,cecal,and fecal microbiomes of Angus steers from a commercial feedlot[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(7):skaa230.

DOI

[96]
WELCH C B, LOURENCO J M, KRAUSE T R, et al. Evaluation of the fecal bacterial communities of Angus steers with divergent feed efficiencies across the lifespan from weaning to slaughter[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021, 8:597405.

DOI

[97]
FOOTE A P, HALES K E, TAIT R G,Jr, et al. Relationship of glucocorticoids and hematological measures with feed intake,growth,and efficiency of finishing beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(1):275-283.

[98]
ARTEGOITIA V M, FOOTE A P, LEWIS R M, et al. Endocannabinoids concentrations in plasma associated with feed efficiency and carcass composition of beef steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94(12):5177-5181.

DOI PMID

[99]
FITZSIMONS C, KENNY D A, DEIGHTON M H, et al. Methane emissions,body composition,and rumen fermentation traits of beef heifers differing in residual feed intake[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(12):5789-5800.

DOI

[100]
LAGE C F A, COELHO S G, DINIZ NETO H C, et al. Relationship between feed efficiency indexes and thermography,blood,and ruminal parameters in pre-weaning dairy heifers[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(7):e0236118.

DOI

[101]
张倩, 王俊奎, 罗芳, 等. 不同剩余采食量下滩羊能量代谢分析[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(11):6309-6319.

DOI

ZHANG Q, WANG J K, LUO F, et al. Energy metabolism analysis of Tan Sheep with different residual feed intake[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(11):6309-6319. (in Chinese)

[102]
LI J Y, MUKIIBI R, WANG Y N, et al. Identification of candidate genes and enriched biological functions for feed efficiency traits by integrating plasma metabolites and imputed whole genome sequence variants in beef cattle[J]. BMC Genomics, 2021, 22(1):823.

DOI PMID

[103]
MARTIN M J, PRALLE R S, BERNSTEIN I R, et al. Circulating metabolites indicate differences in high and low residual feed intake Holstein dairy cows[J]. Metabolites, 2021, 11(12):868.

DOI

[104]
WANG X, KADARMIDEEN H N. Metabolomics analyses in high-low feed efficient dairy cows reveal novel biochemical mechanisms and predictive biomarkers[J]. Metabolites, 2019, 9(7):151.

DOI

[105]
FOOTE A P, TAIT R G,Jr, KEISLER D H, et al. Leptin concentrations in finishing beef steers and heifers and their association with dry matter intake,average daily gain,feed efficiency,and body composition[J]. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2016, 55:136-141.

DOI

[106]
FOOTE A P, HALES K E, KUEHN L A, et al. Relationship of leptin concentrations with feed intake,growth,and efficiency in finishing beef steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 93(9):4401-4407.

DOI

[107]
NKRUMAH J D, KEISLER D H, CREWS D H,Jr, et al. Genetic and phenotypic relationships of serum leptin concentration with performance,efficiency of gain,and carcass merit of feedlot cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2007, 85(9):2147-2155.

DOI

[108]
MOTA L F M, BONAFÉ C M, ALEXANDRE P A, et al. Circulating leptin and its muscle gene expression in Nellore cattle with divergent feed efficiency[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2017, 8:71.

DOI PMID

[109]
PERKINS S D, KEY C N, GARRETT C F, et al. Residual feed intake studies in Angus-sired cattle reveal a potential role for hypothalamic gene expression in regulating feed efficiency[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(2):549-560.

DOI PMID

[110]
WALKER R S, MARTIN R M, GENTRY G T, et al. Impact of cow size on dry matter intake,residual feed intake,metabolic response,and cow performance[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 93(2):672-684.

DOI

[111]
KELLY A K, MCGEE M, CREWS D H,Jr, et al. Effect of divergence in residual feed intake on feeding behavior,blood metabolic variables,and body composition traits in growing beef heifers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2010, 88(1):109-123.

DOI

[112]
LI B, FANG L, NULL D J, et al. High-density genome-wide association study for residual feed intake in Holstein dairy cattle[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019, 102(12):11067-11080.

DOI PMID

[113]
王鹏飞, 丁燕玲, 杨朝云, 等. 基于转录组测序鉴定牛RFI表型差异相关circRNAs及其靶基因富集通路[J]. 东北农业大学学报, 2021, 52(11):34-43.

WANG P F, DING Y L, YANG C Y, et al. Identification of circRNAs and their target gene enrichment pathways related to bovine RFI phenotype based on transcriptome sequencing[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2021, 52(11):34-43. (in Chinese)

[114]
ALEXANDRE P A, NAVAL-SANCHEZ M, PORTO-NETO L R, et al. Systems biology reveals NR2F6 and TGFB1 as key regulators of feed efficiency in beef cattle[J]. Frontiers in Genetics, 2019, 10:230.

DOI

[115]
BALDASSINI W A, BONILHA S F M, BRANCO R H, et al. Proteomic investigation of liver from beef cattle (Bos indicus) divergently ranked on residual feed intake[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2018, 45(6):2765-2773.

DOI PMID

[116]
KERN R J, ZAREK C M, LINDHOLM-PERRY A K, et al. Ruminal expression of the NQO1,RGS5,and ACAT1 genes may be indicators of feed efficiency in beef steers[J]. Animal Genetics, 2017, 48(1):90-92.

DOI

[117]
SALLEH M S, MAZZONI G, HÖGLUND J K, et al. RNA-Seq transcriptomics and pathway analyses reveal potential regulatory genes and molecular mechanisms in high- and low-residual feed intake in Nordic dairy cattle[J]. BMC Genomics, 2017, 18(1):258.

DOI PMID

[118]
杨朝云. 基于二代测序秦川牛剩余采食量相关RNA分子挖掘[D].硕士学位论文. 银川: 宁夏大学, 2019.

YANG C Y. Screening of residual feeding intake related RNA molecular based on next-generation sequencing in Qinchuan cattle[D].Master’s Thesis. Yinchuan: NingXia University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[119]
MUKIIBI R, JOHNSTON D, VINSKY M, et al. Bovine hepatic miRNAome profiling and differential miRNA expression analyses between beef steers with divergent feed efficiency phenotypes[J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1):19309.

DOI PMID

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.